Energy Use Efficiency of Conventional versus Conservation Management Practices for Irrigated Potato Production in Southern Alberta

A 12-yr. (2000–2011) study was conducted in Alberta, Canada to compare the energy use efficiency (EUE) of conventional (CONV) and conservation (CONS) potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) management practices. Potato was grown in 3- to 6-yr. rotations which included dry bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.), sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L.), soft wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), oat (Avena sativa L.), and timothy (Phleum pratense L.). CONS included compost application, reduced tillage, cover crops, and solid-seeded bean. Findings suggested that potato in 5-yr. CONS produced the highest EUE compared to the other CONS or CONV rotations. CONS can be used as a means of reducing the reliance on non-renewable energy inputs and improving overall EUE of potato production when less than 21% of the N content of compost applied was counted toward energy input use of potato production. At more than 21%, potato in the 4-yr. CONV became more favorable compared to potato in other rotations.     

Biological Practices and Soil Conservation in Southern China

Summary

Southern China has abundant natural resources and is a major region of agricultural production. However, soil erosion is increasingly threatening the agricultural productivity of this region. Increases in soil erosion are caused by improper land use practices with soils of high rainfall erosivity. Much of the area prone to accelerated erosion was previously forested and subsequently logged four times since the 1920s. This paper discusses the effects of biological control practices on soil erosion according to erosion types, soil properties, and terrain.     

Nitrogen Fertilizer Management Practices to Reduce N<Subscript>2</Subscript>O Emissions from Irrigated Processing Potato in Manitoba

Nitrogen fertilizer practices affect nitrous oxide (N₂O) emissions from agricultural soils. The “4R” nutrient stewardship framework of using N fertilizer at the right rate, right source, right placement and right time can reduce N₂O emissions while maintaining or improving yield of field crops, but understanding of how the various factors affect N₂O emissions from irrigated processing potato is lacking. We examined the effects of selected 4R practices on emissions, using results from two irrigated processing potato studies each conducted in 2011 and 2012 in Manitoba, Canada. Experiment 1 examined combinations of source (urea, ESN), placement (pre-plant incorporation [PPI], banding), and rate (100 and 200 kg N ha^-1) on a clay loam soil. Experiment 2 examined timing and source treatment combinations (urea PPI, ESN PPI, urea split, urea split/fertigation) on a loamy fine sandy soil. For Experiment 1, use of ESN at 200 kg ha^-1 did not reduce area-, yield- and applied fertilizer N- based N₂O emissions compared to urea at 200 kg ha^-1, irrespective of placement. Emissions from pre-plant banding ESN at 200 kg ha^?1, however, were 32% lower than from PPI ESN. For Experiment 2, compared to single pre-plant urea application, fertigation simulated by in-season application of urea ammonium nitrate (UAN) gave lower area-, yield- and applied fertilizer N- based emissions. Split urea ( \( \raisebox{1ex}{$2$}\!\left/ \!\raisebox{-1ex}{$3$}\right. \) pre-plant, \( \raisebox{1ex}{$1$}\!\left/ \!\raisebox{-1ex}{$3$}\right. \) hilling) also reduced area- and yield- based N₂O emissions compared to single pre-plant urea application. Emissions were generally lower at the site with loamy fine sandy soil than the site with clay loam soil. These results demonstrate that combinations of “4R” practices rather than source alone are best to achieve reductions in N₂O emissions from irrigated potato production.     

Cultivation Practices and Potato Cultivars Suitable for Organic Potato Production

To identify the most important agronomic measures and cultivar traits in Swedish organic potato production, multivariate analyses were performed on a set of data from a series of field trials carried out in Sweden during a 7-year period. The effects of soil parameters, cultivar, year and geographical location on potato characteristics were investigated. Soil parameters including fertility level had strong and significant effects on potato characteristics, explaining 53% of total variation. Variables related to the duration of haulm growth were other dominant factors in the variation. While P and K fertilization increased yields, N fertilization had little effect on yield and a negative effect on the time to emergence. The N requirement of potatoes ranges from 2.5 to 5.9 kg ha^?1 per ton of tuber yield and was met in these trials. The results implied the timing of N application is important for yield. It was concluded that the importance of P and K fertilization is underestimated in organic production, and that the most important cultivar trait in achieving acceptable yield is long-lasting foliage, which is a characteristic of cultivars resistant to Phytophthora infestans. Three of the cultivars tested (Lady Balfour, Cicero and Sarpo Mira) had a yield >3.5 kg m^?2, which is high in Swedish organic production.     

Demand for Processed Potato Products and Processing Quality Potato Tubers in India

Potato processing in India has shown a tremendous growth in the recent past, creating a proportionate increase in demand for processing quality potatoes. Reliable annual demand estimates of processing quality potato tubers in India were not available; hence, the current study was undertaken to provide such estimates. The study was based on a survey of 442 households in the state Maharashtra in India, which was regarded to be representative for India in the consumption of processed potato products. The annual expenditure on potato products during 2006–2007 in Maharashtra was estimated to be INR 5,254 million (€ 93.82 million), which was equivalent to 28,148 Mg of physical processed potato products and 83,333 Mg of processing quality potato tubers (0.38% of national potato production during 2006–2007, i.e. 22.09 million Mg). When the estimates were generalised to a national level, the requirement of processing-quality potato tubers in 2006–2007 was equal to 4.04% of national potato production. The forecasted annual demand of potato products in Maharashtra during 2011–2012 was 75,375 Mg and the corresponding demand of processing quality potato tubers was 230,760 Mg (0.75% of the estimated national potato production during 2011–2012, i.e. 30.89 million Mg). When generalised at national level, the demand of processing quality potato tubers during 2011–2012 was found to be 8% of the estimated national potato production.     

Yield and Nitrogen Use of Irrigated Processing Potato in Response to Placement,Timing and Source of Nitrogen Fertilizer in Manitoba

Optimizing nitrogen (N) fertilizer management in irrigated potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) on coarse-textured soils is challenging. The “4R” nutrient stewardship framework of using N fertilizer at the right rate, right source, right placement and right time provides approaches to improve fertilizer use efficiency while maintaining or improving yield. This 3-years replicated field plot study evaluated effects from a series of N fertilization strategies including 10 combinations of sources, placement and timing, as well as fertigation, on irrigated processing potato (cv. Russet Burbank) grown for a total of five site-years in the Province of Manitoba, Canada. Treatments were designed to provide early to late availability of N to the potato crop. Nitrogen was applied to 80% of Provincial N recommendation to increase the likelihood of observing improved fertilizer use efficiency and effects of treatments on yields. Measurements were tuber yield, size distribution, specific gravity, hollow-heart rate, fertilizer apparent N recovery (ANR) and agronomic nitrogen use efficiency (NUE). Results showed differences in yield, quality, ANR and NUE between fertilizer treatments were generally very small or absent. Average tuber marketable yields for fertilizer treatments were significantly greater than those for the unfertilized control (P?<?0.001). Split application of urea at planting and hilling, and urea at planting with fertigation occasionally increased tuber marketable yields on sites of coarse textured soils (P?<?0.05). Use of polymer-coated urea (ESN) or stabilized urea with inhibitors (SuperU) did not affect yield, quality or N use of potato. Site-year difference (P?<?0.001) were apparent for all measures highlighting the importance of soil and climatic conditions on agronomic and environmental effects of N management practices. The results indicate current grower practice of split urea application at planting and hilling and urea at planting following by in-season fertigation are sound. Results indicate growers could shift to the more convenient practice of ESN at planting without reducing yields. Absence of treatment effects suggests N was generally not a limiting factor for the current study, indicating that the current recommendation for potato production in Manitoba over-estimate site-specific crop N needs.     

黄河灌区菜用马铃薯种薯春种秋繁试验

脱毒种薯春种夏收薯块利用药剂处理打破休眠以氯乙醇效果最好,出苗率为100%,次为硫脲,最差为赤霉素出苗率均不足10%,从产量看,氯乙醇处理的最高,每667m2为933kg,硫脲、赤霉素均较低,每667m2分别为86.85kg和248.13kg。试验还表明,秋季栽培产量低的主要原因是生长期内积温不够,生育期氯乙醇为60d,赤霉素、硫脲因出苗迟,生育期只有38d和40d,同时生育期中大于15℃的有效积温不够,导致植株生长量小,光合产物积累少,地下部薯块膨大慢,产量低。因此,早播种,早出苗,在7月上旬播种成为秋繁种薯成功的关键。用2006年秋繁种薯进行了栽培试验,结果表明:春种秋繁种薯春种夏收与对照相比,生育期相近,薯块单株产量及单位面积产量均比对照高,每667m2比对照增产16.39%。说明春种秋繁种薯解决引黄灌区春种菜用马铃薯种薯供应是可行的。     

Soil Microbial Communities Reflect both Inherent Soil Properties and Management Practices in Wisconsin Potato Fields

Microbial communities in soils provide numerous functions vital to agricultural productivity, and there is growing interest in understanding and manipulating these communities to achieve more sustainable production systems. We investigated microbial communities in potato fields in Wisconsin to determine the extent to which microbial communities were structured by inherent soil properties versus factors under grower control. We found that soil properties, including texture and chemistry, shaped microbial communities at broad levels, determining the diversity and abundance of phyla. Organic versus conventional management, however, correlated with finer scale differences in microbial communities, while crop variety was not associated with microbial community composition in this study. These results suggest that grower practices have the potential to alter microbial communities, but these effects will take place within an existing soil context. Future research is necessary to determine how these patterns in microbial community structure relate to functional outcomes for plant health.     

闽东南沿海炸片用马铃薯品种"大西洋”的栽培综合农艺措施研究

采用二次通用旋转回归设计方法,研究了炸片用马铃薯品种"大西洋”的主要栽培措施(种植密度、农肥、N肥、P肥和K肥)与产量的关系,结果表明,各参试因子对产量影响的大小程度依次排序为:农肥＞K肥＞密度＞N肥＞P肥.经计算机模拟寻优,获得了高产数学模型和最佳农艺措施组合方案.667 m2产量大于1550kg的农艺组合方案有345套,其95%的置信区域是: 密度3626～3800穴,农肥2243.5～2379.5 kg,N肥6.164～6.820 kg,P肥3.851～4.149 kg, K肥11.122～11.611 kg.农艺措施的中心值是:密度3717穴,农肥2311.5 kg,N肥6.492 kg,P肥4.0 kg,K肥11.39 kg.     

马铃薯饮料加工工艺的优化

采用单因素和正交试验对马铃薯饮料加工工艺进行研究,试验以沉淀率、粒径、p H和感官评价为指标,确定了最适宜的马铃薯饮料加工工艺。结果表明,打浆次数对饮料的稳定性影响最大,均质时间对饮料的口感更重要,预煮时间对饮料的酸度起重要作用。综合考虑成本与工艺要求等问题,确定马铃薯饮料加工工艺为:预煮时间30 min、糊化时间60 min、打浆5次和均质时间10 min。     

临洮县水川区马铃薯品种比较试验

为了筛选适宜临洮县水川区及相近生态区栽培的马铃薯品种,引进马铃薯品种11个,并以当地主栽品种‘克新1号’为对照进行了品种比较试验。结果表明,‘冀张薯12号’和‘LK99’产量分别为76 709和59 247 kg/hm2,分别较对照产量(48 253 kg/hm2)增加58.98%和22.79%,增产达极显著水平,综合性状优良;‘费乌瑞它’、‘中薯5号’和‘克新23号’产量与对照相当,但生育期较短。生产中可根据具体要求选择品种。     

Evaluation of Food Conservation Technologies for Potato Cubes

Potato cubes of cultivar Innovator were subjected to different food conservation treatments: osmotic dehydration and antioxidants (OD + A), edible coating (E), edible coating with osmotic dehydration and antioxidants (EC + OD + A), immersion in antioxidants (A) and microwave blanching (B). The quality of the products was evaluated by measuring dry matter content, colour, browning index, total phenols and antioxidant capacity and polyphenol oxidase (PPO) activity. Treatments with A resulted in a lower a* colour parameter (red to green) but increased total phenols and antioxidant activity. Those treatments with OD and A together resulted in even larger increases in total phenols and antioxidant activity and also reduced PPO to negligible activity. OD increased dry matter content in OD + A treatments. B increased the browning index (BI) and colour parameters a* and ΔE (total change). As a consequence, potato cubes treated with osmotic dehydration and antioxidants had improved quality characteristics and these treatments are appropriate for minimally processed vegetables.     

马铃薯高代系炸片色泽分析与加工品质评价

试验以241个高代系为材料,在块茎4℃贮藏40d后,对还原糖含量和炸片色泽进行了分析。结果表明,加工品种Atlantic薯片色泽指数(CCI)为4.33,在所测定的杂交后代中,04HE30-17等11个品系的CCI低于Atlantic。亲本组成分析表明,51-5、393160-4和395049.62为亲本的组合中,后代中出现油炸色泽较好品系的机率较高。     

河西走廊沿山冷凉灌区马铃薯品种比较试验

近年来,甘肃省民乐县马铃薯产业形成了脱毒繁种、基地化种植、规模化加工的发展格局。为了适应河西走廊沿山冷凉灌区马铃薯产业发展中不同区域、不同种植模式对品种的要求,2013年以马铃薯品种‘大西洋’为对照,对引进的‘克新1号’、‘夏波蒂’、‘荷兰15号’、‘陇薯3号’、‘克新18号’、‘新大坪’、‘甘农薯5号’、‘定薯1号’8个马铃薯品种进行品种比较试验。试验结果表明,‘荷兰15号’较对照品种‘大西洋’增产效果明显,增产达到48.2%,且生育期短;‘克新1号’较对照品种产量显著增加,达到38.1%,且淀粉含量高,适宜加工。这2品种综合性状优良,可作为首选品种在该区域推广种植。     

马铃薯渣综合利用研究现状及发展趋势

介绍了马铃薯渣营养成分及主要性质,综述了马铃薯渣综合利用研究现状,包括生产高蛋白饲料、制备膳食纤维和果胶,制备燃料酒精和薯渣新型吸附剂和粘结剂、制备饲料种曲、方便面油料包可食性膜和有机化工产品等。剖析了马铃薯渣综合利用中存在的问题,即综合利用率低、食用安全性问题、技术推广困难。展望了马铃薯渣的开发应用前景与发展趋势。马铃薯渣提取膳食纤维和果胶,薯渣加工附加值提高,经济效益较高;固态发酵马铃薯渣生产蛋白饲料或生产配合饲料是薯渣处理最具发展潜力的方向。利用薯渣制作发酵培养基是进行薯渣增值的研究方向;利用薯渣制备燃料酒精及生物质混合燃料是理想的薯渣利用途径;利用马铃薯渣联合生产膳食纤维和燃料酒精是薯渣综合利用研究值得探索的新思路。     

宁南山区马铃薯不同栽培方式试验比较

研究比较了垄上覆膜、垄上未覆膜、双行靠3种栽培方式。结果表明:起垄覆膜比双行靠能显著提高马铃薯单株薯块重,提高产量,提高土壤温度,保持土壤湿度,增加土壤耕层0～40cm土层含水量,生育期提前,提高产量构成因素,使产量提高43.67%。