长期施肥对酸性土壤氨氧化微生物群落的影响

【目的】 长期施肥显著影响着酸性土壤的pH,研究由此引起的土壤中氨氧化古菌 (ammonia-oxidizing archaea,AOA) 和氨氧化细菌 (ammonia-oxidizing bacteria,AOB) 的变化,为土壤培肥提供理论依据。 【方法】 供试土壤为27年长期定位施肥试验的红壤,供试作物为玉米。选择不施肥对照 (CK)、氮肥120 kg/(hm2·a)(N)、氮磷钾肥 (NPK) 和猪粪2000 kg/(hm2·a)(OM) 4个处理采集土壤样品,测定了土壤基本理化性状;利用qPCR、PCR-DGGE方法,分析土壤AOA和AOB群落丰度与组成。 【结果】 1) 长期定位施肥导致土壤pH值发生显著变化,N处理的土壤pH值最低,仅为4.03,其次是NPK和CK处理的土壤,OM处理土壤pH值最高,接近中性达6.40。2) 与CK相比,长期施肥提高了土壤有机质、全氮、铵态氮和硝态氮含量。3)OM处理显著提高了土壤NH₃浓度,而其它处理对NH₃浓度无显著影响。4) 施肥显著增加了土壤AOA的丰度,OM处理提升幅度最大;AOA丰度与土壤有机质碳、全氮呈极显著正相关 (P < 0.01),与铵态氮、土壤NH ₃浓度呈显著正相关 (P < 0.05),与土壤pH、硝态氮关系不显著 ( P > 0.05);施肥改变了AOA的群落结构,CK、N、NPK处理的群落结构差异不显著,OM处理与另外三个处理差别较大。主要AOA类群是Group 1.1b,少数属于Group 1.1a-associated。RDA分析表明,土壤pH值、有机质、总氮、铵态氮、土壤中NH ₃浓度是导致AOA群落变化的主要环境因子。5) 仅OM处理对AOB丰度和群落产生了显著影响,主要类群是Nitrosospira Cluster 3,少数属于Nitrosospira Cluster 9。AOB丰度与土壤NH₃浓度呈极显著正相关 (P < 0.01),与有机质碳、全氮呈显著正相关关系 ( P < 0.05),与土壤pH、铵态氮、硝态氮关系均不显著 ( P > 0.05)。 【结论】 长期施用不同肥料对酸性土壤的理化性质影响差异大,AOA和AOB的丰度和群落结构也发生了明显变化,尤其是施加有机肥之后。来自不同处理的大部分AOA属于Group 1.1b类群,少数属于Group 1.1a-associated类群。仅在OM处理中检测到AOB类群,大部分属于Nitrosospira Cluster 3,少数属于Nitrosospira Cluster 9。      

石灰性潮土长期定位施肥对小麦根际无机磷组分及其有效性的影响

在长期定位施肥的基础上，采用网室盆栽试验，研究了石灰性潮土中不同施肥处理对冬小麦根际土壤与非根际土壤中无机磷组分及其有效性的影响。结果表明，不同施肥处理的供试土壤无机磷组分均以磷酸钙盐为主，平均占无机磷总量的73．9％，其它组分占26．1％。不施磷肥的各处理（CK、N、NK）中，小麦生物量和吸磷量均较低，小麦根际土壤与非根际土壤中无机磷总量变化不大，Ca2-P和Ca8—P在各处理的根际土壤中含量均很低。在施用磷肥的各处理（NP、PK、NPK）中，NP和NPK处理小麦的生物量和吸磷量均显著高于PK处理，而PK处理根际与非根际土壤中无机磷各组分的增幅明显高于NP和NPK处理。磷肥和有机肥处理，均显著提高小麦的吸磷量和生物学产量，各处理根际与非根际土壤中无机磷组分含量和总量增加的幅度以1．5（M＋NPK）处理最高。对不同施肥处理的小麦根际各无机磷形态及其与土壤速效磷间的相关分析表明，Ca2-P与土壤速效磷间的相关性达极显著水平，Ca8-P、Al-P、Fe—P达显著水平，O-P、Ca10—P不显著。     

长期施肥条件下石灰性潮土磷的吸附解吸特征

采用Langmuir方程、Freundlich方程及其扩展形式对长期施肥土壤磷的吸附和解吸特征进行了研究。结果表明,双面Langmuir方程和三种Freundlich方程能较好描述石灰性潮土壤对磷的吸附,方程决定系数r2均接近0.99。长期施用有机肥能减少土壤对磷的吸附,表现在土壤对磷的理论最大吸附量（Qm）降低以及吸附结合能常数K值下降。与长期施用化肥相比,长期施用有机肥土壤新吸附的磷也更容易解吸,土壤磷的解吸率从化肥处理的15%左右提高到20%以上。钾肥的施用增大了石灰性潮土对磷的吸附容量,磷的吸附结合能明显提高,意味着化肥钾的施用可能导致土壤磷向作物难利用方向转化,但有机肥与钾肥配合施用,钾肥的这种不良作用得到明显的改善。     

长期施肥对石灰性潮土无机磷形态的影响

在河北省辛集市马兰农场的肥料长期定位试验点上 ,进行了石灰性土壤在无机磷耗竭和积累状况下 ,无机磷形态的转化及其在土壤剖面中的分步规律和施肥的影响。结果表明 ,在土壤磷处于耗竭的情况下 ,植物主要吸收利用了土壤的Ca8-P、Al-P、Fe-P和Ca2-P ,只有在极度缺磷的情况下 ,植物才利用土壤中的Ca10-P ,而O-P是土壤中极稳定的无机磷形态 ,植物一般不能利用。长期单施无机磷肥 ,土壤无机磷含量有所提高 ,积累的无机磷约 60%转化成Ca10-P和O-P。有机肥与化肥配合施用 ,积累的无机磷约有占积累无机磷的 2/3转化成Ca2-P和Ca8-P ,而且各形态无机磷的含量在土壤表层和下层均有所提高 ,一般随有机肥用量的增加 ,下层土壤无机磷的增加幅度也大 ,且影响的深度也较深。但在本试验条件下 ,施肥深度的影响不会超过50cm。     

华北潮土长期施肥对土壤跳虫群落的影响

通过试验研究了河南封丘潮土长期施肥处理下土壤跳虫的群落结构及其多样性,试验包括氮磷钾(NPK)、氮磷(NP)、氮钾(NK)、磷钾(PK)、有机肥(OM)、1∶1化学氮肥与有机氮(MNPK)和不施肥(CK)7个处理。结果表明,7种施肥试验处理下,平均土壤跳虫密度为30 000头m-2,施用有机肥显著增加了土壤跳虫数量,而磷肥可能是该地区跳虫数量增长的一个限制因素。OM和MNPK处理下土壤跳虫多样性显著高于其他处理,OM和NPK处理具有最高的相似性,其次是MNPK和OM处理之间,而CK处理与其他处理相似性指数较小。不同施肥处理下表现了土壤跳虫类群对环境的选择性,多数跳虫与OM处理成正相关关系,而MNPK处理促进了Isotoma和Xenylla属在数量上的增长,PK处理与Hypogastrura和Sminthurinus属有一定的正相关关系。施肥处理也引起了土壤跳虫的垂直分布差异,MNPK、NPK和OM处理下土壤跳虫趋于表层(0～10cm)分布,而NK和CK处理下趋于下层(10～20cm)分布。土壤跳虫的量化指标(如个体数、类群数和多样性)对施肥处理表现敏感,可作为土壤质量评价的指标之一。     

长期施肥下石灰性潮土有机碳变化的DNDC模型预测

为探讨长期不同施肥条件下土壤有机碳的变化规律及DNDC模型的应用,利用封丘石灰性潮土不同施肥措施下的长期定位试验数据,选取CK、NPK、1/2NPK+1/2OM、OM4个处理,分析了15年来作物产量及土壤有机碳(SOC)的变化特征,并用DNDC模型预测了试验地近100年(2000~2099)的SOC变化趋势。结果表明,各施肥处理的多年产量平均值和对照处理差异显著;施用化肥(NPK和1/2NPK+1/2OM)处理和有机肥(OM)处理间也有显著差异;产量最高为NPK处理,达10811 kg/ha,CK处理最低,但1/2NPK+1/2OM处理产量与NPK处理无显著性差异。15年来土壤耕层(0—20cm)有机碳平均值,以OM处理最高,达到7.90 g/kg,显著高于1/2NPK+1/2OM、NPK处理;而CK处理仅为4.15 g/kg。从15年来有机碳的变化看出,CK处理略有下降,NPK处理较为平稳,而1/2NPK+1/2OM和OM处理呈现不断上升趋势,OM处理上升幅度较1/2NPK+1/2OM处理大。对试验地SOC变化趋势长期(100a)的模拟结果显示,与初始土壤SOC含量相比,100a后不施肥处理(CK)土壤有机碳含量下降了52%,化肥(NPK)处理土壤SOC含量较为稳定,而1/2NPK+1/2OM处理和OM处理土壤有机碳增加明显,大约25a后基本上稳定,100a后分别较2000年增加了24%和25%。从实测数据的分析和DNDC模型模拟分析可以看出,有机肥和化肥配施能获得较高作物产量,并能有效地增加土壤SOC含量,从而提高土壤的可持续利用能力。     

Nitrapyrin affects the abundance of ammonia oxidizers rather than community structure in a yellow clay paddy soil

Purpose

Yellow clay paddy soil (Oxisols) is a low-yield soil with low nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) in southern China. The nitrification inhibitor nitrapyrin (2-chloro-6- (tricholoromethyl)-pyridine, CP) has been applied to improve NUE and reduce environmental pollution in paddy soil. However, the effects of nitrapyrin combined with nitrogen fertilizers on ammonia oxidizers in yellow clay paddy soil have not been examined.

Materials and methods

A randomized complete block design was set with three treatments: (1) without nitrogen fertilizer (CK), (2) common prilled urea (PU), and (3) prilled urea with nitrapyrin (NPU). Soil samples were collected from three treatments where CK, PU, and NPU had been repeatedly applied over 5 years. Soil samples were analyzed by quantitative PCR and 454 high-throughput pyrosequencing of the amoA gene to investigate the influence of nitrapyrin combined with nitrogen on the abundance and community structure of ammonia oxidizers in yellow clay paddy soil.

Results and discussion

The potential nitrification rate (PNR) of the soil was significantly correlated with the abundances of both ammonia-oxidizing archaea (AOA) and ammonia-oxidizing bacteria (AOB). Application of urea significantly stimulated AOA and AOB growth, whereas nitrapyrin exhibited inhibitory effects on AOA. Phylogenetic analysis showed that the most dominant operational taxonomic units (OTUs) of AOA and AOB were affiliated with the Nitrosotalea cluster and Nitrosospira cluster 12, respectively. AOA and AOB community structures were not altered by urea and nitrapyrin application.

Conclusions

Nitrogen fertilization stimulated nitrification and increased the population sizes of AOA and AOB. Nitrapyrin affected the abundance, but not community structure of ammonia oxidizers in yellow clay soil. Our results suggested that nitrapyrin improving NUE and inhibiting PNR was attributable to the inhibition of AOA growth.

     

长期施肥对潮土团聚体有机碳分子结构的影响

采取长期施用有机肥（CM）、一半化肥氮和一半有机肥氮（HCM）、化肥（NPK）和不施肥对照（CK）的土壤,用湿筛法分为大团聚体（2000~250 μm）、微团聚体（250~53 μm）和粉砂 黏粒组分（<53 μm）,利用固态13C-核磁共振技术分析了土壤和团聚体中有机质的分子结构特征。结果表明,随着团聚体粒径减小,烷基碳/烷氧碳比值逐渐提高,并与土壤C/N呈显著负相关（R2 = 0.421,p = 0.022）,表明随着团聚体粒径减小,有机质的分解程度不断增加。与对照土壤相比,长期施用有机肥（HCM和CM处理）提高了土壤中烷氧碳和羰基碳的相对含量,烷氧碳的增加主要是由于大团聚体中甲氧基和含氮烷基碳相对含量的增加,羰基碳则主要在大团聚体和微团聚体中积聚。施用化肥土壤提高了烷氧碳和烷基碳的相对含量,烷氧碳增加主要是由于大团聚体中甲氧基和含氮烷基碳以及微团聚体中含氧烷基碳相对含量的提高,烷基碳增加主要发生在大团聚体。有机肥和化肥处理土壤中芳基碳相对含量降低1.8%~4.6%,主要是大团聚体和微团聚体中芳基碳比例下降引起的。而在粉砂 黏粒组分中芳基碳和酚基碳均增加,烷基碳相对含量降低5.9%~7.1%,表明施肥更利于芳香碳在小粒径组分中积累,减弱烷基碳在小粒径组分中的积累。结果表明长期施用有机肥可通过大团聚体和微团聚体物理保护肥料带入的大量碳水化合物和有机酸从而提高土壤有机碳含量。     

Linkage of N2O emissions to the abundance of soil ammonia oxidizers and denitrifiers in purple soil under long-term fertilization

Abstract

Microbial nitrification and denitrification are responsible for the majority of soil nitrous (N₂O) emissions. In this study, N₂O emissions were measured and the abundance of ammonium oxidizers and denitrifiers were quantified in purple soil in a long-term fertilization experiment to explore their relationships. The average N₂O fluxes and abundance of the amoAgene in ammonia-oxidizing bacteria during the observed dry season were highest when treated with mixed nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium fertilizer (NPK) and a single N treatment (N) using NH₄HCO₃as the sole N source; lower values were obtained using organic manure with pig slurry and added NPK at a ratio of 40%:60% (OMNPK),organic manure with pig slurry (OM) and returning crop straw residue plus synthetic NH₄HCO₃fertilizer at a ratio of 15%:85% (SRNPK). The lowest N₂O fluxes were observed in the treatment that used crop straw residue(SR) and in the control with no fertilizer (CK). Soil NH₄⁺provides the substrate for nitrification generating N₂O as a byproduct. The N₂O flux was significantly correlated with the abundance of the amoA gene in ammonia-oxidizing bacteria (r = 0.984, p < 0.001), which was the main driver of nitrification. During the wet season, soil nitrate (NO₃^?) and soil organic matter (SOC) were found positively correlated with N₂O emissions (r = 0.774, p = 0.041 and r = 0.827, p = 0.015, respectively). The nirS gene showed a similar trend with N₂O fluxes. These results show the relationship between the abundance of soil microbes and N₂O emissions and suggest that N₂O emissions during the dry season were due to nitrification, whereas in wet season, denitrification might dominate N₂O emission.     

长期平衡施肥对潮土微生物活性和玉米养分吸收的影响

利用中国科学院封丘农业生态实验站农田生态系统养分平衡长期定位试验地,研究氮磷钾平衡施肥(NPK)与缺素施肥(NK、PK、NP)对土壤微生物生物量、酶活性、呼吸强度以及玉米养分吸收的影响。结果发现,与不施肥对照(CK)相比,NPK处理玉米根系与茎叶生物量、籽粒产量以及植株氮磷钾吸收量均大幅提高,NP处理次之,PK与NK处理则无显著影响;同一处理玉米茎叶与根系养分含量接近,而籽粒的全氮和全磷含量较高、全钾含量偏低;与NPK处理相比,缺施氮、磷或钾肥均直接导致玉米植株相应养分的明显亏缺或其他养分的过量富集,但在根系、茎叶和籽粒部位的累积情况存在一定差异。与CK相比,所有施加磷肥的处理(NPK、NP、PK)土壤微生物生物量(碳、氮、磷)、脱氢酶、转化酶、脲酶与碱性磷酸酶活性以及土壤微生物代谢活性和土壤基础呼吸强度均显著升高(p<0.05),土壤微生物代谢熵则显著下降(p<0.05),而缺施磷肥的NK处理除显著提高脲酶活性外(p<0.05),对其他指标均无显著影响。结果表明,氮磷钾平衡施肥在促进土壤微生物繁育和保育微生物代谢活性以及促进作物生长和保证养分吸收等方面显得非常重要,而缺素施肥中以缺施磷肥的不利影响最为突出。     

Mineral fertilizer alters cellulolytic community structure and suppresses soil cellobiohydrolase activity in a long-term fertilization experiment

Nutrient inputs to soil can alter mineralization of organic matter and subsequently affect soil carbon levels. To understand how elemental interactions affect the biogeochemistry and storage of soil C, we examined soils receiving long-term applications of mineral fertilizer and manure-containing fertilizers. As cellulose is the dominant form of carbon entering arable soils, cellulolytic communities were monitored through enzymatic analysis, and characterization of the abundance (real-time PCR) and diversity (terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism, T-RFLP) of fungal cellobiohydrolases (cbhI) genes. The data showed that long-term mineral fertilization increased soil organic C and crop productivity, and reduced soil heterotrophic respiration and cellobiohydrolases (CBH) activity. Correspondingly, the diversity and community structure of cellulolytic fungi were substantially altered. The variation in cellulolytic fungi is mainly attributable to shifts in the proportion of Eurotiomycetes. In addition, CBH activity was significantly correlated with the diversity and community structure of cellulolytic fungi. These results suggest that enhanced C storage by mineral fertilizer addition occurs not only from extra organic carbon input, but may also be affected through the cellulose decomposing community in arable soil.     

长期施肥对农田黑土微生物活力与群落结构的影响

以黑土长期肥料定位站CK、N、P、NP、MN(有机肥+氮)、MP(有机肥+磷)、MNP(有机肥+氮+磷)等处理为供试土样,研究氮、磷及有机肥不同配施条件下土壤基本理化性质、磷脂脂肪酸(PLFA)、中性磷脂脂肪酸(NLFA)、酸(碱)性磷酸酶、微生物量碳或氮(SMB-C或N)等变化规律。结果表明,26年有机肥-化肥配施明显提高土壤有机质(OM)、总氮(TN)以及速效氮、磷、钾等养分含量,其SMB-C或N、SMB-C/OM比值、磷酸酶活力以及各菌群PLFA含量显著高于CK和各化肥处理。长期N处理微生物活力明显低于CK,而P处理对微生物活力与结构影响最小。NLFA在各菌体相对含量与活体生物标识物变化趋势相反,表明养分充足的有机肥处理中各菌群休眠体或贮存物质积累有限。PLFA、NLFA与NLFA/PLFA主成分分析表明,有机肥与化肥处理微生物群落结构显著不同。个别PLFA或NLFA载荷值分析表明,真菌C18∶2ω6,9受有机肥施用影响显著;而G+菌iC15∶0、iC17∶0、iC16∶0等更易受化肥施用影响。与PLFA或NLFA相比,NLFA/PLFA比值PC分析能更有效地区分不同施肥处理。     

黑土根际土壤有机碳及结构对长期施肥的响应

由于人类农业措施的干扰,氮肥和畜禽粪污大量输入到黑土中,对土壤有机碳库产生了较大负面影响。根际有机碳在调控土壤碳循环和养分转化中发挥着重要的作用。探明根际有机碳对不同养分的生态响应,可为不同施肥处理下黑土农田生态系统碳固持和农田可持续利用提供理论依据。该研究以黑土长期定位试验为基础,采集长期不施肥（CK）、常量氮（N）、二倍量氮（N2）、常量有机肥（M）、二倍量有机肥（M2）、常量有机肥+常量氮（MN）、二倍量有机肥+二倍量氮（M2N2）7个处理下大豆根际土壤,分析了根际有机碳和活性有机碳特征,同时利用固态核磁共振技术分析其光谱特征。结果表明,N、M2、MN和M2N2处理的根际土壤有机碳含量显著高于非根际水平,且以MN和M2N2处理的根际效应最显著,分别比非根际增加了18.3%和26.7%。分析核磁共振光谱显示,与非根际土壤相比,根际土壤具有较高的烷氧基碳比例和较低芳香碳比例,表明根际效应能够改变土壤有机碳结构比例。与不施肥处理相比,大部分施肥处理提升了黑土根际有机碳含量,其中以氮肥马粪配施和二倍量马粪（M2N2）处理提升幅度最高。由核磁共振图谱可知,M2和M2N2处理均增加根际土壤难降解成分烷基碳比例、芳香基碳比例、烷基碳与烷氧基碳比值、芳香碳与总碳比值,而MN处理仅增加烷基碳比例、烷氧基碳比例以及烷基碳与烷氧基碳比值。二倍量氮肥（N2）处理降低烷基碳比例、芳香碳比例和烷氧基碳比例,根际土壤难降解成分降低,不利于土壤固碳,同时证明固态 13C-核磁共振技术结合半定量分析能够准确地分析不同有机碳结构组分变化,深刻认识根际土壤有机碳的稳定机制。     

长期施肥处理对玉米生长期潮土微生物生物量和活度的影响

以1989年建立的中国科学院封丘农田生态系统国家试验站的长期定位试验为平台,研究经18a连续不同施肥处理后玉米季土壤微生物生物量碳氮和微生物活度的动态变化及其与土壤有机碳之间的相互关系,并探讨施肥措施对土壤微生物及其活性的影响。施肥处理包括:(1)有机肥(OM);(2)1/2化肥和1/2有机肥(1/2OM+1/2NPK);(3)氮磷钾肥(NPK);(4)氮磷肥(NP);(5)磷钾肥(PK);(6)氮钾肥(NK);(7)不施肥,即对照(CK)7个处理。结果表明,微生物生物量碳氮和微生物活度在玉米生长期内均有明显的时间变异性,其中微生物生物量碳与微生物活度的动态变化比较一致,其间的极显著相关关系表明潮土微生物生物量碳的变化可以在很大程度上代表土壤微生物活度的变化。施肥制度显著影响微生物生物量碳氮和微生物活度的变化,总体趋势为OM1/2OM+1/2NPKNPKNPPKNKCK,表明OM有利于保持土壤的生物化学环境及促进土壤的生物学活性;与OM处理相比,化学肥料的长期施用有降低土壤微生物生物量和微生物活度的趋势,尤其是缺素处理的表现更为明显,其中以缺磷处理的表现最为严重。土壤微生物生物量碳氮、微生物活度与土壤有机碳变化均呈极显著正相关。     

长期施磷对土壤磷素吸附演变的影响

Knowledge of phosphorus （P） behavior in long-term fertilized soils is essential for programming fertilization practices and for sustaining environmental quality. The long-term （1984-1997） effects of various fertilization treatments on P changes and sorption isotherms as well as the relationship of soil properties to P sorption and P forms were evaluated in an Ustic Isohumisol, a calcareous soil, on the Loess Plateau, China. Compared to 1984, after 13 years of crop production, total soil P in the no-P treatments （control and N treatment） decreased by 5%-7%, but in the phosphorus fertilizer alone （P）, nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizers in combination （NP）, manure alone （M）, and nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizers and manure in combination （NPM） treatments, it increased by 22%, 19%, 28%, and 58%, respectively. Residual fertilizer P was found mainly in NH4Ac-soluble P （Cas-P）, followed by NaHCO3-soluble P （NaHCO3-P）, and NH4F-soluble P （Al-P）. Phosphorus sorption in the soils with different fertilization practices fit the Langmuir equations. Phosphorus sorption capacity in the no-P treatments increased, whereas it decreased in the P-included treatments （P, NP, and NPM treatments）. Phosphorus sorption maximum （Qm） was significantly and negatively correlated to inorganic P including NaHCO3-P, Cas-P, NaOH-Na2CO3-soluble P （Fe-P）, and Al-P （P ≤ 0.01）. Moreover, long-term fertilization increased soil organic carbon in the NP, M, and NPM treatments and decreased pH in the NP and NPM treatments. Thus, the ability of the soil to release sorbed P to the environment increased under long-term P fertilization.     

Long-term greenhouse vegetable cultivation alters the community structures of soil ammonia oxidizers

Journal of Soils and Sediments - Continuous cropping obstacles derived from long-term intensive cultivation has severely affected the healthy development of greenhouse vegetable industry in China....     

长期不同施肥下潮土养分生产力及其可持续性演变

在小麦—玉米一年两熟耕作制度下,通过河北雄县壤质土13年长期定位不同施肥养分耗竭试验,探讨土壤自身养分生产力的表达方式。结果表明,土壤N、P、K、Zn、Mn、B元素对于小麦的支撑产量分别为2 553、3 918、5 668、6 571、6 871和7 353 kg hm-2,对玉米的支撑产量分别为2 280、4 576、6 875、8 788、9 465和9 188 kg hm-2。六种养分的土壤自身循环平衡能力在小麦上依次为N相似文献   

Effects of rhizosphere and long-term fertilisation practices on the activity and community structure of ammonia oxidisers under double-cropping rice field

The potential nitrification activity (PNA), population size and composition of AOB and AOA communities in both rhizosphere and bulk soil from a long-term (32 year) fertiliser field experiment conducted during early rice and late rice seasons were investigated by using the shaken slurry method and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. The experiment begins in 1986, and including five treatments: without fertiliser input, chemical fertiliser alone, rice straw residue and chemical fertiliser, low organic manure rate and chemical fertiliser and high organic manure rate and chemical fertiliser. The results showed that the application of chemical fertiliser greatly enhanced PNA and AOB abundance, while application of rice straw residue and organic manure increased AOA abundance. Moreover, the results showed that the PNA and population sizes of AOB and AOA were higher in the rhizosphere than in the bulk soil. Cluster and redundancy analyses further indicated that the rhizosphere effect play a more important role in shaping AOA community structure than long-term fertilization. In summary, the results indicated that AOB rather than AOA functionally dominate ammonia oxidation in the double-cropping rice paddy soils, and that rhizosphere effect and fertiliser regime play different roles in the activity and community structures of AOB and AOA.     

长期施肥黑土微生物区系及功能多样性的变化

Black soil （Mollisol） is one of the main soil types in northeastern China. Biolog and polymerase chain reactiondenaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （PCR-DGGE） methods were used to examine the influence of various fertilizer combinations on the structure and function of the bacterial community in a black soil collected from Harbin, Heilongjiang Province. Biolog results showed that substrate richness and catabolic diversity of the soil bacterial community were the greatest in the chemical fertilizer and chemical fertilizer＋manure treatments. The metabolic ability of the bacterial community in the manure treatment was similar to the control. DGGE fingerprinting indicated similarity in the distribution of most 16S rDNA bands among all treatments, suggesting that microorganisms with those bands were stable and not influenced by fertilization. However, chemical fertilizer increased the diversity of soil bacterial community. Principal com- ponent analysis of Biolog and DGGE data revealed that the structure and function of the bacterial community were similar in the control and manure treatments, suggesting that the application of manure increased the soil microbial population, but had no effect on the bacterial community structure. Catabolic function was similar in the chemical fertilizer and chemical fertilizer＋manure treatments, but the composition structure of the soil microbes differed between them. The use of chemical fertilizers could result in a decline in the catabolic activity of fast-growing or eutrophic bacteria.     

氮肥增效剂对石灰性潮土氨挥发及冬小麦产量的影响

石灰性土壤由于偏碱性的特点容易发生氨挥发,严重的氨挥发会导致氮肥资源的浪费,而且会污染大气环境。在河南省许昌市的石灰性潮土上开展小麦季氮肥增效剂应用效果试验,氮肥用量180 kg/hm2,研究4个肥料处理：无化肥氮（CK）、常规尿素（U）、脲酶抑制剂尿素（URI）和硝化抑制剂尿素（NIF）对华北典型石灰性潮土冬小麦整个生育期氨挥发及小麦产量的影响。结果表明,各处理土壤氨挥发速率峰值均出现在小麦播种施肥后第3周,其大小顺序为：U>NIF>URI>CK。U处理下的土壤氨挥发速率峰值比NIF处理和URI处理分别高2.27%和21.84%,NIF处理比URI处理土壤氨挥发速率峰值高19.13%;而小麦整个生育期氨挥发累积量的大小顺序为：NIF>U>URI>CK。整个小麦生育期,3个施氮处理氨挥发损失量均较低,仅为施氮量的1.18%～1.58%。与常规尿素U处理相比,URI处理与NIF处理氨挥发均无显著降低或增加,但NIF比URI显著增加了氨挥发量。与U处理相比,URI处理和NIF处理显著提高小麦的穗数、千粒重和产量,其中URI处理比U处理产量和氮肥利用率分别...