猪瘟兔化弱毒疫苗与我国近年猪瘟野毒的免疫保护相关性试验

２批猪瘟兔化毒睾丸细胞苗分别来自两家兽医生物药品厂，各分别免疫接种猪只，随后以５株猪瘟病毒野毒分别攻击，疫苗接种猪完全存活，对照猪完全死亡。此５株野毒分离自国内不同地区，并皆已经过细致的鉴定，以免疫荧光技术对猪扁桃体进行了活体检查，各对照猪材料上能在攻击后一周时出现病毒，而疫苗接种猪在整个观察期间未出现病毒，据此，显然可见猪瘟兔化毒细胞苗在预防国内猪瘟上极有效力     

猪瘟淋脾毒耐热保护剂活疫苗的中试生产及区域试验

按照拟定的猪瘟淋脾毒耐热保护剂活疫苗制造工艺在辽宁益康生物药品厂进行了5批该疫苗的中试生产,计15万头份,检验全部合格.在北京、河北等地选择9个猪场进行区域试验,共免疫3个品种约3万余头猪,均安全、未显现任何不良反应,跟踪观察,免疫过的猪未发生猪瘟,表明该疫苗安全有效.     

我国兽医生物制品标准体系建设工作研究与思考

分析了国家标准的概念、我国兽医生物制品标准体系的构成,介绍了我国兽医生物制品标准体系的历史和现状,指出了现阶段我国兽医生物制品标准化工作中存在问题及其原因,提出了统一认识、按照全新思路开展《兽药典》制定、加强对企业标准的备案审查、做好疫苗效果评价用强毒株的筛选、完善相关法律法规并做好与标准体系的衔接5项建议。     

Vaccination of Pigs Against Hog Cholera (Classical Swine Fever) With a Detergent Split Vaccine

Four pigs were inoculated subcutaneously with a detergent (triton X 100) split hog cholera virus in Freund’s incomplete adjuvant. Four other pigs were in the same way inoculated with a detergent split bovine viral diarrhoea virus, also in Freund’s incomplete adjuvant. In the experiment were used 3 control pigs. The vaccinations were repeated after 3 weeks. All pigs were challenged with highly virulent hog cholera virus (Tübingen) 12 weeks after primary inoculations. Signs of hog cholera were only noted in the control pigs.This introductory experiment was succeeded by a larger experiment with subcutaneous inoculations of: 10 pigs with detergent split hog cholera virus in Freund’s incomplete adjuvant, 10 pigs with detergent split hog cholera virus in a saponin (Quil A) solution, 10 pigs with detergent split bovine viral diarrhoea virus in Freund’s incomplete adjuvant, 10 pigs with detergent split bovine viral diarrhoea virus in the Quil A solution plus 5 control pigs. The vaccinations were repeated after 3 weeks, and finally all pigs were challenged 9 weeks later with the highly virulent hog cholera virus strain.With the exception of 1 animal which died accidentally, all animals survived in the groups inoculated with the Quil A vaccines and in the group inoculated with the detergent split hog cholera virus/oil adjuvant vaccine. In the group inoculated with the detergent split bovine viral diarrhoea virus/oil adjuvant vaccine, some of the pigs died of hog cholera.     

我国兽用生物制品制造工职业技能鉴定实践与思考

介绍了我国兽用生物制品行业人力资源、职业技能鉴定体系工作情况,分析了兽用生物制品制造工职业技能鉴定工作开展的特点及其在兽用生物制品生产中的作用,对兽用生物制品行业职业技能鉴定工作的方向及未来进行了思考,以期为兽药行业职业技能鉴定工作提供参考。     

猪支原体肺炎疫苗效力检验常见问题与质量控制

为了更规范、标准地评价猪支原体肺炎疫苗，本研究对近年来猪支原体肺炎疫苗检验进行了系统性分析。结果发现，效力检验作为疫苗质量的核心内容，是检验中最易出现问题参数。对效力检验相关方法、常见问题进行分析，有助于研发过程中规避问题，提高疫苗质量继而保障养殖业发展。     

Recombinant vaccine technology in veterinary medicine.

Recombinant technology is relatively new to veterinary medicine. It combines safety, purity, potency, and efficacy in the vaccine. Its positive features include not exposing the vaccinate to the pathogen, the lack of need for adjuvants, and stability that allows some vaccine to remain viable at ambient temperatures. These recombinants can receive multiple genetic inserts and present an opportunity to have multiple combination vaccines for use in animals. Licensed recombinant vaccines in veterinary medicine include those protecting against Lyme disease, pseudorabies, rabies, canine distemper, Newcastle disease, and a strain of avian influenza.     

FIV vaccine development and its importance to veterinary and human medicine: a review FIV vaccine 2002 update and review

Feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) is a natural infection of domestic cats that results in acquired immunodeficiency syndrome resembling human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection in humans. The worldwide prevalence of FIV infection in domestic cats has been reported to range from 1 to 28%. Hence, an effective FIV vaccine will have an important impact on veterinary medicine in addition to being used as a small animal AIDS model for humans. Since the discovery of FIV reported in 1987, FIV vaccine research has pursued both molecular and conventional vaccine approaches toward the development of a commercial product. Published FIV vaccine trial results from 1998 to the present have been compiled to update the veterinary clinical and research communities on the immunologic and experimental efficacy status of these vaccines. A brief report is included on the outcome of the 10 years of collaborative work between industry and academia which led to recent USDA approval of the first animal lentivirus vaccine, the dual-subtype FIV vaccine. The immunogenicity and efficacy of the experimental prototype, dual-subtype FIV vaccine and the efficacy of the currently approved commercial, dual-subtype FIV vaccine (Fel-O-Vax FIV) are discussed. Potential cross-reactivity complications between commercial FIV diagnostic tests, Idexx Snap Combo Test and Western blot assays, and sera from previously vaccinated cats are also discussed. Finally, recommendations are made for unbiased critical testing of new FIV vaccines, the currently USDA approved vaccine, and future vaccines in development.     

动物细胞规模化培养及其在兽用疫苗生产中的应用

哺乳动物细胞大规模培养技术已经广泛应用于生产各种生物制品,也广泛应用于各种兽用疫苗的生产.细胞培养生产兽用疫苗不但能够降低成本,而且提高产品质量.细胞培养生产兽用疫苗已经成为各个生物制品公司关注的焦点.凡是影响细胞大规模培养的因素,都直接或者间接的影响疫苗质量.论文针对哺乳动物细胞大规模培养相关影响因素、相关技术和在兽用疫苗中的应用进行概述.     

禽用病毒-抗体复合物疫苗研究进展

病毒-抗体复合物疫苗是将病毒的特异性抗体按照适当的比例与传染性病毒混合制成的一种新型疫苗.国内外研究者做了大量的相关研究,并且在鸡传染性法氏囊病、新城疫等禽病的复合物疫苗研究中取得了突破性进展,为禽病疫苗的研究及禽病的防控开辟了一条新的独特途径.文章就复合物疫苗研究近况进行简要阐述.     

新城疫分离株疫苗免疫保护试验

用经过鉴定的新城疫病毒分离株按国家兽医生物制品质量标准制备油乳剂灭活疫苗，与标准的La Sota疫苗分别免疫带有新城疫母源抗体的白来航鸡，免疫后每7d采血监测新城疫抗体，并于免疫后21，28，35d用鸡新城疫分离毒和F48E9分别进行人工感染试验。结果显示，分离株灭活苗对鸡新城疫分离株的免疫保护效力优于La Sota灭活苗。     

猪繁殖与呼吸综合征病毒感染抑制猪瘟疫苗的免疫应答

对20日龄SPF猪和20日龄猪繁殖与呼吸综合征（PRRS）血清阳性猪，人工感染猪繁殖与呼吸综合征病毒（PRRSV）北京分离株（BJ－4）后48h接种猪瘟疫苗，利用ELISA方法检测仔猪针对PRRSV和猪瘟疫苗的体液免疫，利用MTS法检测仔猪外周血单核细胞对有丝分裂原ConA的刺激反应。结果表明，不论是SPF仔猪还是带有PRRSV抗体的仔猪，在鼻内接种PRRSV后48h接种猪瘟疫苗，其对猪瘟疫苗的抗体反应显著低于对照组，对有丝分裂原ConA的刺激反应也下降。由此说明，PRRSV感染使仔猪对猪瘟疫苗的免疫应答受到抑制。     

不同批猪瘟活疫苗中猪瘟兔化弱毒E2基因主要抗原编码区序列分析

对12批猪瘟活疫苗中的猪瘟兔化弱毒病毒，以RT-PCR获得了E2基因的主要编码区的大约250bp大小的节片，在DNAstar上对这些节片的211pb进行了测序，观察到这些节片的编码序列高度同源性，其核苷酸序列和氨基酸序列有98.1%-100%相同，其中9批完全一致，结果表明猪瘟兔毒疫苗株的分子结构极其稳定。     

中国与欧盟和美国禽肉、禽蛋中兽药残留限量标准的对比研究

【目的】 为推进中国食品安全监控体系建设及完善相关的法规标准提供参考,保障食品安全的同时提升中国禽肉、禽蛋产品在国际市场的竞争力,打破国际技术性贸易壁垒,促进国际禽产品贸易繁荣发展。【方法】 首先对比分析中国新发布的食品安全国家标准GB 31650－2019《食品安全国家标准食品中兽药最大残留限量》及已废除的农业部公告第235号《动物性食品中兽药最高残留限量》中有关禽肉、禽蛋的兽药残留种类和兽药最大残留限量（MRLs）标准;然后对中国新国家标准与欧盟和美国在禽肉、禽蛋的兽药残留种类区别和MRLs标准的严宽程度等几项内容进行了对比分析。【结果】 中国新国家标准对旧标准进行了一定程度上的补充与修改,大部分有关禽肉、禽蛋的MRLs标准与欧盟和美国的标准相同甚至更加严格,这标志着中国兽药残留标准体系进入了新阶段,但部分兽药的MRLs标准仍与欧盟和美国的标准存在一定差异,其中共有包括双氯西林在内的33种兽药的MRLs标准缺失或宽于欧盟和美国。【结论】 未来中国仍需结合禽肉、禽蛋的生产情况、兽药实际使用情况及人民消费升级的需求,进一步完善禽肉、禽蛋产品中兽药残留限量的相关标准,使其向国际标准靠拢,提高中国禽肉、禽蛋产品在国际市场上的竞争力,并对进出口产品中兽药的残留情况进行严格监控,防止其影响消费者的健康安全和禽肉、禽蛋的国际贸易发展。     

Newcastle disease virus outbreaks: Vaccine mismatch or inadequate application?

Newcastle disease (ND) is one of the most important diseases of poultry, and may cause devastating losses in the poultry industry worldwide. Its causative agent is Newcastle disease virus (NDV), also known as avian paramyxovirus type 1. Many countries maintain a stringent vaccination policy against ND, but there are indications that ND outbreaks can still occur despite intensive vaccination. It has been argued that this may be due to antigenic divergence between the vaccine strains and circulating field strains. Here we present the complete genome sequence of a highly virulent genotype VII virus (NL/93) obtained from vaccinated poultry during an outbreak of ND in the Netherlands in 1992-1993. Using this strain, we investigated whether the identified genetic evolution of NDV is accompanied by antigenic evolution. In this study we show that a live vaccine that is antigenically adapted to match the genotype VII NL/93 outbreak strain does not provide increased protection compared to a classic genotype II live vaccine. When challenged with the NL/93 strain, chickens vaccinated with a classic vaccine were completely protected against clinical disease and mortality and virus shedding was significantly reduced, even with a supposedly suboptimal vaccine dose. These results suggest that it is not antigenic variation but rather poor flock immunity due to inadequate vaccination practices that may be responsible for outbreaks and spreading of virulent NDV field strains.     

禽类DNA疫苗研究进展

新型疫苗的研究对于禽类传染病的防制意义重大。传统疫苗是基于抗原刺激机体产生特异性抗体的原理,它们大多数激发机体的体液免疫,很难启动细胞免疫。脱氧核糖核酸(DNA)疫苗作为第3代疫苗,具备传统疫苗和其它基因工程苗不可比拟的优点,能够诱导全方位的免疫反应且使用更安全更方便,DNA疫苗是将外源基因与真核质粒重组后直接导入细胞内,使外源基因在宿主细胞内表达合成保护性抗原蛋白。这是模拟病毒自然感染提呈过程,既能产生细胞免疫,又能产生体液免疫。文章对DNA疫苗在禽类应用的可行性和应用研究新进展作了综述。     

部分禽源生物制品外源病毒的检测

进行了部分禽用生物制品外源病毒检测的鸡胚检查法、细胞检查法和鸡检查法。鸡胚检查法应用SPF鸡胚检验;细胞检查法主要通过鸡红细胞吸附试验、禽白血病病毒ELISA和禽网状内皮组织增生症病毒IFA检验疫苗是否含有外源鸡红细胞吸附因子、禽白血病病毒和禽网状内皮组织增生症病毒,并提出疫苗检验的判定标准,为各兽用生物制品生产企业新城疫疫苗的外源病毒检验提供参考。     

Concomitant turkey herpesvirus-infectious bursal disease vector vaccine and oil-adjuvanted inactivated Newcastle disease vaccine administration: consequences for vaccine intake and protection

Hatchery vaccination protocols in day-old chicks are designed to provide early priming and protection against several poultry diseases including, but not limited to, Marek's disease (MD), infectious bursal disease (IBD), and Newcastle disease (ND). The constraint of concomitant administration of live MD and IBD vaccines plus ND inactivated oil-adjuvanted vaccines (IOAVs) requires improvements in vaccine technology. Single-needle concomitant subcutaneous (SC) application of IBD/MDV and killed NDV vaccine and the use of viral vectors for expression of immunogenic proteins are a current trend in the industry. The objective of this work was to assess the compatibility of a turkey herpesvirus (HVT)-infectious bursal disease (vHVT-IBD) vector vaccine applied simultaneously with IOAV and to evaluate the consequences for vaccine intake, the need for additional immunizations with the respective vaccines, and protection. Five separate trials were performed using double- and/or single-needle injectors. The levels and persistence of vaccine intake, serologic response, vHVT-IBD virus combination with the MD Rispens strain, and/or live NDV vaccination were also assessed. Histopathology and PCR at injection sites showed adequate vaccine intake detected up to 44 days postvaccination. Serologic evidence of vaccine priming was observed, and all vaccinated groups differed (P < 0.05) from the control at different time points. MD, NDV, and IBD protection results after concomitant double-shot single-needle vaccination were near 85%, 95%, and 100%, respectively. Taken together the results indicate no deleterious effects on the efficacy of the vHVT-IBD vaccine monitored by vaccine intake, serologic and challenge results, and combinations after concomitant live/killed vaccination, suggesting the suitability of its use in hatchery vaccination. All types of injectors used as well as injection techniques, vaccines injected separately or together, gave the same results.     

兽用生物制品概况与我国研究现状及发展思路

简要介绍有关生物制品及特性与国内外兽用生物制品业生产概况,针对我国兽用制品的研究发展状况与存在的问题,提出了我国兽用生物制品业的发展构想。