Multiple Anthelmintic Resistance in Haemonchus Contortus on a Sheep Farm in Kenya

Multiple resistance to albendazole, thiophanate, levamisole and orally administered ivermectin was detected in an isolate of Haemonchus contortus in sheep on a farm where benzimidazole resistance had already been identified. Following a faecal egg count reduction test, this was confirmed by both critical and controlled anthelmintic tests. Different groups of sheep infected naturally or given an experimental infection with the benzimidazole-resistant isolate were treated with the recommended doses of various anthelmintics. Compared to the control group, the percentage reductions in the faecal egg counts of sheep treated with albendazole, thiophanate, levamisole and ivermectin varied between 38.2% and 79.1% and the residual worm counts between 27.3% and 57.5%. The results indicate the presence of multiple anthelmintic resistance in this isolate of H. contortus. Sheep treated with closantel showed 100% reductions in faecal egg and worm counts, indicating that this drug was very effective against the population of H. contortus on the farm.     

捻转血矛线虫中肠超微结构

捻转血矛线虫中肠由单层上皮细胞所组成，未见明确的细胞界限，并向肠腔内伸出相互平行、排列整齐的微绒毛，长约6.5μm，微绒毛中心由纵贯微绒毛并相互平行的微丝构成；细胞核位于细胞中部，核膜清楚，体形大，形状不规则，有一较大的核仁，异染色质凝集成块状，电子致密度甚高。分散于核质中；上皮细胞中部细胞器丰富，有粗面内质网、线粒体、高尔基体及溶酶体；基部为胶原纤维样，并含有丰富的内质网。     

Reduced efficacy of ivermectin, abamectin and moxidectin against field isolates of Haemonchus contortus

OBJECTIVES: To investigate the reduced efficacy of ivermectin, abamectin and moxidectin against two field isolates of Haemonchus contortus. These isolates were identified on separate properties in the New England region of New South Wales. PROCEDURE: Reduced efficacy of macrocyclic lactone anthelmintics against two field isolates of H contortus was suspected. These isolates were obtained from sheep on separate farms and pen trials were performed to investigate the efficacy of macrocyclic lactones. The percentage efficacy was calculated for moxidectin, ivermectin and closantel against the isolate from one farm (VHR23) and for moxidectin, ivermectin and abamectin against the isolate from the second (VHR29). The persistent activity of moxidectin against both isolates was investigated. RESULTS: Ivermectin and closantel were found to have efficacies below 80% against established populations of VHR23. Moxidectin was effective against an established population of VHR23 but the persistent activity was reduced to 7 days. Moxidectin was also found to be effective against established populations of VHR29, however, ivermectin and abamectin were found to have efficacies below 80%. There was no evidence of persistent activity of moxidectin against VHR29. CONCLUSION: A reduction in efficacy of abamectin and/or ivermectin against field isolates of H. contortus was identified from two farms in the New England region of New South Wales. The persistent effect of moxidectin was reduced against both isolates.     

伊维菌素耐药及敏感捻转血矛线虫国内分离株的鉴定

为解决国内开展驱虫药耐药性相关研究中虫种资源缺乏问题,该研究采用国际通用方法开展了华北地区捻转血矛线虫耐伊维菌素虫株的分离工作,并采用传统形态学方法对其进行鉴定。对来源不同的耐伊维菌素捻转血矛线虫虫株进行分离,结果显示：华北地区分离到了4株对伊维菌素6倍耐药及1株对其敏感的捻转血矛线虫。该研究将为国内开展捻转血矛线虫耐伊维菌素研究及新型驱虫药物的开发提供虫种资源。     

基于ITS序列的捻转血矛线虫系统进化分析

为分析捻转血矛线虫ITS序列的变异与虫株特性之间的关系,对捻转血矛线虫不同药物抗性虫株(苯并咪唑类药物抗性虫株、伊维菌素抗性虫株、莫西菌素抗性虫株、药物敏感虫株)、不同宿主来源虫株(长颈鹿、牛、绵羊、山羊、牦牛)和不同地理位置(中国、美国、意大利、法国、也门、马来西亚、澳大利亚)的分离株,以及毛圆科的其他线虫的ITS序列进行了分析。结果发现捻转血矛线虫与毛圆科其他线虫的ITS-2基因的相似性高,基于该基因建立的系统进化树可以很好地区分毛圆科不同属的线虫;捻转血矛线虫的抗药性特点与其ITS-1基因的变异进化关系不大;不同地理位置的捻转血矛线虫分离株的ITS-2基因变异很小;从野生动物长颈鹿体内分离的捻转血矛线虫的ITS-1基因与家养反刍动物分离株的差异较明显。研究结果表明捻转血矛线虫ITS序列在种内相对保守,不同虫株间变异较小,在毛圆科线虫的分子分类中具有一定意义。     

2018年内蒙古察右后旗绵羊捻转血矛线虫流行病学调查及耐药性检测

为了解草原放牧绵羊捻转血矛线虫流行情况及目前常用驱虫药物的耐药情况,2018年3—10月,根据不同草场类型、不同养殖模式,在内蒙古乌兰察布市察右后旗贲红、白音察干、大陆号、锡林郭勒、土牧尔台5个地区选择16个牧场,每个牧场随机选择15只绵羊,共240只,进行绵羊捻转血矛线虫检测,发现绵羊捻转血矛线虫平均感染率为75%,平均感染强度为14.8×200个/g;选取6个牧场的感染率和感染强度都较大的绵羊进行驱虫试验,发现有5个牧场的绵羊捻转血矛线虫对阿苯达唑和伊维菌素产生了较强的耐药性。调查结果表明,察右后旗的绵羊捻转血矛线虫流行较为普遍,羊群感染较为严重,且对阿苯达唑、伊维菌素产生了不同程度的耐药性。结果提示,加强捻转血矛线虫的耐药性监测,研发新的驱虫药物,优化驱虫措施,防止盲目用药,同时加强饲养管理,改善圈舍和牧地环境卫生,依然是有效防控绵羊捻转血矛线虫的重要途径。     

捻转血矛线虫重组H11抗原山羊免疫保护性试验

以重组H11-1、H11-2及H11-1与H11-2混合物分别免疫山羊后,ELISA检测发现血清抗体均在首次免疫后14 d达到较高水平,在第2次免疫后10 d达到高峰。用10 000只捻转血矛线虫第3期幼虫攻击山羊后,对不同免疫组山羊排出虫卵数、虫卵孵化率和成虫数的统计分析结果表明,免疫组与对照组间差异不显著,但免疫组雌虫数显著少于对照组,这对防治捻转血矛线虫病可能会起一定的作用。     

捻转血矛线虫阿苯达唑耐药株给药前后比较转录组学分析

为探明捻转血矛线虫阿苯达唑耐药株给药前后在转录组水平上的差异,本研究采用Illumina Hiseq4000对给药前后的捻转血矛线虫进行转录组测序,筛选得到差异表达基因并通过GO和KEGG数据库对其进行功能注释及富集性分析,并利用荧光定量PCR验证部分差异表达基因。结果显示,共筛选获得851个显著差异表达基因,其中包括584个上调基因和267个下调基因。通过GO功能富集分析显示,有458、418和367个基因分别注释到生物学过程、分子功能和细胞组分三大类;对差异表达基因进行KEGG富集分析显示,有173个差异表达基因参与到75条KEGG通路中,显著富集在核糖体合成、细胞凋亡、过氧化物酶增殖体激活受体(PPAR)等信号通路。本试验初步筛选了阿苯达唑耐药株给药前后的差异表达基因,为深入探索捻转血矛线虫耐药性分子机制、筛选对耐药性检测的分子标记及耐药性早期鉴别诊断方法的建立提供重要数据。     

The Efficacy of Closantel and Rafoxanide Against Fenbendazole- and Levamisole-Resistant Haemonchus Contortus in Small Ruminants

Veterinary Research Communications -     

Eprinomectin 'pour-on' and the shedding of Haemonchus contortus eggs in experimentally infected goats

The effect of eprinomectin on goats experimentally infected with the nematode Haemonchus contortus was investigated. Faecal analysis showed that a single dose of eprinomectin 'pour-on' delayed the onset of shedding of eggs for 10 to 17 days.     

捻转血矛线虫HLJ株15 ES抗原基因的原核表达

为了对羊源捻转血矛线虫(H.contortus)15 ES抗原基因进行原核表达,本研究利用RT-PCR技术从黑龙江省羊源H.contortus成虫总RNA中扩增得到相对分子质量15Ku ES蛋白基因(H15 ES),序列分析表明,其核苷酸序列与国外已发表的15 ku排泄分泌抗原基因的同源性为99.78%.将H15 ES克隆至pET-32a(+)中,构建重组表达质粒pET-32a-H15 ES,转化大肠杆菌,IPTG诱导表达,经SDS-PAGE电泳和western blot分析表明,表达蛋白相对分子质量约为35.2 ku.本研究为H.contortus病诊断抗原和保护性抗原的大量制备及H.contortus核酸疫苗的研究奠定了基础.     

Trichostrongylus colubriformis and Haemonchus contortus infections in light bodyweight Merino lambs

OBJECTIVE; To show that low bodyweight is a predisposing cause of high Trichostrongylus colubriformis and Haemonchus contortus burdens and egg counts in Merino lambs. DESIGN: A comparison was made, among lambs of different bodyweights, on the effect on immunity of a primary or secondary viable infection with T colubriformis or H contortus larvae. PROCEDURE: Sixty-one Merino lambs, 1 or 6 months of age, were penned indoors and given primary, or both primary and secondary, infection of T colubriformis or H contortus. Faecal egg counts, worm counts and parasite-specific immunoglobulin concentrations were examined for their relationships with bodyweight. RESULTS: Bodyweight at the start of a primary infection was correlated with worm burden, worm fecundity and jejunal IgA antibody concentration. Merino lambs weighing less than 23 kg at the time of first exposure to T colubriformis or H contortus had impaired ability to develop protective mucosal immunity and to resist homologous challenge. CONCLUSION: If the goal is to ensure that lambs develop immunity before weaning, then every endeavour should be made to achieve the combination of critical bodyweight and exposure to moderate levels of nematode infection as soon as possible.     

绵阳地区山羊粪便中捻转血矛线虫的分子鉴定

为鉴定绵阳地区山羊粪便中疑似血矛属线虫虫卵的虫种,本研究提取绵阳地区三个县山羊粪便中疑似血矛属线虫的虫卵DNA 60份,采用PCR技术扩增其核糖体第二内转录间隔区(rDNA ITS-2)基因序列,并与GenBank上公布的捻转血矛线虫同源序列进行比较分析。结果显示:60份疑似血矛属线虫的虫卵DNA样品均得到191bp的ITS-2片段;60条ITS-2序列共形成15条不同的序列,含有17个单变异位点,与GenBank中多株捻转血矛线虫的同源性达95.8%~100%;ML系统发育树显示,本研究得到的15种类型ITS-2序列与已报道的捻转血矛线虫(Haemonchus contortus)聚类形成一个分支。综上可得,60份来自山羊的血矛属线虫均为捻转血矛线虫。     

苦楝提取物对捻转血矛线虫卵和幼虫活性的影响

为初步探讨苦楝对捻转血矛线虫的作用,本试验通过观察苦楝提取物对虫卵和幼虫活性及形态变化的影响,评估其对捻转血矛线虫的驱虫活性,以期为家畜捻转血矛线虫病的防控及植物驱虫药物的研发奠定基础。试验对苦楝水提取物和乙醇提取物设置5个浓度（25、12.5、6.25、3.125、1.562 mg/mL）进行虫卵孵化试验和幼虫活性试验,对不同浓度药物处理的虫卵及幼虫进行计数,并观察药物作用后虫卵和幼虫的孵化状态及形态变化。结果显示,正常孵育的虫卵和幼虫活力良好,苦楝提取物作用48 h后,虫卵呈未孵化、半孵化状态,发育至桑葚期、蝌蚪期及幼虫期死亡,并且各浓度苦楝水提物和醇提物对虫卵均具有抑制作用,其中苦楝皮醇提物对虫卵孵化的抑制效果最佳,在浓度25 mg/mL时,对虫卵孵化的抑制率高达98.2%,在12.5 mg/mL时,苦楝子醇提物对虫卵的抑制率极显著高于苦楝皮醇提取物（P<0.01）。苦楝子提取物对感染性三期幼虫的致死效果较差,在50 mg/mL时对幼虫有较高致死率（82.6%）。苦楝皮水提取物在浓度为50 mg/mL时对幼虫的致死效果尤为突出,幼虫死亡率为97.0%,死亡的幼虫呈"直线型"或"弓型"。经方差分析,在12.5~50 mg/mL浓度范围内,相同浓度苦楝水提取物之间的致死率存在显著或极显著差异（P<0.05;P<0.01）,同浓度苦楝醇提取物对幼虫的致死率存在极显著性差异（P<0.01）。综上所述,苦楝提取物对体外的捻转血矛线虫卵和感染性三期幼虫的活性均有抑制作用,其中25 mg/mL苦楝皮醇提物对虫卵孵化的抑制效果最佳,50 mg/mL苦楝皮水提物对感染性三期幼虫的致死作用最好。     

捻转血矛线虫Hc38基因部分功能域的原核表达与鉴定

为原核表达捻转血矛线虫Hc38基因的保守结构域,本研究参照GenBank中Hc38基因序列设计引物,扩增出Hc38基因的保守结构域序列,命名为HcP,将其克隆到表达载体pET32a中,并转化到大肠杆菌BL21中,用IPTG进行诱导表达.SDS-PAGE和western blot结果表明,HcP基因在大肠杆菌中高效表达,表达的重组蛋白分子量约为49.4 ku,并且表达产物能够与感染捻转血矛线虫的山羊血清产生特异的免疫印记条带,具有良好的反应原性.     

捻转血矛线虫ZJ株24000分泌排泄(ES)蛋白基因的克隆和序列分析

通过 RT- PCR方法 ,从捻转血矛线虫成虫总 RNA中扩增得到特异性片段 ,并把这一基因片段克隆到 p U C18克隆载体上 ,进行测序及同源性比较。序列分析可知 ,其核苷酸序列与国外已发表的 2 4 0 0 0分泌排泄抗原基因的同源性为 99.2 %。表明本试验成功提取了捻转血矛线虫成虫总 RNA,并用 RT- PCR方法克隆了 2 4 0 0 0分泌排泄抗原基因 ,为该基因的表达及其免疫学作用研究奠定了基础     

捻转血矛线虫免疫调节型DNA疫苗的构建及在山羊体内表达研究

为构建免疫调节型DNA疫苗,将山羊IL-2基因分别与捻转血矛线虫H11-1、H11-2和H11-3基因串联构建融合表达载体pcDNA/IL-2-H11-1、pcDNA/IL-2-H11-2和pcDNA/IL-2-H11-3。为检测疫苗在山羊体内的表达情况,将纯化的疫苗质粒肌肉注射山羊后取注射部位肌肉组织,于首次免疫7 d后和二次免疫10 d后分别用RT-PCR和Western Blot等方法检测H11抗原的转录和翻译情况。结果发现H11基因和IL-2基因均能在注射部位肌肉获得转录和翻译。     

捻转血矛线虫ES24抗原基因的克隆与表达特性分析

根据捻转血矛线虫ES24抗原基因序列(U64793.1)设计1对特异性引物,用RT-PCR方法扩增出大小约为670 bp的DNA片段。将该DNA片段克隆到pMD18-T载体后进行序列测定和分析,结果发现该基因与GenBank中已知的捻转血矛线虫24 ku ES抗原基因的相似性达96%～98%。将该基因的开放阅读框插入pET28a(+)载体中,获得原核表达质粒pET28/ES24,并转化大肠杆菌BL21。重组细菌用IPTG诱导,经SDS-PAGE分析,结果表明该基因获得了表达,重组蛋白分子量大小约为25 ku。用实时荧光定量PCR技术对该基因在捻转血矛线虫的虫卵、第3期幼虫、雌虫和雄虫等不同发育阶段、不同性别虫体内的表达情况进行了定量分析,结果显示ES24基因在雄性成虫中表达量最高,雌虫和虫卵其次,在第3期幼虫中表达最低。     

The predatory capability of Arthrobotrys cladodes var. macroides in the control of Haemonchus contortus infective larvae

One hundred compost samples were examined for the presence of nematophagous fungi on the sheep farms of Mazanderan, province, Iran. Arthrobotrys cladodes var. macroides (IRAN 677C = CBS 143565) was isolated from 3% of the samples examined. Nematophagous activity of this fungus which was shown for the first time in this study, revealed the addition of 1000, 8000, 20 000 and 100 000 conidia per gram of feces of sheep reduced significantly (P < 0.001) the number of Haemonchus contortus infective larvae in the feces by 41.71%, 63, 27%, 73.49% and 94.96%, respectively. These results show that A. cladodes var. macroides is a promising candidate for biological control of H. contortus.