The impact of Sirococcus shoot blight on radial and height growth of Norway spruce (Picea abies) in young plantations

The impact of Sirococcus shoot blight on the radial and height growth of Norway spruce in a young plantation (approximately 20 years old) was investigated by examining the increment losses for four infection intensities (classes). The average diameter at breast height of trees in the lightly damaged class was 72% when compared with the average diameter of the healthy trees, whereas moderately and severely damaged tree classes were 67 and 57%, respectively. Using tree ring analysis, the development of radial growth over time due to intensity of infection was studied. Height growth of affected trees was also significantly reduced (up to 43%) compared with the healthy trees, thus indicating a dramatic impact of Sirococcus conigenus on the growth of young Norway spruce.     

Host‐related variation among isolates of the Sirococcus shoot blight pathogen from conifers

Variation among isolates of the Sirococcus shoot blight pathogen (attributed to Sirococcus conigenus, Sirococcus sp., or one of many synonyms) was studied. Inter‐simple‐sequence‐repeat‐anchored polymerase chain reaction fingerprints, nuclear rDNA internal transcribed spacers and 5.8S sequences, and 18S rDNA sequences were analysed. In addition, culture morphology as well as sizes and shapes of conidia produced on seed cone scales in culture were compared. Two main groups were distinguished based on both genetic markers and cultural characteristics. The P group consists of isolates mostly from pine and spruce from Europe and both eastern and western North America; the T group consists of isolates mostly from hemlock from western North America. Results provide a benchmark for comparison of other isolates of these fungi and indicate the need for additional sampling and comparative research of these pathogens.     

Variation in the susceptibility of lodgepole pine provenances to Sirococcus shoot blight: results from artificial inoculations

Fourteen provenances of lodgepole pine artificially inoculated with a local isolate of Sirococcus strobilinus varied in their susceptibility to the pathogen. Provenances from the Dry Interior (31.9%) and the Sierra (14.3%) had significantly lower disease incidence than those from the Interior Wet Belt (51.9%), the Coast (62.5%) and the Cascade Range (58.6%). These results indicate the potential for selecting seed sources with low levels of susceptibility to Sirococcus shoot blight.     

肉桂枝枯病的防治试验

于广东德庆县三叉顶林场肉桂林设试验小区对枝枯病及其媒介昆虫进行了化学防治试验。采用杀菌剂和杀虫剂单施或混施的方式。施用的农药扬甲基托布津，菌毒清，敌杀死，桂虫灵和敌敌畏。其中只有1%敌杀死粉剂防治枝枯病效果较好。达63.5%。     

Environmental influences on juvenile shoot growth in Picea abies

Under certain environmental conditions, juvenile shoot growth characters might give early indications of adaptability and growth potential. Therefore, the reaction patterns of predetermined and free shoot growth were studied on Picea abies (L.) Karst, plants, which at different times during the growth period were treated by (1) application of nutrients, (2) defoliation, and (3) short days. Fertilization caused an increase in both predetermined and free growth, while defoliation and short day treatment caused a decrease in both forms of shoot growth and short days did not allow any free growth to occur. In the growth period following the treatments, fertilization caused more predetermined and less free growth to occur, while defoliation caused less predetermined and more free growth. Predetermined growth is explainable by the finite number of predetermined needle primordia. Free growth is initiated thereafter. It is influenced strongly by the environmental conditions and seems not to be influenced by the amount of preceding predetermined growth. Free growth enables young plants to utilize favourable growth conditions in summer for height growth precociously, which might increase their adaptability and competitive value. However, predetermined growth is the preferable mode of shoot growth because favourable conditions in successive growth periods induce more predetermined than free growth. Predetermined and free growth are well integrated forms of shoot growth giving no supporting evidence to the hypothesis that free and predetermined growth are inherited independently of each other. Rank changes in provenance development are probably not explainable by a loss in height growth when free growth occurs no more due to age, but by other causes.     

Needle nutrient status of Sirococcus shoot blight‐diseased and healthy Norway spruces

In this study the needle nutrient status of Sirococcus shoot blight‐diseased and healthy Norway spruces (Picea abies) was investigated. Element contents were determined in the current year and 3‐year‐old needles collected in December 2000 from 72 mature trees randomly distributed in the investigated stand. Half of the trees were severely affected by Sirococcus conigenus and had a reduced crown whereas the other trees were unaffected and vigorous. Compared with the uninfected trees, contents of Mg, Ca, P and Mn were significantly lower in the current year and 3‐year‐old needles of diseased trees. Furthermore, analyses of the nutrient contents of needles from severely affected trees revealed insufficient Mg and Ca supply and enhanced N/Mg and N/Ca ratios, when compared with threshold values. The results of this study suggest that imbalanced tree nutrition either has a significant impact on the expression of Sirococcus disease symptoms or fungal infection itself is affecting needle nutrient contents.     

火炬松枯梢病防治技术

火炬松枯梢病Sphaeropsis sapinea是为害火炬松Pinus taeda的毁灭性病害。该文通过剪枯梢、施肥和喷药相结合进行防治试验，结果表明：以前枯梢为主，结合施肥或喷50％多菌灵的防治措施效果较好，防治率88.6%。     

欧洲云杉嫩枝扦插育苗试验

通过田间试验的方法研究了欧洲云杉嫩枝扦插育苗技术,结果表明:不同土壤、不同扦插时间、ABT生根粉不同浓度及处理时间扦插成活率存在显著差异。其中扦插基质以底层8 cm厚煤渣,上层10 cm厚沙土。扦插时间以7月15~25日为最佳,ADT生根粉处理以100 mg/L处理22 h效果最好,扦插苗60 d后平均愈伤组织产生率88.3%,生根率达79.1%。     

樟子松枯梢病的防治研究

樟子松移植苗枯梢病Sphaeropsis sapinea可以通过药剂有效地进行防治。移植前以50％多菌灵wp500倍液浸苗；在人工林中，内吸性杀菌剂－甲基托布津、多菌灵为首选药剂；在树木新梢生长停止期和展叶中期（辽西北为6月初和6月中旬），70％甲基托布津wp 1000倍液或50％多菌灵wp 500倍液防治2次。保护性杀菌剂－百菌清效果不佳。适时的卫生伐对该病有明显的抑制作用。     

Effect of dothistroma needle blight on needle and shoot lengths

The needles of pine trees are indicative of the overall health of the tree, and their length is affected by many factors. This study describes the effect of high levels of pathogen infection on lengths of both needles and shoots. Dothistroma septosporum is an important foliar pathogen of pines causing necrosis and premature defoliation with successive years of high infection leading to growth reduction and in extreme cases tree death. Corsican pine trees with all foliage infected by D. septosporum had needles of primary, secondary and tertiary shoots reduced by 31.8%, 44.0% and 64.2%, respectively, compared to non‐infected trees. Needle lengths were reduced both in the upper and lower portions of the canopy, with a greater reduction lower in the canopy. Trees with high levels of infection had shorter shoots in the upper canopy with fewer, shorter needles on these shoots compared to trees with low levels of infection. The results demonstrate the substantial negative effect on needle and shoot lengths of trees with high levels of D. septosporum infection, comparable to factors such as water and nutrient availability known to have a strong influence on these parameters. The reductions in length reduce the photosynthetic capacity of the tree and compound the immediate reductions caused by necrosis and premature defoliation. These effects on needle and shoot lengths contribute to the reductions in volume growth of affected trees and, moreover, are longer lasting than the immediate effects of necrosis and premature defoliation.     

Modeling shoot water contents in high-elevation Picea rubens during winter

During the winter of 1990-1991, a meteorological tower was established at an 880-m elevation site within the spruce-fir zone on Mt. Moosilauke, New Hampshire, USA. Hourly means of air, needle and trunk temperatures, wind velocity, relative humidity and solar radiation were recorded. On a weekly basis, shoots that had elongated during the preceding growing season were collected from four red spruce (Picea rubens Sarg.) trees and their relative water contents (RWC) determined. Cuticular resistances of needles from these shoots were measured four times during the winter.Measured meteorological parameters were used in a previously developed model to simulate changes in red spruce shoot RWC during the winter. The modeled results were compared to measured shoot RWCs. The predictive power of the model was improved when it was modified to include measured values of cuticular resistance and needle and trunk temperatures. The new version of the model accurately predicted RWC from late December 1990 to the beginning of April 1991, after which spring recharge appeared to occur. We conclude that water lost from foliage was easily replaced by stored reserves and that uptake of water by the roots was not required to maintain an adequate foliar water content during the winter.     

落叶松枯梢病发生规律及防治技术

落叶松枯梢病Ｇｕｉｇｎａｒｄｉａｌａｒｉｃｉｎａ（Ｓａｗａｄａ）ＹａｍａｍｏｔｏｅｔＫ．Ｉｔｏ是我国北方落叶松人工林危害严重的病害。其发生与地形地势、风、树冠垂直高度、林分因子有关。加强检疫,适地适树造林,适时化防,把防治技术贯穿于造林、管理全过程的防治措施是有效的。     

樟子松枯梢病及其防治措施

林木病害通常分为侵染性病害和非侵染性病害。侵染性病害及其病原的研究长期被置于突出的地位 ,认为病原物的存在是引起林木病害的实质性问题 ,因此 ,多对病原物越冬场所、传播侵染途径及发生发展规律等进行研究 ,防治病害的关键措施也是针对病原物 ,而对如何减轻病害的措施研究较少。实践证明 :一些林木病害的发生往往与异常的气候影响、土地条件较差、某种病原物的存在、品种的抗性差异等诸多因素有关 ,非侵染性病原可以为侵染性病原开辟侵入途径 ,非侵染性病害可以降低林木对侵染性病害的抵抗能力 ;某些林木侵染性病害的防治往往是通过对…     

Sirococcus conigenus,Sirococcus piceicola sp. nov. and Sirococcus tsugae sp. nov. on conifers: anamorphic fungi in the Gnomoniaceae,Diaporthales

Sirococcus is a genus of asexually reproducing fungi that includes important pathogens causing shoot blight and tip dieback of conifers. In this paper, the type species of Sirococcus, S. conigenus, is redescribed and illustrated, and an epitype designated. In addition, two new species are recognized. Sirococcus piceicola sp. nov. is described from species of Picea in Canada and Switzerland. A second new species, S. tsugae sp. nov., is known only from western North America on species of Cedrus and Tsuga. These three species can be distinguished based on morphological differences and molecular sequence data from four genes. The three species of Sirococcus on conifers vary in conidiomatal wall structure, shape of the conidiogenous cells, and shape and size of conidia.     

樟子松枯梢病的防治对策

樟子松枯梢病的病原菌为松壳色二孢菌(Diplodia pinea)，具腐生性，是一种典型的潜伏侵染的寄主主导病害。因此，对该病的防治应以生态系统的自控能力和樟子松枯梢病流行规律为依据，采取以营林防治为主，生物防治、化学防治与之相结合的综合防治技术。     

Studies on leaf spot and shoot blight of Eucalyptus caused by Cylindrocladium quinqueseptatum

In glasshouse experiments, Cylindrocladium quinqueseptatum, which was associated with outbreaks of leaf spot and shoot blight in a young plantation of Eucalpytus microcorys in north Queensland during the 1982 and 1983 autumns, was pathogenic on seedlings of E. microcorys and caused varying degrees of leaf spot and shoot blight in ten species of Eucalyptus from major taxonomic groupings of the genus, When the outbreaks occurred, the weather was unusually showery with minimum temperatures above 16°C. In vitro studies showed that free water was essential for conidial germination, which occurred between 14–32°C. The optimum for mycelial growth was 28.5°C. In vivo studies showed that leaf penetration. by germinated conidia was via the stomata. Mancozeb was more effective at controlling the disease than benomyl, captan or copper oxychloride. The potential importance of C. quinqueseptatum and options for control in young Eucalyptus plantations are discussed.     

Bacterial shoot blight of sweet crab apple caused by Pseudomonas viridiflava

Sweet crab apple (Malus coronaria) is a popular ornamental tree planted in gardens and urban forests in South Korea. In 2018, severe symptoms were observed on street plantings of sweet crab apple in Jinju, South Korea including shoot blight: shoot tips, twigs and foliage of infected trees turned brown, and dried completely. The causal agent isolated from the disease lesions was identified as Pseudomonas viridiflava based on biochemical tests, pathogenicity, and 16S rRNA and rpoD gene sequencing. On artificial inoculation, this pathogen not only caused shoot blight on sweet crab apple, but also bulb rot and leaf blight on onion. Here, we report the occurrence of bacterial shoot blight caused by P. viridiflava in sweet crab apple for the first time in the world.     

Mating type ratios and pathogenicity in Diplodia shoot blight fungi populations: Comparative analysis

Diplodia sapinea and Diplodia scrobiculata are opportunistic pathogens of Pinus species. Several studies about taxonomy, impact and epidemiology of these fungi have been conducted in previous years, which have provided useful information and have raised new issues. These diseases produce a considerable impact on plantations resulting in significant economic losses. The main aims of this study are to increase the knowledge of the potential of genetic exchange and the relative aggressiveness of these organisms that can persist in healthy tissues of asymptomatic trees. A collection of 250 isolates among which are 149 strains collected from Pinus radiata plantations in Basque Country (Spain) and 101 strains from different countries was included in this work. Mating type ratios were analysed and compared using the structure of the MAT locus (MAT1‐1‐1 and MAT1‐2‐1). Inoculations of Pinus radiata seedlings were performed in a biosafety greenhouse (P2) to confirm pathogenicity of isolates and compare their aggressiveness. The frequency of occurrence of both idiomorphs of D. sapinea in Basque Country isolates was close to 1:1, however, for collection of isolates of this fungus from around the world, the ratio was 1:2. Furthermore, the spatial distribution of the two mating types in the Basque Country was random. Despite no detection of a sexual state, these results could suggest sexual reproduction behaviour. The pathogenicity of all strains in the collection was confirmed. Although aggressiveness (in terms of lesion lengths resulting from inoculation) varied greatly, no statistically significant effects of MAT type or pathogen species were detected.     

沙地樟子松枯梢病的营林措施控制技术

在搞清沙地樟子松枯梢病的发生规律和原因等基础上,开展针对性强、切实可行的营林措施试验,取得了良好的控制效果.对40 a生左右或更老的发病林分以卫生伐为主,逐步改造成疏林草地;对30 a生左右,染病较轻、生长迟缓的林分,进行密度和结构调整,引进阔叶乔木或灌木,改造成混交林,还可进行混农或混牧作业;对年龄较小,20 a生左右、生长旺盛的林分,应及时采取"留优去劣"式的间伐.试验发现,修枝可减免无效蒸腾,缓解水分矛盾,降低林木的"物理年龄",增强树势,是防病治病的良好措施.对20 a生以上的林木,以保留10～15轮侧枝为宜.     

Diplodia shoot blight and asymptomatic persistence of Diplodia pinea on or in stems of jack pine nursery seedlings

Diplodia pinea (syn. Sphaeropsis sapinea) is known as a major cause of damage to red pine (Pinus resinosa) seedlings in nurseries. The fungus can also be a latent pathogen of red pine seedlings, persisting in the absence of gross symptoms and later proliferating under conditions that induce host stress. In the fall of 2004, three nurseries in Wisconsin were surveyed to determine the potential for the occurrence of Diplodia shoot blight on jack pine (Pinus banksiana) seedlings and the persistence of D. pinea on or in asymptomatic seedlings of this species. Incidence of shoot blight was quantified in five 1 m long segments of an interior row in each of two survey areas in each nursery. The pathogen was identified on symptomatic seedlings collected in these areas on the basis of presence of characteristic pycnidia and conidia. Five groups of 20 asymptomatic seedlings were also collected in each of the two survey areas in each nursery. A segment of the lower stem/root collar from each of these asymptomatic seedlings was surface‐disinfested and culturally assayed using tannic acid agar. The mean incidence of shoot blight (as high as 9%) and mean frequency of cultural detection from asymptomatic seedlings (as high as 20%) were greatest in proximity to red pine windbreaks which are a source of inoculum. Only D. pinea was confirmed from subsets of symptomatic and asymptomatic seedlings which were tested using mt SSU rDNA polymerase chain reaction (PCR) primers that allow differentiation of D. pinea from D. scrobiculata and other fungi in the genus Botryosphaeria and related anamorphic fungi. Jack pine seedlings inoculated with D. pinea isolates obtained from asymptomatic nursery seedlings developed shoot blight symptoms in greenhouse trials. Thus, the ability of D. pinea to damage jack pine seedlings in nurseries has been documented and the potential for virulent strains of this latent pathogen to be distributed on asymptomatic jack pine seedlings from nurseries has been confirmed.