雌、雄先型核桃品种花芽分化过程比较研究

【目的】比较新疆主栽核桃品种温185与新新2号雌、雄花芽在不同时期外部形态和内部结构变化的差异以及二者的相关性。了解花芽分化机制,为新疆核桃栽培管理提供理论依据。【方法】采用石蜡切片法对雌、雄花芽进行切片观察。用解剖针解剖雌雄花芽,并观察其外部结构特点。【结果】(1)温185、新新2号雌花芽分化过程划分为:形态分化临界期、雌花分化初期、花原基分化期、花柄和雌蕊分化期、雌花形成期共5个时期。(2)温185、新新2号雄花芽形态分化过程包括雄花原基分化期、花萼和雄蕊分化期、花药分化期、雄花形成期4个时期。(3)温185、新新2号雌雄花芽外部形态大小与内部解剖结构具有相关性。【结论】温185、新新2号雌雄花芽分化时期特征基本一致,时期分化时间存在差异。从雌雄花芽外部形态特点推测内部分化时期具有可行性,可方便快速判断雌雄花芽分化状态。     

杏李花芽分化的组织解剖学研究

【目的】通过研究杏李品种花芽形态分化过程的组织结构变化,了解杏李花芽分化过程、时期及品种间的差异,为杏李的栽培管理技术实施提供理论依据。【方法】以3个杏李品种、1个杏品种及1个中国李品种为试材,采用常规石蜡切片法对其花芽分化过程的组织结构进行观察和对比分析。【结果】3个杏李品种花芽均于6月下旬开始分化,可分为未分化期、花原基分化期、萼片原基分化期、花瓣原基分化期、雄蕊原基分化期及雌蕊原基分化期6个时期,分化盛期集中在7月上旬至10月上旬,‘美丽李’花芽分化盛期亦集中在此时间段,且均于10月下旬完成雌蕊分化,而‘赛买提’杏花芽分化盛期集中在7月上旬至8月下旬,且雌蕊分化于9月中旬已基本完成。【结论】3个杏李品种花芽分化所经历的时期均与对照杏、李品种相同,各时期均存在重叠交错现象,无明显界限,花芽逐步分化,各分化阶段的组织结构与‘美丽李’基本一致,整体分化进程也与‘美丽李’较为相近,但均比‘赛买提’慢,进入各分化时期晚于‘赛买提’。     

山楂花芽分化的观察

(一)山楂花序为多个伞房花序簇生于果枝顶端,每花序有花15～40余朵,最多达50朵左右。结果后花序梗干枯,其下的顶部数个侧芽,在条件良好时,仍能形成花芽,连续结果。 (二)山楂花芽形态分化,可分为六个时期。即花序原基分化期、花蕾期、萼片期、花瓣期、雄蕊期和雌蕊期。昌黎地区山楂花序原基于9月上旬出现,9月下旬出现花蕾原基,10月下旬到11月上旬出现萼片原基,大部分花芽以单花原基状态进入休眠期。但在休眠过程中仍缓慢进行分化,翌年早春3月上旬出现花瓣原基,3月下旬开始出现雄蕊原基,雌蕊原基出现在4月上旬以后,全部花芽分化所需时间达8个月左右。 (三)不同枝条花芽分化的开始时间不同。一般短枝顶芽分化早,长枝较晚,但到分化后期(雄蕊及雌蕊分化期),各类枝条间差异不大,基本上在同一时期分化结束。 (四)山楂花芽前期分化持续时间长,后期分化持续时间短。如花蕾原基最早于9月下旬出现,最晚为3月上旬,持续达160天,而雄蕊及雌蕊原基最早出现到最晚出现仅持续10天左右的时间。 (五)山楂花芽是在枝条停止生长3～4个月后开始分化花序原基,此时果实已接近成熟,枝条积累有机营养物质较多,加之抑花内源激素减少,促花激素增多,有利于形成大量花芽。根据山楂花芽分化开始晚,冬季休眠期中进行缓慢分化,雄蕊及雌蕊均在早春花芽萌动过程中形成的特点,应在8月中旬到采收前后增施氮、磷、钾肥料。肥水条件差的地方,早春萌动时追施速效性肥料,有利于提高花序质量,增加座果率。 (六)山楂花芽的鳞片平均数为16.1个,叶片平均数为9.5个,总节数平均为25.6节。不同年份、不同管理条件下山楂花芽分化的临界节数有一定幅度的变化,不同枝类间以长枝花芽的临界节数多,短枝及结果枝上花芽的临界节数较少。     

‘天香台阁’桂花花芽分化及其台阁形成过程的观察

 采用石蜡切片方法观察桂花四季桂品种群的‘天香台阁’（Osmanthus fragrans‘Tianxiang Taige’）花芽分化的过程。研究表明,‘天香台阁’具3种不同的花芽,即普通花芽、特殊花芽、叶状花的台阁花芽。普通花芽和特殊花芽形态分化相同,分为总苞分化期、花原基分化期、顶花花被分化期、雄蕊分化期及雌蕊分化期共5个时期,历时约5个月;而叶状花的台阁花芽除了这5个时期,最后还经历台阁形成期,共历时约6个月。3种花芽雌蕊均发育异常,台阁花芽中本应着生雌蕊的部位分化为枝条。     

树莓花芽分化的研究

试验对树莓花芽分化时期的形态特征及发育进行了定期观察。结果表明:树莓花芽分化始期为8月初,8月下旬至9月进入高峰期。当年只分化到花序原基分化期便停止分化。翌年4月中下旬开始,花序原基向前推进,依次进入花朵、萼片、花瓣、雄蕊、雌蕊原基的分化阶段同时进入芽外分化阶段。树莓生理分化期为8月上旬。树莓的芽由纯花芽和混合芽2种芽组成。     

大樱桃花芽形态分化期的观察

通过徒手切片,在显微镜下观察‘意大利早红‘‘红灯‘‘先锋‘‘拉宾斯‘‘斯太拉‘‘斯帕克里‘‘萨姆‘等7个不同成熟期大樱桃品种的花芽形态分化期,并绘制花芽形态分化示意图.观察结果表明:大樱桃花芽形态分化开始于6月上旬,集中分化期在7-8 月份,且分化速度较快.9月上旬花束状果枝上的花芽分化基本结束.大樱桃花芽分化开始的时期与品种的成熟期没有相关性,与芽体的大小也没有关系.     

贵州高海拔地区甜樱桃花芽分化进程研究

为掌握贵州省高海拔地区甜樱桃花芽分化特征,以‘桑提娜’‘布鲁克斯’‘斯帕克里’3个甜樱桃品种花芽为试材,采用常规石蜡切片法观察其形态分化进程,并利用温湿度记录仪收集试验地气温数据并统计分析。结果表明:贵州省高海拔地区甜樱桃花芽形态分化正常,分为7个时期,不同品种花芽形态分化特征基本一致;甜樱桃花芽分化时间自日最低气温大于10℃开始,至8月中下旬分化完成,6月下旬至7月中下旬即旬平均气温在20℃左右时花芽快速分化;全年气温最高的时间段是甜樱桃花芽分化的重要时期,不同品种间花芽分化速率略有差异。     

遮光处理下一品红花芽分化的形态学观察

以一品红"金奖"为试材,研究遮光处理下花芽分化的形态发育过程。结果表明:遮光处理24d后一品红开始进行花芽分化,整个花芽分化过程持续约38d,其花芽分化分为花芽未分化期、生长锥伸长期、花序原基和小花原基分化期、花器官分化期4个时期。植株的苞片数与花芽分化进程呈显著相关,苞片数为1~2片,茎尖生长锥处于伸长期;大苞片3~5片,小苞片2~4片,为花序原基和小花原基分化期;大苞片5~8片,小苞片3~5片,为花器官分化期。     

墨兰花芽形态分化及生理特性研究

以墨兰‘企剑白墨’花芽分化期的花芽和功能叶为试材，通过研究花芽分化的形态建成，分析花芽分化期其功能叶淀粉、可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白质含量和过氧化氢酶(CAT)、过氧化物酶(POD)活性及内源激素的动态变化过程，以期为墨兰成花调控机理提供参考依据。结果表明：‘企剑白墨’花芽分化可分为6个时期，未分化期、花序原基分化期、小花原基分化期、花萼原基分化期、花瓣原基分化期以及合蕊柱及花粉块原基分化期。在花芽分化过程中，功能叶中淀粉、可溶性糖和可溶性蛋白质含量均呈上升-下降-上升趋势；CAT和POD活性处于较高水平；赤霉素(GA₃)含量整体呈下降趋势，而生长素(IAA)含量持续增加并保持稳定水平，脱落酸(ABA)总体呈上升趋势。综上所述，碳水化合物和可溶性蛋白质的积累有利于诱导花芽形成，花芽的形态建成需要消耗大量糖分和可溶性蛋白质；高活力CAT和POD可保障花芽分化顺利进行；低水平GA₃和高水平IAA及ABA利于诱导花芽的发育，高含量GA₃、IAA和ABA对花被片原基的分化起重要作用。     

金顶谢花酥梨叶片、新梢、果实生长动态及花芽分化进程研究

以宁陵的金顶谢花酥梨为试材,观察研究叶片、新梢、果实生长发育及花芽分化状况。结果表明,短枝叶片生长高峰期为4月5~14日;新梢生长高峰期4月14日至5月14日;果实体积增大高峰期7月25日至8月12日和8月24~30日;花芽形态分化初期6月下旬,大量分化期7月29日至8月28日。由此建议生产上应在枝叶生长高峰前约2周进行追肥灌水,促使叶片面积增大加厚、新梢生长。果实迅速增大期又是花芽大量分化期,在此之前约15天进行追肥灌水,利于果个增大,提高品质,促进花芽进一步分化。     

Effects of radiation from 188Re on smooth muscle cell proliferation

AIM: Although endovascular radiotherapy inhibits neointimal hyperplasia, the exact alterations induced by β-particles irradiation remain to be elucidated. The objective of this study was to investigate the ability and the cellular mechanism of local β^-particles emission from ¹⁸⁸Re to inhibit vascular smooth muscle cells (SMCs). METHODS: The SMCs in vitro were irradiated by ¹⁸⁸Re with single doses of 2.6 Gy-25.8 Gy. The effects of β-particles on SMCs, such as effective irradiate doses, the period of inhibition for SMCs proliferation, the changes of cell proliferation rate and DNA synthesis rate, cell cycle progression and related gene expression, were investigated by cell count, [³H]-TdR incorporation, cell cycle progression analysis, cell viability and immunocytochemistry, respectivecy. RESULTS: β-particles irradiation with dose of 5.2 Gy could inhibit significantly SMCs proliferation. At dose of 20.6 Gy DNA synthesis inhibitory rate was 92%, SMCs proliferation rate was only 3%. Renoval of ¹⁸⁸Re did not abolish the inhibitory effects of β-particles on SMCs proliferation. The expression of P53 was up regulation and PCNA was down regulation after irradiation. CONCLUSION: β-particles from ¹⁸⁸ Re was significantly effective and permanent in inhibiting SMCs proliferation, and inhibitory effect was in dose-dependet manner ED50was 5 Gy, the best dose to inhibit SMCs proliferation was 20 Gy. β-particles irradiation induced SMCs to occur G₀/G₁ arrest, damaged the ability of SMCs reproliferation and led to cell clonogenic death. P53 and PCNA had regulatiory effects on SMCs proliferation after β-particles irradiation.     

Effect of L-Arg on plasma content of endothelin and expression of c-fos mRNA in the left ventricle of rats with renovascular hypertensive hypertrophy

AIM:To study the effect of L-Arg on plasma content of endothelin (ET) and the expression of proto-oncogene c-fos mRNA in the left ventricle of rats with renovascular hypertensive hypertrophy. METHODS: The level of c-fos mRNA were measured by in situ hybridization. The ET in plasma were measured by radioimmunoassay. RESULTS:After eight weeks of treatment with L-Arg, the expression of c-fos decreased markedly (P＜0.01). The ET content in plasma also decreased significantly by L-Arg(P＜0.01).CONCLUSION: Plasma ET content and the expression of c-fos in the left ventricle of rats with renovascular hypertensive hypertrophy could be decreased by L-Arg administration.     

多效唑对猕猴桃离体试管苗生长及内源激素的影响

多效唑（ＰＰ３３３）处理猕猴桃试管苗，降低了其生长强度；植株体内的ＧＡ３、ＩＡＡ和ＺＴ含量下降，ＡＢＡ的含量上升，乙烯释放率增加；并且能降低外源的ＧＡ３和ＩＡＡ促进生长的作用，而外源的ＧＡ３和ＩＡＡ又能不同程度地逆转多效唑的抑制作用，使植株恢复生长。     

Proteomic analysis between pathological scars and normal skin

AIM: To investigate and screen the sensitive proteins in the formation mechanism of pathological scars by comparing the results of differential proteomic analysis between pathological scars and normal skin.METHODS: Two-dimensional gel electrophoresis was used to detect the protein expression profiles in 8 keloid patients, 8 hypertrophic scar patients and 3 matched normal skin patients.The proteins that showed differential expression of over 4-fold change were cut and analyzed by MALDI-TOF/TOF mass spectrometry.RESULTS: A two-dimensional protein profiling comparison between pathological scars and normal skin was successfully established.On average, 2 978 spots in keloid, 2 975 spots in hypertrophic scar and 3 053 spots in normal skin were identified using gel analysis software.Compared with normal skin, there were totally 36 differentially-expressed proteins in keloid and hypertrophic scar identified from the spots of over 4-fold change, including 16 proteins in both keloid and hypertrophic scar (8 up-regulated and 8 down-regulated), 11 only in keloid (9 up-regulated and 2 down-regulated) and 9 only in hypertrophic scar (4 up-regulated and 5 down-regulated).CONCLUSION: Proteomic analysis can identify the proteins with variance of pathological scars versus normal skin, thus providing probable new clues to reveal the formation mechanism of pathological scars.     

Compositional and Functional Properties of Saskatoon Berry and Blueberry

Abstract

Saskatoon berry (Amelanchier alnifolia Nutt., Rosaceae) and blueberry (Vaccinium corymbosum L., Ericaceae) are substantially equivalent in all characteristics that are important to the consumer, including fruit color, shape, size, nutrition, texture, and uses. In addition, both fruits are native to North America and they have practically identical historical uses and known health benefits. Their composition, processing, nutritional value and metabolism, intended uses, and levels of undesirable substances are compared.     

Cryopreservation of shoot apices of hawthorn in vitro cultures originating from East Asia

The objective of this study was to establish a cryopreservation protocol for hawthorn shoot apices (Crataegus pinnatifida Bge.). Cryopreservation was carried out via encapsulation–dehydration, vitrification, and encapsulation–vitrification on shoot apices excised from in vitro cultures. We began by showing that cold-acclimation enhanced the regrowth of cryopreserved apices from 10.0 to 65.5% in encapsulation–dehydration. We then decided that the encapsulation–dehydration method was an optimal cryopreservation method for hawthorn shoot apices in terms of its high recovery after cryopreservation as well as its ease of use compared with vitrification and encapsulation–vitrification. In encapsulation–dehydration, the protocol leading to optimal regrowth was as follows: after cold-acclimation at 5 °C in the dark for 2 weeks, excised shoot tips were pretreated for 24 h at 25 °C on hormone-free Murashige and Skoog [Murashige, T., Skoog, F., 1962. A revised medium for rapid growth and bioassays with tobacco tissue culture. Physiol. Plant. 15, 473–497] (MS) basal medium with 0.4 mol/L sucrose, then encapsulated and precultured in liquid MS medium with 0.8 mol/L sucrose for 16 h at 25 °C. Precultured beads were dehydrated for 6 h at 25 °C in the dessicator containing 50 g silica gel to a moisture content of 15.3% (fresh-weight basis) before cryostorage for 1 h. In addition, we examined the effect of adding glycerol to both the alginate beads and loading solution to enhance regrowth after cryopreservation in encapsulation–dehydration. In the present study, it was shown that adding 0.5 mol/L glycerol resulted in high regrowth percentages (82.5–90.0%) in four Crataegus species.     

Coupling past management practice and historic landscape change on John F. Kennedy Space Center,Florida

Historic landcover dynamics in a scrubby flatwoods (Tel-4) and scrub landscape (Happy Creek) on John F. Kennedy Space Center were measured using aerial images from 1943, 1951, 1958, 1969, 1979, and 1989. Landcover categories were mapped, digitized, geometrically registered, and overlaid in ARC/INFO. Both study sites have been influenced by various land use histories, including periods of range management, fire suppression, and fire management. Several analyses were performed to help understand the effects of past land management on the amount and spatial distribution of landcover within the study sites. A chi-squared analysis showed a significant difference between the frequency of landcover occurrence and management period. Markov chain models were used to project observed changes over a 100-year period; these showed current management practices being effective at Tel-4 (restoring historic landscape structure) and much less effective at Happy Creek. Documenting impacts of past management regimes on landcover has provided important insight into current landscape composition and will provide the basis for improving land management on Kennedy Space Center and elsewhere.     

XBP-01 accelerated apoptosis induced by oxidized low density lipoprotein in vascular smooth muscle cells

AIM: Previous studies performed with XBP-01 in vitro indicated that XBP-01 could inhibit vascular smooth muscle cells from being transformed into foam cell and could eliminate the atherosclerotic plaque in C57BL/6J mouse. This experiment is to investigate its mechanism of eliminating plaques in vitro. METHODS: The cultured porcine artery smooth muscle cells incubated with XBP-01 of 0.1 mg/L for 24 h after preincubated with oxidized low density lipoprotein of 15 mg/L for 72 h in vitro. The samples were analyzed by fluorescence microscope, confocal microscope system and flow cytometry. RESULTS: Apoptosis was triggered by being incubated with oxidized low density lipoprotein and this process was accelerated additionally by being incubated with XBP-01. CONCLUSION: XBP-01 can be effective in eliminating atherosclerotic plaque by accelerating the process in which oxidized low density lipoprotein induced smooth muscle cell apoptosis.     

Metallothionein inhibits homocysteine-induced proliferation of rat vascular smooth muscle cells

AIM:To investigate the effect of metallothionein(MT) on proliferation of rat vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) stimulated by homocysteine and its mechanism. METHODS:VSMCs proliferation was measured by [³-H]-TdR incorporation, mitogen-activated protein kinase(MAPK)activity were determined by immunoprecipitation method, the intracellular contents of MT and malondialdehyde (MDA)were assayed by -hemoglobin saturation method and TBA reaction, respectively, and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) leakage was measured by NADH oxidation. RESULTS:Hcy(10^-6-10^-4 mmol/L) stimulated [³-H]-TdR incorporation by the VSMCs in a concentration-dependent manner. Compared with control, [³-H]-TdR incorporation in VSMCs treated with 0.1 mmol/L Hcy was increased by 4.2 fold (P＜0.01). Meanwhile, Hcy enhanced MAPK activity, MDA formation and LDH release (P＜0.01)in a concentration-dependent manner. Treatment of VSMCs with MT alone did not change above parameters, compared with control. However, MT (10^-6-10^-4 mol/L)attenuated significantly Hcy-stimulated proliferation of VSMCs (P＜0.01)in a concentration-dependent manner. And MT inhibited obviously Hcy-induced activation of MAPK activity, MDA formation and LDH release. Preincubation of VSMCs with 0.5 mmol/L ZnCl₂ for 6 h induced an increase cellular MT content by 5.7-fold (P＜0.01). The MT-overexpressed VSMCs resisted Hcy-stimulating action on MAPK activity, MDA formation and LDH leakage (P＜0.01). CONCLUSION:These results show that MT has an inhibitory effect on Hcy-induced VSMCs proliferation, and that MT could inhibit Hcy-stimulated MAPK activity and lipid peroxidation.     

The effect of exposure on landscape scale soil surface temperatures and species distribution models

Species distribution models (SDMs) often use elevation as a surrogate for temperature or utilise elevation sensitive interpolations from weather stations. These methods may be unsuitable at the landscape scale, especially where there are sparse weather stations, dramatic variations in exposure or low elevational ranges. The goal of this study was to determine whether radiation, moisture or a novel estimate of exposure could improve temperature estimates and SDMs for vegetation on the Illawarra Escarpment, near Sydney, Australia. Forty temperature sensors were placed on the soil surface of an approximately 12,000 ha study site between November 2004 and August 2006. Linear regression was used to determine the relationship with environmental factors. Elevation was correlated more with moderate temperatures (winter maximums, summer minimums, spring and autumn averages) than extreme temperatures (summer maximums, winter minimums). The correlation (r ²) between temperature and environmental factors was improved by up to 0.38 by incorporating exposure, moisture and radiation in the regressions. Summer maximums and winter minimums were predominately determined by exposure to the NW and coastal influences respectively, while exposure to the NE and SW was important during other seasons. These directions correspond with the winds that are most influential in the study area. The improved temperature estimates were used in Generalised Additive Models for 37 plant species. The deviance explained by most models was increased relative to elevation, especially for moist rainforest species. It was concluded that improving the accuracy of seasonal temperature estimates could improve our ability to explain the patchy distribution of many species. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.