基于SSR标记的杂交大豆主要亲本遗传多样性分析

为明确山西已有杂交大豆主要亲本的遗传多样性和亲缘关系,利用64对SSR引物对32份杂交大豆亲本包括15份保持系与17份恢复系进行了遗传多样性分析。结果共检测到357个等位基因变异,单个位点检测到的等位基因数变化为2~12个,平均为5. 578个,其中,保持系检测到322个等位基因变异,变化为2~9个,平均为5. 031个,恢复系检测到320个等位基因变异,变化为2~12个,平均为5个;总的位点多态性信息含量(PIC)变辐为0. 368~0. 900,平均为0. 666,其中,保持系PIC变辐为0. 370~0. 868,平均为0. 661,恢复系PIC变辐为0. 329~0. 904,平均为0. 630。聚类分析结果表明,保持系间的遗传相似系数(GS)平均为0. 637,在相似系数为0. 61处,可将供试的保持系聚为两大类;其中,第Ⅱ类在相似系数为0. 65处又可分为3个亚类;恢复系间的遗传相似系数平均为0. 669,在相似系数为0. 65处,将供试的恢复系聚为两大类;聚类结果与品种地理来源具有一定的相关性。     

我国水稻两用核不育系SSR遗传多样性分析

利用SSR标记分析中国水稻两用核不育系现有骨干亲本材料的遗传多样性,为创制、选择育种亲本,扩大水稻种质遗传多样性等方面提供参考。本研究利用58个SSR标记对26个中国水稻两用核不育系的遗传多样性进行分析。共检测到191个等位基因,多态性位点百分率(P)100.0%,品种间不同位点等位基因数目3~5个,平均3.29个。Nei's遗传多样性指数(He)变幅为0.074 0~0.671 6,平均为0.449 6。Shannon信息指数在0.163 0~1.224 5之间,平均0.687 1。通过UPGMA聚类分析可知,所供试的26份水稻两用核不育系的遗传相似系数(GS)变幅为0.470~0.970,平均值为0.72;在遗传相似系数0.470处将供试材料分为粳型和籼型两类。上述研究表明,中国水稻两用核不育系遗传基础狭窄,同源性较高;但粳型和籼型群系间在基因位点上具有较大的遗传差异,说明中国的两系杂交水稻骨干亲本的杂种优势利用仍具有较高的空间。     

不同杂交组合白叶枯病抗性鉴定及遗传多样性分析

为提高抗白叶枯病新品种选育效率,减少育种的盲目性,本实验以87份杂交水稻品种为研究对象进行水稻白叶枯病鉴定,同时在基于SSR分子标记技术上进行遗传多样性分析。通过白叶枯病表型聚类和SSR分子标记聚类相结合方式进行分析,选择在抗白叶枯病方面具有优势的亲本。研究结果表明：在以优良不育系望S、粤禾丝苗、Y58S和优良恢复系R301、N111S为亲本的杂交水稻的白叶枯病的等级较低。在遗传多样性分析方面,筛选出36对具有多态性位点的SSR引物,分子量范围为90～200 bp;共扩增出118个等位基因,87份杂交稻品种在不同位点等位基因数目平均为3.3个,范围为2～6个,平均Nei’s基因多样性指数为0.452,变幅为0.096 (SSR03)～0.764 (SSR19)。亲本不育系望S、粤禾丝苗、Y58S和恢复系R301、N111S在选育抗白叶枯新品种时具有一定育种价值,可以为育种家选育抗白叶枯病新品种提供参考。     

用SSR标记分析1949—2005年华南地区常规籼稻主栽品种遗传多样性及变化趋势

利用均匀分布于水稻基因组的300个SSR标记对95个华南地区不同年代常规籼稻主栽品种进行分析,研究该地区常规稻品种的遗传多样性及其变化趋势。检测到236个SSR标记有多态性,共获得776个等位基因,每个位点等位基因2~12个,平均3.29个,共有206个位点的等位基因数介于2~4个,占全部多态性位点的87.3%。多态性标记位点的PIC值平均为0.42,变化范围为0.041~0.790。不同染色体的位点多态性差异显著,其中第10染色体的位点平均等位基因数最多,PIC值最高,而第5染色体的位点平均等位基因数最少,PIC值最低;6个年代中,50~70年代育成品种包含等位基因数呈显著的上升趋势,70年代达最高值2.83,随后逐渐下降。分子方差分析(AMOVA)结果显示不同年代间遗传变异仅占总体变异的3.77%,但仍达极显著水平(P0.001)。不同年代育成品种的遗传距离(GD)呈下降趋势。聚类分析结果显示,在遗传相似系数(GS)为0.685处可将品种区分为5大类,表明华南地区各时期的常规稻品种遗传改良都是围绕少数骨干亲本进行的。试验结果显示,华南地区籼稻品种的遗传多样性狭窄且随年代而变化,70年代以后呈下降趋势,在今后的育种中应扩大亲本选材范围、拓宽育种亲本的遗传基础以提高育成品种的遗传多样性。     

基于SNPs标记的部分栽培稻品种遗传结构分析

利用分布于水稻12条染色体上的190个SNPs位点,对97个水稻品种进行了遗传多样性和遗传结构分析。结果表明,190个SNPs位点中有92个具有多态性,多态性比率为48.42%。品种间的遗传相似系数(GS)变化范围在0.34～1.00之间,平均GS为0.87。贝叶斯聚类和UPGMA法聚类的结果相似,均将供试材料分成籼、粳2个亚种,且品种间的亲缘关系与地理来源关系不大。通过SNPs标记的遗传多样性分析结果表明,供试材料在亚种内的亲缘关系较近、遗传基础狭窄,部分供试品种具有相似的遗传背景。     

利用SSR分子标记划分杂交籼稻亲本群的研究

杂种优势群和杂种优势利用模式可以为植物的杂种优势利用提供重要信息。与玉米相比,水稻杂种优势群的研究相对薄弱。本研究利用72对SSR引物对我国47个杂交籼稻骨干亲本进行了类群划分。共检测出328个等位基因变异,每对引物检测等位基因2~13个,平均4.56个;引物的多态性信息量（PIC）范围为0.120~0.878,平均值为0.567。材料之间的遗传相似系数(GS)范围在0.633~0.928,平均为0.741。用类平均法（un-weighted pair-group method using an arithmetic average）将亲本材料划分为保持系群、温敏核雄性不育系群、恢复系群,其中保持系群和恢复系群又各分为3个亚群,分群结果基本符合系谱信息。并结合杂交水稻生产实践提出了7种杂种优势组合配组模式。分子标记是一种划分杂交籼稻亲本群的有效途径,本研究结果对杂交籼稻的亲本选配具有一定指导意义。     

黑龙江省粳稻种质资源遗传结构分析

选用分布于水稻12条染色体上多态性好的44对SSR引物,对黑龙江省近年主栽品种和其他省份粳稻及国外粳稻品种共96份材料进行遗传多样性和群体结构分析,旨在了解黑龙江省水稻品种遗传结构和亲缘关系。结果表明,44对SSR引物共检测到141个等位基因,每个位点1~5个,平均3.2个;遗传相似系数(GS)变化范围为0.46~0.97,平均0.77;试验中第1,2,4,6号染色体SSR位点多态性高,而第12条染色体SSR位点多态性低;利用SSR标记分析数据和STRUCTURE2.2软件分析,全部供试品种可划分为7个亚群,分别命名为POP1,POP2,POPS,POP4,POPS, POPE和POP7;STRUCTURE模型群体结构分析与Nei’s遗传距离构建邻位相连聚类图分析结果基本一致。     

RAPDs和RFLPs分析甘蓝型杂交油菜亲本的遗传多样性

利用RAPD和RFLP分子标记技术对甘蓝型杂交油菜亲本遗传多样性的分析结果表明:(1)20个亲本间具有丰富的遗传多样性,40个引物扩增出277条多态性带,其中21条带为10个亲本所特有,12个探针得到了117条多态性杂交带,其中7条带为5个亲本所特有;(2)不育系与恢复系之间的遗传差异大于不育系内和恢复系内的遗传差异;(3)依RAPDs与RFLPs估     

黑龙江省水稻品种的遗传多样性

为了研究黑龙江省当前水稻品种的遗传基础及其亲缘关系,利用农业行业标准《水稻品种鉴定技术规程SSR标记法(NY/T 1433—2014)》中公布的47对SSR标记,对来自黑龙江省不同积温区的231份水稻品种进行遗传多样性分析。结果显示：47对SSR标记在231份水稻中共检测到136个等位基因,每个位点等位基因变幅为2~5个,平均2.92个;基因多样性变幅为0.11~0.79,平均0.56;多态性信息量(PIC)变化范围为0.11~0.76,平均0.49;标记指数(MI)的变化范围在3.18~18.39,平均6.52。聚类分析将231份水稻分为3类7群,聚类结果与主成分分析结果一致。综上所述,黑龙江省水稻品种遗传多样性不够丰富（平均PIC值为0.49）,同一积温区品种间亲缘关系较近。育种中注意南北部品种的杂交,以便拓宽遗传背景,培育出绿色优质高产新品种。     

基于SNP芯片的甘蓝型油菜遗传多样性和群体遗传结构分析

为揭示四川油菜核心种质的遗传多样性和群体遗传结构,提高甘蓝型油菜种质利用效率,本研究利用油菜50K基因芯片对201个育种亲本品系进行全基因组SNP位点分析,利用Powermarker软件计算SNP位点的Nei’s基因多样性指数(H)、主要等位基因频率(MAF)和多态性信息含量(PIC)和供试材料的遗传距离,进行聚类和群体结构分析。结果表明,共筛选到17 243个SNP位点,平均每条染色体分布907个多态性位点,位点的Nei’s基因多样性指数(H)、主要等位基因频率(MAF)和多态性信息含量(PIC)平均值分别为0.351、0.738、0.282;201份供试材料遗传距离在0.000 1～0.529 8之间,平均为0.350 5,Kinship值为0的占59.90%;供试材料可分成6个大类,分别为：保持系(1个品系:SC223)、远缘杂交种质(2个品系:SC001和SC273)、复合杂交油菜种质(2个品系:SC119和SC175)、征集种质(1个品系:SC017)、混合来源Ⅰ(16个品系:征集的优良品系SC034等,复合杂交保持系种质SC103等和恢复系SC249)和混合来源Ⅱ(179份...     

Location of a high-lysine gene and the DDT-resistance gene on barley chromosome 7

Summary The high-lysine gene in Risø mutant 1508 conditions an increased lysine content in the endosperm via a changed protein composition, a decreased seed size, and several other characters of the seed. The designation lys3a, lys3b, and lys3c, is proposed for the allelic high-lysine genes in three Risø mutants, nos 1508, 18, and 19. Linkage studies with translocations locate the lys3 locus in the centromere region of chromosome 7. A linkage study involving the loci lys3 and ddt (resistance to DDT) together with the marker loci fs (fragile stem), s (short rachilla hairs), and r (smooth awn) show that the order of the five loci on chromosome 7 from the long to the short chromosome arm is r, s, fs, lys3, ddt. The distance from locus r to locus ddt is about 100 centimorgans.     

Biological Activity and Quantification of Suspected Allelochemicals from Alfalfa Plant Parts

Autotoxicity restricts reseeding of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) after alfalfa until autotoxic chemical(s) breaks down or is dispersed into external environments. A series of aqueous extracts from leaves, stems, roots and seeds of alfalfa ‘Vernal’ were bioassayed against alfalfa seedlings of the same cultivar to determine their autotoxicity. The highest inhibition was found in the extracts from the leaves. Extracts at 40 g dry tissue l^?1 from alfalfa leaves were 15.4, 17.5 and 28.7 times more toxic to alfalfa root growth than were those from roots, stems and seeds, respectively. A high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis with nine standard compounds showed that the concentrations and compositions of allelopathic compounds depended on the plant parts. In leaf extracts that showed the most inhibitory effect on root growth, the highest amounts of allelochemicals were detected. Among nine phenolic compounds assayed for their phytotoxicity on root growth of alfalfa, coumarin, trans‐cinnamic acid and o‐coumaric acid at 10^?3 m were most inhibitory. The type and amount of causative allelochemicals found in alfalfa plant parts were highly correlated with the results of the bioassay, indicating that the autotoxic effects of alfalfa plant parts significantly differed.     

Simultaneous Determination of Four Phenolic Acids in Radix Salviae Miltiorrhizae Formula Granules by QAMS

[Objectives]This study aimed to establish a QAMS(quantitative analysis of multi-components by single-marker)method for simultaneous determination of four phenol...     

Changes in Seed Yield and Quality with Maturity in Onion (Allium cepa L., cv. 'Early Cream Gold')

Development of onion (Allium cepa L., cv. ‘Early Cream Gold’) seed under cool climate conditions in Tasmania, Australia occurred over a longer duration than previously reported, but similar patterns of change in yield components were recorded. In contrast to previous studies, umbel moisture content declined from 85 to 67 % over 57 days while seed moisture content decreased from 85 to 31 %. Seed yield continued to increase over the duration of crop development, with increasing seed weight compensating for seed loss resulting from capsule dehiscence in the later stages of maturation. Germination percentage was high and did not vary significantly from 53 to 77 days after full bloom (DAF), but mean germination time declined and uniformity of germination increased significantly over the same time period. The percentage abnormal seedlings declined with later harvest date, resulting in highest seed quality at 77 DAF. The results of this study suggest that the decision to harvest cool climate onion seed crops before capsule dehiscence will result in a loss of potential seed yield and quality.     

Pollen and pollination experiments. III. The viability of apple and pear pollen as affected by irradiation and storage

Summary Apple and pear pollen was irradiated with doses of 0, 50, 100, 250 and 500 krad (gamma rays) and stored at 4°C and 0–10% r.h. From the in-vitro germination percentages an average LD 50 dose of about 220 krad was estimated. For both irradiated and untreated pollen a close and corresponding lineair relationship existed between germination percentage and pollen tube growth.Irradiated pollen was much more sensitive to dry storage conditions than untreated pollen, resulting in less germination and more bursting. Apparently, irradiation caused the pollen cell membrane to lose its flexibility faster than normal. Rehydration of dry-stored, irradiated pollen in water-saturated air restored germination percentages up to their initial levels. The importance of this procedure in germination trials is stressed.     

Water Extraction Process of Chinese Herbal Compound Man Gan Ning

[Objectives]To optimize the water extraction process of Chinese Herbal Compound Man Gan Ning and establish a method for its extraction and content determination...     

Present status and future strategy in breeding faba beans (Vicia Faba L.) for resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses

Progress is being made, mainly by ICARDA but also elsewhere, in breeding for resistance to Botrytis, AScochyta, Uromyces, and Orobanche; and some lines have resistance to more than one pathogen. The strategy is to extend multiple resistance but also to seek new and durable forms of resistance. Internationally coordinated programs are needed to maintain the momentum of this work.Tolerance of abiotic stresses leads to types suited to dry or cold environments rather than broad adaptability, but in this cross-pollinated species, the more hybrid vigor expressed by a cultivar, the more it is likely to tolerate various stresses.     

Optimization of Extraction Technology and Determination of Content of Total Phenols of Leaves in Acanthopanax giraldii Harms

[Objectives] To determine the optimum extraction technology for total phenols of leaves in Acanthopanax giraldii Harms.[Methods]The single factor test and ortho...     

Cytoplasmic male sterility,resistance to gall mite and mildew,and season of leafing out in black currants

Summary Cytoplasmic male sterility (cms) is described in the F₁ hybrids Ribes × carrierei (R. glutinosum albidum × R. nigrum) and R. sanguineum × R. nigrum. In backcrosses to R. nigrum, progenies with R. glutinosum cytoplasm were either all male sterile, or segregated for full male fertility (F) and complete (S) and partial (I) male sterility. Ratios of F:I+S suggested that two linked genes controlled cms, F plants being dominant for one (Rf ₁) and recessive for the other (Rf ₂).Segregation for cms in relation to three linded genes, Ce (resistance to the gall mite, Cecidophyopsis ribes), Sph ₃(resistance to American gooseberry mildew, Sphaerotheca mors-uvae) and Lf ₁(one of two dominant additive genes controlling early season leafing out) indicated that Rf ₁and Rf ₂were in this linkage group. The gene order and approximate crossover values appeared to be: % MathType!MTEF!2!1!+-% feaafiart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn% hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXafv3ySLgzGmvETj2BSbqef0uAJj3BZ9Mz0bYu% H52CGmvzYLMzaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqr1ngBPrgifHhDYfgasa% acOqpw0xe9v8qqaqFD0xXdHaVhbbf9v8qqaqFr0xc9pk0xbba9q8Wq% Ffea0-yr0RYxir-Jbba9q8aq0-yq-He9q8qqQ8frFve9Fve9Ff0dme% aabaqaciGacaGaamqadaabaeaafaaakeaacaWGdbGaamyzamaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGWaGaaiOlaiaacgdacaGG0aGaaiiiaiaacc% caaaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaamOuaiaadAgaliaaigdakmaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaaccdacaGGUaGaaiOmaiaacs% dacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaaaacaWGsbGaamOzaSGa% aGOmaOWaaWaaaeaacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacc% cacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccaaaGaamitaiaadAgaliaaigdakmaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacc% cacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaaaaiaadofacaWGWbGaamiAaSGa% aG4maaaa!6E4D!\[Ce\underline { 0.14 } Rf1\underline { 0.24 } Rf2\underline { } Lf1\underline { } Sph3\]. Crossover values of 0.36 for Ce-Lf ₁, and 0.15 for Lf ₁-Sph ₃were estimated from the relative mean differences in season of leafing out between seedlings dominant and recessive for Ce and Sph ₃.It is suggested that competitive disadvantage of lf ₁-carrying gametes and/or zygotes at low temperatures may be implicated in the almost invariable deficit of plants dominant for the closely linked mildew resistance allele Sph ₃. Poor performance of lf ₁- (and possibly lf ₂-) carrying gametes and young zygotes during periods of low temperature at flowering might also account for the liability of some late season cultivars and selections to premature fruit drop (running off).     

Screening techniques and sources of resistance to parasitic angiosperms

Parasitic angiosperms cause great losses in many important crops under different climatic conditions and soil types. The most widespread and important parasitic angiosperms belong to the genera Orobanche, Striga, and Cuscuta. The most important economical hosts belong to the Poaceae, Asteraceae, Solanaceae, Cucurbitaceae, and Fabaceae. Although some resistant cultivars have been identified in several crops, great gaps exist in our knowledge of the parasites and the genetic basis of the resistance, as well as the availability of in vitro screening techniques. Screening techniques are based on reactions of the host root or foliage. In vitro or greenhouse screening methods based on the reaction of root and/or foliar tissues are usually superior to field screenings and can be used with many species. To utilize them in plant breeding, it is necessary to demonstrate a strong correlation between in vitro and field data. The correlation should be calculated for every environment in which selection is practiced. Using biochemical analysis as a screening technique has had limited success. The reason seems to be the complex host-parasite interactions which lead to germination, rhizotropism, infection, and growth of the parasite. Germination results from chemicals produced by the host. Resistance is only available in a small group of crops. Resistance has been found in cultivated, primitive and wild forms, depending on the specific host-parasite system. An additional problem is the existence of pathotypes in the parasites. Inheritance of host resistance is usually polygenic and its transfer is slow and tedious. Molecular techniques have yet to be used to locate resistance to parasitic angiosperms. While intensifying the search for genes that control resistance to specific parasitic angiosperms, the best strategy to screen for resistance is to improve the already existing in vitro or greenhouse screening techniques.