草坪常用化学药剂对昆虫病原线虫存活和侵染率的影响

测定了草坪上常用的14种化学药剂对蝼蛄斯氏线、长尾斯氏线虫X-7品系和小卷蛾斯氏线虫All品系存活和侵染率的影响。杀虫剂乙酰甲胺磷在高浓度和推荐浓度下对蝼蛄斯氏线虫、长尾斯氏线虫和小卷蛾斯氏线虫的致死率分别为21％和9．5％，13％和5．5％，5．5％和2％；敌百虫在高浓度和推荐浓度下对蝼蛄斯氏线虫的致死率分别高达94．5％和92．5％，在高浓度下对长尾斯氏线虫的致死率为8％，对小卷蛾斯氏线虫没有明显致死作用；克蛾宝对3种线虫的致死作用均比乙酰甲胺磷和敌百虫低。杀菌剂对3种线虫的存活均无影响。除草剂2，4-D丁酯对3种线虫低浓度和高浓度下致死率分别为2％、6％、3．5％和5％、85．5％、6％。经化学药剂处理24h后的线虫侵染黄粉虫9-11龄幼虫，对线虫存活没有影响或者影响较小的化学药剂对线虫的侵染率都没有明显的影响，但剂型为10％可湿性粉剂的吡虫啉对长尾斯氏线虫，以及高浓度的2，4-D丁酯对小卷蛾斯氏线虫的侵染率有明显抑制作用。     

40％氯虫·噻虫嗪水分散粒剂防治甘蔗螟虫药效试验

以3％克百威GR和5％杀单·毒死蜱GR为对照,进行40％氯虫·噻虫嗪WG防治甘蔗螟虫田间药效试验。结果表明：40％氯虫·噻虫嗪WG0．75kg／ha、0．60kg／ha处理对甘蔗螟虫具有显著防效,能有效控制甘蔗螟虫危害。其中,40％氯虫·噻虫嗪WG0．75kg／ha防效最高,药后30d、60d、90d防效分别达84．66％、92．52％和87．51％,极显著高于3％克百威GR和5％杀单·毒死蜱GR;0．60kg／ha处理药后30d、60d、90d防效分别为80．37％、86．42％和82．83％,显著高于3％克百威GR、略优于5％杀单·毒死蜱GR。且对甘蔗安全,对天敌无危害,值得推广应用。     

古巴斯氏线虫生物学特性的研究

对采自热带地区的古巴斯氏线虫的生物学特性进行了研究,结果表明： 该线虫侵染大蜡螟幼虫的温度范围为１５～３５℃;在２５℃下,线虫在大蜡螟幼虫体内完成一个侵染周期需２００～２１２小时;对大蜡螟幼虫的侵入率为４２．８％ 。在常温（２０～３３℃）下贮存６个月后其存活率为９３．５％ ;侵入率为３１．３％ 。古巴斯氏线虫的耐高温能力和运动能力均优于小卷蛾线虫Ａ２４品系,但耐干燥能力较差。古巴斯氏线虫的耐高温及常温下耐贮存的特性显示了其在防治害虫上的应用潜力     

昆虫病原线虫对腰果云翅斑螟的室内致病力

研究了小卷蛾斯氏线虫Steinernema carpocapsae All品系、Biosys品系,格氏斯氏线虫S.glaseri NC52品系,长尾斯氏线虫S.longicaudum X-7品系,嗜菌异小杆线虫Heterorhabditis bacteriophora H06品系和印度异小杆线虫H.indica LN2品系6个昆虫病原线虫品系在室内对腰果云翅斑螟Nephopteryxsp.幼虫的致病力。结果表明,除了嗜菌异小杆线虫,其他参试线虫对腰果云翅斑螟3龄幼虫均具有较高的致病力,致死率80.0%~95.0%,各处理差异不显著。嗜菌异小杆线虫对腰果云翅斑螟幼虫控制效果最差,显著低于其他参试线虫。选择小卷蛾斯氏线虫All品系进一步研究其对腰果云翅斑螟的致病效果,结果发现,其对腰果云翅斑螟3龄幼虫处理24h后的LC50为22.94IJs/头。处理24h,小卷蛾斯氏线虫All品系对1~3龄幼虫的致死率(72.5%~84.7%)显著高于4~5龄幼虫(15.0%~30.0%);处理120h,对蛹的致死率仅为20.0%。研究表明,小卷蛾斯氏线虫All品系对腰果云翅斑螟低龄幼虫在室内具有一定控制潜力。     

不同种昆虫病原线虫对同一寄主个体的竞争及对线虫繁殖的影响

采用注射侵染和自然侵染法，测试了长尾斯氏线虫X-7品系、小卷蛾斯氏线虫All品系和嗜菌异小杆线虫H06品系对同一寄主大蜡螟幼虫的相互作用，及其对线虫繁殖的影响。结果表明，无论是注射侵染还是自然侵染法，对大蜡螟幼虫个体的致死竞争能力最强的是长尾斯氏线虫，其次是小卷蛾斯氏线虫，嗜菌异小杆线虫的致死能力最弱。在同一大蜡螟幼虫体内时。异小杆线虫的繁殖受斯氏线虫的不利影响较大，而两种斯氏线虫的繁殖受异小杆线虫的不利影响较小。两种斯氏线虫对各自的繁殖影响不大。     

4种不同杀虫剂防治淮山斜纹夜蛾药效试验

通过选用4种不同的杀虫剂防治淮山斜纹夜蛾试验，结果表明：药后10d，10亿PIB／mL银纹夜蛾多角体病毒悬浮剂（奥绿一号）处理的防效达100％，0．15％甲氨阿维·1000万PIB／mL苜银夜核悬浮剂（攻蛾）防效达92．8％，15％杜邦安打悬浮剂防效达91．7％，这3种药剂值得在生产上推广应用。     

75％三氟啶磺隆钠盐水分散粒剂防除甘蔗田杂草的效果

甘蔗播种后田间杂草3～4叶期,用75％三氟啶磺隆钠盐水分散粒剂30-45g／hm^2对杂草进行茎叶喷雾1次,对胜红蓟的株数防效和鲜重防效分别为88％～100％和91％～100％;对阔叶丰花草的株数防效和鲜重防效分别为80．3％～95．8％和96．9％～97．5％;对香附子的株数防效和鲜重防效分别为92．7％～94．6％和97．5％;对绿苋、牵牛的防效与胜红蓟相当;对少花龙葵、鼠曲草的防效显著低于其他阔叶杂草;对马唐等禾本科杂草的防效差。2006年试验,75％三氟啶磺隆纳盐水分散粒剂30～45g／hm^2甘蔗无药害,用量45～60g／hm^2甘蔗叶片出现轻微褪绿症状。2007年试验,75％三氟啶磺隆纳盐水分散粒剂15—60g／hm^2甘蔗均出现药害。75％三氟啶磺隆纳盐水分散粒剂用后80d,甘蔗苗高、横围径、分蘖数与莠灭净、人工除草处理相当,均极显著好于空白对照。     

离体时间及短期贮存对三种斯氏线虫侵入率及运动能力的影响

本文研究了小卷蛾线虫、拟双角斯氏线虫、古巴斯氏线虫用大蜡螟幼虫繁殖时其脱离寄主虫体时间和离体后短期贮存对线虫侵入率及运动能力的影响。结果表明：线虫离体时间对其侵入率有一定影响,第１天离体的线虫其侵入率均大于第７天离体的线虫,这在古巴斯氏线虫中异常显著。在３０天贮存期内,３种线虫随着贮存期的延长,其侵入率逐渐提高,小卷蛾线虫和拟双角斯氏线虫一般贮存７天,古巴斯氏线虫贮存１５天,其侵入率即达到高峰,以后基本趋于稳定;经短期贮存后,除古巴斯氏线虫的运动能力无显著提高外,其它两种线虫贮存１０天后其运动能力均高于刚离体的线虫。     

利用昆虫病原线虫防治蔗扁蛾的研究

通过应用昆虫病原线虫斯氏线虫属小卷蛾线虫的Agriotos、Beijing和CB163个品系,格氏线虫的NC34品系,以及异小杆线虫属嗜菌异小杆线虫的E67品系对蔗扁蛾进行室内及田间防治试验。结果表明:小卷蛾线虫Agriotos和Beijing2个品系对蔗扁蛾幼虫具有明显的防治效果。应用注射法将含侵染期线虫1000～2000条/ml线虫悬浮液约200ml注入巴西木受害部位表皮下,5d后防治效果达7363%。     

毒死蜱·噻虫嗪30％水乳剂防治稻飞虱药效试验

试验表明,毒死蜱·噻虫嗪30％水乳剂对水稻稻飞虱有很好的防治效果,用药量80mL／667m^2药后7、14d的总校正防效分别达90．4％和86．1％,与对照药剂噻虫嗪25％水分散粒剂3g／667m^2的防效相当,明显优于对照药剂毒死蜱40％乳油100mL/667m^2的防效。该药剂不但防效理想、持效期较长,且安全性良好。     

粘质沙雷氏菌S-JS1与5种杀虫剂对灰飞虱的联合作用及该菌对灰飞虱相关酶活性的影响

为明确粘质沙雷氏菌Serratia marcescens S-JS1与杀虫剂对灰飞虱的联合作用,以及S-JS1对灰飞虱解毒酶和保护酶活性的影响,以灰飞虱3龄若虫为对象,采用喷雾法比较了S-JS1与5种杀虫剂 (螺虫乙酯、噻虫嗪、吡虫啉、啶虫脒和毒死蜱) 单用,以及菌、药混用对灰飞虱的杀虫活性,测定了灰飞虱取食经S-JS1处理的水稻后,虫体内羧酸酯酶 (CarE)、谷胱甘肽-S-转移酶 (GSTs)、过氧化物酶 (POD) 和超氧化物歧化酶 (SOD) 的活性变化。结果表明:粘质沙雷氏菌S-JS1分别与不同浓度杀虫剂混用,均可提高杀虫剂对灰飞虱的致死率。其中,109 cfu/mL的S-JS1与1.25 mg/L的噻虫嗪混用处理3 d,或与25 mg/L的螺虫乙酯混用处理5 d,灰飞虱的死亡率分别为65.58%和76.27%,均显著高于同浓度杀虫剂单用的处理 (噻虫嗪单用时致死率为44.24%,螺虫乙酯为49.22%),表现为增效作用 (χ2 > 3.84,实测死亡率 – 预期死亡率 > 0);其他各混用处理均为相加作用 (χ2 < 3.84)。灰飞虱取食经粘质沙雷氏菌处理的水稻苗后12和24 h,其CarE活性与对照组间无显著性差异,GSTs活性呈先降低后升高趋势,POD和SOD活性均低于对照组。研究表明,粘质沙雷氏菌S-JS1可能降低了灰飞虱对杀虫剂的抵抗力。本研究可为探索昆虫病原细菌与杀虫剂间的联合应用提供参考,为灰飞虱的有效防治提供新思路。     

吡虫啉和毒死蜱对尿素氮在土壤中转化的影响

为了考察杀虫剂施用对尿素态氮在土壤中转化过程的影响,采用室内培养法,通过测定土壤铵态氮和硝态氮质量分数以及反硝化损失的动态变化,研究了在施用尿素的土壤（有效氮含量为200 mg/kg）中分别添加不同剂量的吡虫啉和毒死蜱2种杀虫剂时,杀虫剂对尿素的水解、土壤氮的硝化及反硝化过程的影响。结果表明:吡虫啉和毒死蜱各剂量处理在第3天时对尿素水解具有显著的促进作用（PPPPP<0.01）,减少反硝化损失量39.69%。     

拌种防治花生田金针虫药剂筛选及其安全性研究

为了筛选拌种防治沟金针虫[Pleonomus canaliculatus(Faldermann)]安全有效的药剂和剂型,通过田间试验及对花生籽粒中农药残留和品质检测,对参试药剂效果和安全性进行评价。结果表明:5%氟虫腈悬浮种衣剂拌种可达到全生长季控制花生田金针虫的危害,防虫、保果效果和产量增加分别为98.53%、97.30%和33.33%,显著高于毒死蜱、吡虫啉、阿维菌素;30%毒死蜱微囊悬浮剂拌种防虫、保果效果分别为72.18%、79.96%,优于吡虫啉和阿维菌素;吡虫啉70%种子处理可分散粉剂保果防虫效果优于10%微囊悬浮剂;复配剂42%氟虫腈·吡虫啉悬浮剂和16%阿维·毒死蜱微囊悬浮剂防虫、保果和产量增加分别与氟虫腈和毒死蜱相当,无显著差异。所有参试药剂拌种对花生出苗率、花生生长和品质无不良影响,产量增加明显,花生籽粒中农药残留低于国内外农药残留限量。因此,5%氟虫腈悬浮种衣剂是拌种防治花生金针虫安全有效的理想药剂,30%毒死蜱微囊悬浮剂也可作为拌种防治花生金针虫安全有效的药剂之一。     

昆虫病原线虫H06与化学杀虫剂对韭菜迟眼蕈蚊的联合作用

为合理协调生物防治与化学防治,在室内测定了昆虫病原线虫与杀虫剂的联合作用。结果表明,昆虫病原线虫Heterorhabditis bacteriphora H06(150~300条/虫)对韭菜迟眼蕈蚊Bradysina odoriphaga幼虫(韭蛆)的侵染致死率为1.2%~23.8%。4种杀虫剂对韭蛆的LC50值为0.34 ~8.79 mg/L,毒力大小依次为楝素>毒死蜱>辛硫磷>吡虫啉;杀虫剂对H06线虫的LC50值为595 ~4 388 mg/L。将H06线虫(150条/虫)分别与4种杀虫剂混合处理韭蛆,韭蛆死亡率明显高于线虫和杀虫剂单用处理。药后2 d,辛硫磷12.5 ~100 mg/L+H06处理的韭蛆死亡率为73.0% ~82.0%,辛硫磷单用时死亡率为38.0% ~60.0%;楝素0.16 ~1.25 mg/L+H06处理的死亡率为90.0% ~97.5%,楝素单用时的死亡率为13.8% ~37.5%;毒死蜱15 ~120 mg/L和吡虫啉1.56 ~12.54 mg/L单用时韭蛆的死亡率分别为14.0% ~28.0%和0% ~7.5%,与H06线虫混用处理的死亡率分别为50.0% ~65.0%和58.8% ~80.0%。药后5 d,毒死蜱和吡虫啉与H06线虫对韭蛆的联合致死率分别达87.0% ~95.0%和61.3% ~88.8%。结果表明,昆虫病原线虫与上述4种杀虫剂联合防治韭蛆具有更好的效果。     

Entomopathogens (Beauveria bassiana and Steinernema carpocapsae) for biological control of bark-feeding moth Indarbela dea on field-infested litchi trees

BACKGROUND: The bark-feeding moth Indarbela dea (Swinhoe) is one of the major pests of litchi (Litchi chinensis Sonn.) in Asia. Effects on larval mortality and web production were tested by repeated, single and combined tree trunk applications of the entomopathogenic fungus Beauveria bassiana (Bals.) Vuill. and the entomopathogenic nematode Steinernema carpocapsae (Weiser). Two separate application trials were conducted in different seasons on young and older larvae respectively. RESULTS: In both trials, complete or nearly complete mortality (100% and 95%) of the larvae was achieved 3 weeks after application of S. carpocapsae alone and 2 weeks after the combined application of B. bassiana and S. carpocapsae (100% in both trials). However, in the combined application, all larvae were killed by one treatment, while the application of S. carpocapsae alone needed to be repeated to reach the same result. The effectiveness of the combined entomopathogen application and of the application of S. carpocapsae alone was not influenced by the age of the larvae. However, the single applications of B. bassiana were only effective on young larvae. In both trials, web production of surviving larvae was very significantly reduced by the application of S. carpocapsae in single and combined treatments. CONCLUSIONS: As the results show, only one application is necessary in the combined application of the two entomopathogens to control I. dea, which implies that such treatment is probably the economically most relevant solution.     

螺虫乙酯对B型烟粉虱毒力及部分生物学参数的影响

为系统评价新药剂螺虫乙酯(spirotetramat)对B型烟粉虱(Bemisia tabaci biotype B)的生物活性及生物学参数的影响,采用浸渍法测定了螺虫乙酯及对照药剂吡虫啉对B型烟粉虱各个虫态的室内毒力、成虫寿命、产卵量及所产卵孵化率的影响。结果表明,螺虫乙酯对2龄若虫毒力最高,LC₅₀为4.07 mg/L,为吡虫啉的2.73倍,对卵及成虫毒力较低,且显著低于吡虫啉;12.5 mg/L螺虫乙酯处理后,成虫寿命为17.3天,较空白对照显著缩短,吡虫啉与空白对照无显著差异;12.5 mg/L螺虫乙酯处理后平均产卵量为5.0粒,所产卵的平均孵化率为3.23%,显著低于空白对照和吡虫啉处理,吡虫啉与空白对照无显著差异;100 mg/L螺虫乙酯处理24 h后对烟粉虱成虫驱避率为52%,驱避效果较差。     

Responses of the cabbage seedpod weevil,Ceutorhynchus obstrictus (Marsham) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), to seed treatments of canola (Brassica napus L.) with the neonicotinoid compounds clothianidin and imidacloprid

BACKGROUND: The cabbage seedpod weevil, Ceutorhynchus obstrictus (Marsham), is a major pest in the production of canola (Brassica napus L.) in North America and Europe, and effective population control is often essential for economical crop production. In North America, neonicotinoid insecticides have been used for several years in canola as seed treatments for reducing herbivory by flea beetles. The neonicotinoids clothianidin and imidacloprid were investigated to determine their effects on preimaginal development and on emergence of new‐generation adults of C. obstrictus in comparison with effects of lindane, a chlorinated hydrocarbon seed treatment. RESULTS: Mean numbers of second‐ and third‐instar larvae were significantly higher in plants seed‐treated with lindane than in plants treated with the neonicotinoid compounds, even though weevil oviposition was similar for all treatments. Emergence of new‐generation adults was reduced by 52 and 39% for plants seed‐treated with clothianidin and imidacloprid, respectively, compared with emergence from plants treated with lindane. CONCLUSION: Seed treatment with both clothianidin and imidacloprid produced systemic insecticidal effects on larvae of C. obstrictus, with clothianidin slightly more effective than imidacloprid. Use of clothianidin or imidacloprid as seed treatments can comprise an important component in the integrated management of cabbage seedpod weevil in canola. Copyright © 2009 Society of Chemical Industry     

近两年贵州省白背飞虱的抗药性现状

采用稻茎浸渍法测定了2013年和2014年采自贵州省贵阳、平坝、遵义、黔西、平塘及玉屏6地白背飞虱种群对8种杀虫剂的敏感性。测定结果表明,白背飞虱对噻虫嗪的敏感性最高,LC50值为0.060~0.93 mg/L(平均0.33mg/L);其次为吡虫啉、毒死蜱、环氧虫啶和噻嗪酮,其LC50值分别为0.080~2.84mg/L(平均1.03mg/L)、1.09~3.89 mg/L(平均2.27 mg/L)、0.59~10.07 mg/L(平均2.71 mg/L)和0.28~18.15 mg/L(平均4.96mg/L);白背飞虱对敌敌畏、吡蚜酮和异丙威的敏感性相对较低,LC50值为0.89~57.96mg/L,LC50平均值分别为10.03、12.16和22.44mg/L。两年抗药性检测结果表明,贵州省6地白背飞虱种群对吡蚜酮、噻嗪酮和吡虫啉表现出低至中等水平的抗性,而对其余5种药剂仍较敏感。     

毒死蜱微球和乳油在水中的消解动态及其对白纹伊蚊幼虫的毒力

室内条件下,研究了不同浓度毒死蜱微球和毒死蜱乳油在水中的消解动态及其对白纹伊蚊Aedes albopictus 3龄幼虫的持续毒杀作用。结果表明:毒死蜱微球在水中的消解速率比乳油慢,半 衰期比乳油的长,高浓度微球和乳油的消解半衰期均长于低浓度下的消解半衰期。有效成分为1.2、 12和24 mg/L的毒死蜱微球和毒死蜱乳油在水中的消解半衰期分别为(19.4±2.1) d、(27.8±1.6) d、(31.0±1.7) d和(12.8±1.0) d、(16.1±0.9) d、(19.7±1.1) d;毒死蜱微球对白纹伊蚊3龄幼虫的毒杀作用强于乳油且持效期长,1.2 mg/L的毒死蜱微球水解85 d后处理白纹伊蚊3龄幼虫的死亡率高达76.6%,高于相同浓度、相同条件乳油的处理(53.3%),具有良好的持效性。     

The relative toxicities of insecticides to earthworms of the Pheretima group (Oligochaeta)

An artificial soil test was used to determine the LC50 values of carbaryl, chlorpyrifos, imidacloprid, cyfluthrin and fipronil against earthworms of the Pheretima group. For a 24-h interval, carbaryl was the most toxic to earthworms (LC50 = 77 mg kg-1), followed by imidacloprid (155 mg kg-1), cyfluthrin (351 mg kg-1), chlorpyrifos (390 mg kg-1) and fipronil (> 8550 mg kg-1) as the least toxic. For the 48-h and 7-day intervals, imidacloprid was the most toxic to earthworms (LC50 = 5 mg kg-1 and 3 mg kg-1 respectively), followed by carbaryl (16 mg kg-1; 9 mg kg-1), cyfluthrin (128 mg kg-1; 110 mg kg-1), chlorpyrifos (330 mg kg-1; 180 mg kg-1) and the least toxic was fipronil (> 8550 mg kg-1 both intervals). The surface application rates required to achieve these values are compared with the rates recommended for the control of turfgrass pests.