巴基斯坦的草地现状和草地开发

通过对巴基斯坦的高山草地、亚高山草地、温带草地、山前丘陵草地和干旱草地5种类型草地的利用现状调查和分析,认为引起草地严重退化的主要原因是草地载畜量过大和不合理的利用。通过设立专门的草地管理机构,制定科学的草地管理政策,加强草地管理,采取诸如不同类型草地引入适合的优良牧草品种等,改良草地、增加良种畜的饲养量,以及大幅度减少生产性能差的畜群,对草地进行科学合理的利用,加强对牧民的培训及其它相应的措施,使草地得到恢复。     

草地土壤肥力及其营养管理的必要性

介绍了草地土壤肥力的来源,土壤基本养分对草地生产的作用,草地植物与动物对养分的需求量及缺乏症状,说明了加强草地营养管理以及维持草地生态系统营养平衡的重要性,指出增强对土壤肥力和营养管理是提高草地生产能力、保证草地生态系统平衡、保障草地可持续利用的关键技术措施.     

草地土壤肥力及其营养管理的必要性

介绍了草地土壤肥力的来源,土壤基本养分对草地生产的作用,草地植物与动物对养分的需求量及缺乏症状,说明了加强草地营养管理以及维持草地生态系统营养平衡的重要性,指出增强对土壤肥力和营养管理是提高草地生产能力、保证草地生态系统平衡、保障草地可持续利用的关键技术措施。     

浅析西藏草地资源的利用与建设

西藏自治区是全国五大牧区之一,草地资源丰富,草地畜牧业历史悠久而独具特色.加强草地保护和建设,合理利用草地,确保草地永续利用对促进草地畜牧业向稳定、高效、优质、高产方向发展,繁荣西藏经济具有重要意义.笔者通过对西藏草地资源的特点及利用现状的分析,阐述了对西藏草地利用与建设的拙见.     

云南省巧家县石漠化区不同治理措施草地植被特征研究

以天然草地为对照,对云南巧家县尖山社不同治理措施(人工草地、改良草地、封育草地)下石漠化草地的物种组成、群落结构特征、植物种生物多样性和草地植被的年鲜草总产量等进行了比较分析。结果表明:封育草地物种数最多,改良草地次之,人工草地最少。4种草地共有植物种少,不同草地的优势种、亚优势种、伴生种或偶见种不同;人工草地优势种为多年生黑麦草Lolium perenne,改良草地为白三叶Trifolium repens,封育草地为西南委陵菜Potentilla fulgens。4种草地的Simpson多样性指数(D)、Shannon-Wiener多样性指数(H′)和丰富度指数均为封育草地天然草地改良草地人工草地,均匀度为封育草地改良草地天然草地人工草地;产草量和优良牧草比为人工草地改良草地封育草地天然草地;各类草地的产量和品质与其植物多样性指数间存在相反变化趋势;人工草地为最有效石漠化退化草地治理措施,其次是改良草地,封育草地治理效果较差。     

浅析西藏草地资源的利用与建设

西藏自治区是全国五大牧区之一,草地资源丰富,草地畜牧业历史悠久而独具特色。加强草地保护和建设,合理利用草地,确保草地永续利用对促进草地畜牧业向稳定、高效、优质、高产方向发展,繁荣西藏经济具有重要意义。笔者通过对西藏草地资源的特点及利用现状的分析,阐述了对西藏草地利用与建设的拙见。     

国际草地会议与草地科技进展

介绍了国际草地会议的历史及其对世界草地科技发展的影响,内容包括:会议起源,历届会议概况和历史情节,世界草地科技发展的地域差异,草地科技发展的时代特征,国际天然牧地会议与国际草地会议的关系,国际草地会议对世界草地学术组织、草地农业发展和草地学家成长的影响,国际草地会议和国际天然牧地会议对我国草地科技的影响和启示。     

西藏那曲地区草地资源保护与可持续发展建议

西藏那曲地区在长期的传统畜牧业经营方式下,对草地资源缺乏有效的保护和科学管理,片面追求牲畜头数,因此,该地区出现了严重的超载过牧现象,导致草地资源退化加剧,草地畜牧业生产难以可持续发展。对那曲地区草地资源保护及草地资源保护中存在的问题进行了探讨,并对该地区天然草地资源保护与可持续发展提出了建议,以期为该地区加强草地管理、发展生态畜牧业、实现草地畜牧业和草地生态环境和谐发展提供参考。     

浅谈科学发展观与草地生态建设

草地退化是我国天然草地面临的突出问题。我国草地占据了农牧交错带和绿洲-荒漠交错带,对人为活动具有较强的敏感性和生态脆弱性,因此在草地生态建设方面要坚持以人为本,树立全面、协调、可持续的科学发展观,统筹人与自然的和谐发展,充分发挥草地的自然修复能力,建设人工草地,合理的对草地进行开发和利用,完善草地的生态建设,使草地朝着有利于人类生存和发展的方向演变。     

干扰对草地碳循环影响的研究与展望

草地碳循环不仅与草地植被、气候和土壤状况有关,而且与各类干扰利用活动密切相关,特别近几十年,人类的利用干扰活动对草地碳循环产生了巨大的影响。本文综合介绍了放牧利用、管理措施以及气候变化等干扰对草地生态系统碳循环影响方面的研究现状和进展,同时提出未来草地生态系统碳循环主要的研究方向,即不同干扰互交对草地生态系统的影响、模型方法在干扰与草地生态系统碳循环研究中的应用、干扰对草地碳循环影响的驱动机理。     

世界羊毛生产贸易现状及我国相关对策研究

本文全面综述了世界羊毛主产国羊毛生产和贸易现状,探讨了国际羊毛市场的供求关系,从而提出我国今后羊毛发展及贸易的对策:加强品种选育提高;建立优质细毛羊产业化生产技术体系;加强羊毛产销管理;加大资金投入,搞好宏观调控;高度重视羊毛产品质量安全问题,迅速建立我国的“绿色贸易壁垒”;恢复和发展草原生态平衡,实现羊毛业可持续发展。     

酸碱胁迫对柑橘砧木生长与生理的影响

以8种不同类型的柑橘砧木实生苗为试验材料,在处理条件较为一致的无土栽培系统中进行不同pH值(3.5和9.0,以6.0为对照)处理,测定胁迫下植株的形态表现、生长量指标以及与逆境相关的生理生化指标,利用主成分分析法和隶属函数法对柑橘砧木的耐酸/碱性进行综合性评价。结果显示,与对照相比,酸碱胁迫下供试砧木的各项指标均发生了变化,且变化幅度因砧木不同而不同。利用隶属函数法计算供试材料的耐性综合能力值,其值越大耐性越强,反之越弱。枳(Z-022)是耐酸性较强的砧木,资阳香橙是耐碱性较强的砧木,而KPJ-015和卡里佐枳橙分别是对酸胁迫和碱胁迫较为敏感的柑橘砧木。     

The antimicrobial susceptibility of Staphylococcus species isolated from canine dermatitis

In a retrospective study, 1538 strains of -haemolysin-producing Staphylococcus species isolated from dermatitis in dogs at three veterinary clinical microbiology laboratories in Norway during 1986–87 and 1993–94 were investigated for their antimicrobial susceptibility. None of the strains was resistant to cloxacillin, cephalexin or the quinolones enrofloxacin and ciprofloxacin. More than 96% of the strains were susceptible to trimethoprim-sulphonamide, bacitracin and fucidic acid. Between 67% and 89% of the strains were susceptible to erythromycin, lincosamides, tetracycline, neomycin and chloramphenicol. Only 37.9% of the strains were susceptible to penicillin. The frequency of penicillin resistance increased significantly between the first and second periods, from 46.0% to 58.6%. The frequency of resistance to lincomycin, clindamycin and erythromycin also increased significantly between the first and second periods, from 3.0%, 2.1% and 3.3% to 25.5%, 19.5% and 24.8%, respectively. A moderate increase in resistance to tetracycline was also noted, from 20.4% in the first to 27.6% in the second period. On the other hand, the frequency of resistance to trimethoprim-sulphonamide decreased significantly from 4.1% in the first to 0.9% in the second period. Many different resistance patterns were observed in each period. However, the proportion of multiresistant strains increased from 2.1% in the first to 10.2% in the second period. There was a decrease in resistance to the combination of trimethoprim-sulphonamide and penicillin from the first to the second period. Resistance to the combination of lincosamides and pencillin increased. For the combinations penicillin-tetracycline-lincosamides, pencillin-lincosamides-erythromycin, and pencillin-tetracycline-lincosamides-erythromycin, there was a striking increase in resistance between the first and the second periods.Abbreviations CVL Central Veterinary Laboratory - NCVM Norwegian College of Veterinary Medicine - NVL Norwegian Veterinary Laboratory     

提高仔猪成活率的关键措施

通过对仔猪培育各个生产环节的分析，认为加强妊娠母猪后期饲养管理和新生仔猪护理，给仔猪定乳头，吃初乳，防冻，防压，早开食，注意补铁，硒等。是提高仔猪成活率的关键措施。     

当前牛羊养殖场抗生素使用现状与应对措施

长期以来,兽药用长效抗菌药剂(抗生素)在有效防治各类传染性动物疫病、提高农民生产畜禽养殖生产经营的效益、保障各类城市公共产品安全卫生的质量以及安全标准化生产活动中一直发挥并起着的积极重要作用。然而抗生素滥用易导致多种细菌产生耐药性,同时会带来较强毒副作用,危害公共卫生安全。2021年全国开展兽用抗菌药减量化行动,各省落实“同一健康”理念,高度重视减量化行动。江西省牛羊产业体系疫病防控岗专家团队深入江西省30多个牛羊养殖大县(区),针对各养殖企业及养殖户设计发放相关调查问卷,为科学指导推动畜禽养殖场户规范使用、减量使用抗生素,提出推动牛羊养殖发展的措施与建议,供各位读者、养殖户进行参考。     

甘肃省某奶牛场肠杆菌性乳房炎主要病原菌的分离鉴定与耐药性分析

为查明甘肃省某奶牛场发生临床型奶牛乳房炎的主要病原菌并选择治疗用敏感药物,随机无菌采集了6份临床型病牛乳样和1份大罐乳样,采用划线分离、菌落形态观察、革兰染色镜检、生化鉴定及16S rDNA序列分析等方法进行细菌分离鉴定,同时采用K-B法测定主要分离菌株对抗菌药物的敏感性。结果表明,从临床型乳房炎乳样中分离鉴定出大肠埃希菌、芽胞杆菌、凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌(腐生葡萄球菌)3种细菌,其中大肠埃希菌的分离率最高,为66.67%;从大罐奶样中也分离出大肠埃希菌。药敏试验结果表明,大肠埃希菌对氨苄青霉素、阿莫西林、头孢噻吩、杆菌肽、红霉素均存在不同程度的耐药,耐药率为29%~100%;对诺氟沙星、恩诺沙星、氟苯尼考、头孢哌酮等药物敏感。说明此次牛场临床型乳房炎的主要病原菌是大肠埃希菌、葡萄球菌和芽胞杆菌,而且分离的大肠埃希菌具有多重耐药性。根据检测分析结果,给奶牛场提出针对性的防控措施,临床型乳房炎的发病率下降,病情得以控制。     

不同紫花苜蓿品种种子萌发期耐盐性的试验研究

探讨研究紫花苜蓿品种种子萌发期耐盐性，可筛选出耐盐品种。结果表明，8个苜蓿品种中青睐苜蓿和恺撒苜蓿的耐盐性最强，其次是金皇后和友谊苜蓿；龙牧801和首领苜蓿的耐盐性弱。     

皮肤扩张术在兽医上的应用前景

皮肤的大面积损伤在兽医临床上较为多见,但现有的治疗手段很难满足动物美观的要求,皮肤扩张技术以其扩张获得的“额外”的皮肤与正常皮肤直接缝合以作修复疤痕组织或皮肤缺损,这样既解决了修复所需要的皮源问题,又可以避免大面积植皮形成的新的瘢痕组织,扩张皮肤克服了植皮色素沉着,与周围皮肤颜色不协调,遗留供区新创面的缺点,成为国内外医学界修复瘢痕广泛应用的新技术,应用前景十分广阔。     

Associations between use of electric cow-trainers and clinical diseases, reproductive performance and culling in Swedish dairy cattle

The aims of this follow-up study were: (a) to evaluate the role of ECT technology as a risk factor for several diseases; and (b) to determine if the effects of these diseases on cows' reproductive performance and as risk factors for culling are influenced by exposure to ECTs. Diseases considered were retained placenta, metritis, ketosis, cystic ovaries, silent heat, milk fever, clinical mastitis, and foot and leg problems. We used historical and contemporary controls (with control herds selected to match the experimental herds for size and location). Data consisted of 10264 Swedish Red and White (SRB) and 5461 Swedish Friesian (SLB) lactation records in 150 herds of which 33 used cow-trainers. Logistic regression was used to estimate the effects of parity and exposure to electric cow-trainers on the risks of diseases and the effects of diseases and exposure to electric cow-trainers on risk of culling. The least-squares procedure was used to estimate the effects of diseases on reproductive performance.

The dominant effects associated with use of electric cow-trainers were an increased risk for silent heat, clinical mastitis, ketosis and culling relative to cows in herds not using cow-trainers. Diseases had negative effects on reproductive performance and the effects were larger for cows in herds using cow-trainers. In herds using electric cow-trainers, the largest increase in the interval from first service to conception (58 days) was caused by the occurrences of silent heat, cystic ovaries and the combination of two or more diseases. Retained placenta, metritis, cystic ovaries, clinical mastitis and a combination of two or more diseases increased the risk of culling about two times relative to healthy primiparous cows with the increase being greater for cows in herds using cow-trainers. Silent heat did not increase risk of culling in control groups, but was the largest risk factor for culling in the exposed group. We concluded that exposure to electric cow-trainers increased the incidence risk of silent heat, clinical mastitis, and ketosis and changed silent heat from a neutral disease with respect to culling to a major risk factor. Finally, exposure to cow-trainers increased the general negative effect of diseases on the cows' reproductive performance and risk for culling.