A two-bath method for digital ink-jet printing of cotton fabric with chitosan

In our previous research, the possibility of using chitosan in preparing the pretreatment print paste for digital ink-jet printing for cotton fabric was investigated but the final color was not good as expected. In this paper, we modified our previous work by applying the chitsoan separately on the cotton fabric for digital ink-jet printing. A two-bath method was thus proposed and it was confirmed that a better color yield was achieved with this method. However, the use of chitosan reduced the tensile strength of the digital ink-jet printed fabric slightly.     

The effect of the pretreatment print paste contents on colour yield of an ink-jet printed cotton fabric

Optimum condition concerning the content of pretreatment print paste and steaming time for ink-jet printing was newly developed through the orthogonal analysis. The cotton fabric treated under the newly developed optimum condition could achieve a high level of colour yield similar to that of the commercially pretreated cotton fabric available in the market for ink-jet printing. The results were discussed thoroughly in this paper.     

Influence of low temperature plasma treatment on the properties of ink-jet printed cotton fabric

The aim of this paper is to study the possibility and effectiveness of applying LTP treatment to enhance the performance of pre-treatment paste containing sodium alginate so as to improve the properties of the ink-jet printed cotton fabric. Experimental results revealed that the LTP pre-treatment in couple with the ink-jet printing technique could improve the final printed properties of cotton fabric.     

滴灌棉田增施有机肥对棉花产量的影响研究

通过在新疆伊犁地区布置棉花肥料试验,结果表明：施用有机肥（牛粪和油渣饼）比单施化肥提高棉田保苗率14.5%,单位面积总铃数提高9%,籽棉产量提高10.9%,此举是培肥地力和提高产量的有效措施。     

Preparation of the cotton fabric with ultraviolet resistance and antibacterial activity using nano attapulgite colloidal particles

A carefully designed surface modification technique for the preparation of multifunctional cotton fabric was successfully developed by the functionalization of cotton fabric with nano attapulgite (ATP) colloidal particles. The dispersion of the nano ATP colloidal particles, the morphology, microstructure, thermal stability, ultraviolet resistance, antibacterial activity and air permeability of the treated cotton fabric were characterized. The results showed that the particle size of the ATP particle distributed between 100 nm to 150 nm after dispersion. The SEM (scanning electron microscopy) and FTIR (Fourier transform infrared spectra) analysis demonstrated that the ATP particles were successfully introduced to surface of the cotton fabric. The structural and thermal stability of the treated fabric were higher than those of the untreated fabric. The ATP treated cotton fabric possessed excellent ultraviolet resistance and antibacterial activity. Furthermore, the treatment did not affect the wear ability of the cotton fabric. The multifunctional cotton fabric meets the market demand for natural products.     

The effect of processing on total organic acids content and mineral availability of simulated cassava-vegetable diets

Changes in pH, titratable acidity and mineral content (Ca, Fe, Mg, Zn) were estimated in processed cassava products while the mineral content of raw and blanched amaranthus vegetable was determined. pH of fresh cassava (6.5) decreased as total organic acid (0.07%) increased with fermentation period. Fufu and lafun had the lowest pH and the highest total organic acids contents. Fermentation of cassava increased the total calcium and iron contents, reduced magnesium level while zinc remained fairly constant in grated cassava but was reduced when soaked in water (for the preparation of fufu and lafun). Fermentation also increased the availability of these selected minerals in both cassva products and simulated cassava-vegetable diets. Blanching reduced the mineral content of amaranthus vegetable but increased mineral availability. Fermentation of cassava and blanching of vegetables play an important role in making minerals more available and these processing methods should be encouraged to potentially ameliorate the disease states associated with mineral deficiency.     

Optimization of application procedure for fixation of monocationic salt onto cotton with antibacterial activity

A novel application procedure for imparting antibacterial properties onto cotton is described. The modified cotton was obtained by polymerization of glycidyl methacrylate (GMA) with 1,4-diazabicyclo(2,2,2)octane monocationic salt (MS) derivative in the presence of the free radical initiators sodium bisulfite and potassium persulfate. Out of the four application protocols tested, use of an exhaustion procedure to fix MS onto cotton gave optimal results. Dyeing of the modified cotton with C.I. Direct Blue 225 did not require salt, thereby indirectly confirming fixation of the cationic MS. Antibacterial activity was completely retained after three washing cycles when tested with Klebsiella pneumoniae but to a lesser extent against Staphylococcus aureus. The mechanical properties of the modified cotton were unaltered.     

有机棉发展现状及经济性分析

有机棉是指在农业生产中，以有机肥、生物防治病虫害、自然耕作管理为主，不使用化学制品，从种子到农产品全天然无污染生产的棉花。本文论述了有机棉的发展现状，探讨了有机棉生产的经济性。文中指出发展有机棉对保护生态环境、促进人类健康发展．以及满足人们对绿色环保生态服装的消费需求具有重要意义。     

Synthesis,characterization and ultrafiltration of reactive dyes. Application by exhaustion and/or ink-jet printing. IV.

Three new bis azo reactive dyes of different metallic salts (Na, K, Li) were synthesized. The synthesis was obtained by diazotization of 4-amino-2:5 di methoxy phenylene-beta hydroxyl ethyl sulphone sulphate ester and coupling with 1-amino-8-hydroxynaphthalene-3,6-disulfonic acid (H-acid) (moles ratio 2:1). The dyes were purified-concentrated by ultrafiltration technology, characterized and applied on cotton, wool and nylon 6,6 fabric by exhaustion (dyeing) and by ink-jet printing. Fastness properties of the dyeings were measured. Wash fastness was investigated according to international standard methods and was found to be very good to excellent in all cases, while light fastness values were medium to low. Ink-jet ink formulations were prepared using the ultra filtrated reactive blue dyes UF RB(a-c) and their properties pH, conductivity, surface tension and viscosity were monitored over a period of 90 days. The inks were used to print digitally cotton and nylon 6,6 samples and wash- and light fastness properties of the prints were measured. Wash fastness properties were excellent while light fastness values are low Colour measurements of the dyeings and prints were conducted.     

Thermoplastic starch modified during melt processing with organic acids: The effect of molar mass on thermal and mechanical properties

Thermoplastic starch (TPS) was modified with ascorbic acid and citric acid by melt processing of native starch with glycerol as plasticizer in an intensive batch mixer at 160 °C. It was found that the molar mass decreases with acid content and processing time causing the reduction in melting temperature (T_m). As observed by the results of X-ray diffraction and DSC measurements, crystallinity was not changed by the reaction with organic acids. T_m depression with falling molar mass was interpreted on the basis of the effect of concentration of end-chain units, which act as diluents. FTIR did not show any appreciable change in starch chemical compositions, leading to the conclusion that the main changes observed were produced by the variation in molar mass of the material. We demonstrated that it is possible to decrease melt viscosity without the need for more plasticizer thus avoiding side-effects such as an increase in water affinity or relevant changes in the dynamic mechanical properties.     

微生物肥料0123在棉花上的应用效果试验

试验采用田间大区对比试验,检测微生物肥料0123在棉花生产上的应用效果,结果表明:0123可对棉花经济性状果枝层数、单株铃数、单铃重等有一定的促进作用,较不施用0123的增产11.8%,增产效果较为显著.     

The effect of antibacterial products on bacterial soft rot of potatoes

Summary To test antibacterial products for their ability to prevent soft rot they were applied to potatoes which were then incubated either in an atmosphere containing <1% O₂ in N₂ or in polythene bags. The following products, applied as dips, reduced the incidence of soft rot of tubers incubated in <1% O₂ in N₂: 8-hydroxyquinoline, 1.5–3.0 g l¹; Anthium Dioxcide, equivalent to ClO₂ 1.0–2.0 g l¹ in a stabilized form; chlorine dioxide, 1.0–1.5 g l¹; virginiamycin, 0.5–2.0 g l⁻¹. Acetaldehyde vapour, 30 ml. l¹, applied for 4 h, was also effective. Ten other products were ineffective; a further five compounds were effective but the concentrations required were injurious to tubers. Anthium Dioxcide or chlorine dioxide at one tenth of the above concentrations reduced the incidence of rots in tubers stored in polythene bags. Addition of sodium benzoate solution to peat used in packs of potatoes reduced the incidence of rots but caused slight discolouration.

---

Zusammenfassung Um die Methoden für die Bek?mpfung der bakteriellen Nassf?ule zu unterstützen, werden antibakterielle Substanzen ben?tigt, die für den Gebrauch bei Speisekartoffeln annehmbar sind. Zweck dieser Arbeit war es, den Einfluss der Anwendung solcher Produkte zu untersuchen. Um die F?ule der Kontrollen zu induzieren, wurden die Knollen in einer Atmosph?re die 1% Sauerstoff in Stickstoff enthielt inkubiert; ausgesuchte Produkte wurden auch auf Knollen appliziert, die dann in Polythenes?cke gepackt wurden und sie wurden ausserdem Torf beigemischt, der dann abgepackten Kartoffeln beigefügt wurde. Tabelle 1 zeigt die verwendete Handelsprodukte. Folgende Produkte, angewendet als Tauchbeize für 5 Minuten, reduzierten das Auftreten der Nassf?ule, ohne die Knollen zu sch?digen: 8-hydroxyquinoline, 1,5–3,0 g/l; Anthium Dioxcide (?quivalent zu ClO₂, 1,0–2,0 g/l in einer stabilisierten Form); Chlorinedioxide, 1,0–1,5 g/l; Virginiamycin, 0,5–2,0 g/l (Tabelle 2). Eine 4-stündige Behandlung mit 3% Azetaldehydgas v/v war auch wirksam. Mehrere der geprüften Chemikalien führten zu einer gesicherten Verringerung des Auftretens der Nassf?ule, waren aber zu phytotoxisch, um verwendet zu werden (Tabelle 3, Abb. 1). Die übrigen Produkte ergaben keine gesicherte Verringerung der Nassf?ule (Tabelle 4). Die Behandlung von Kartoffeln vor dem Abfüllen in Polythenes?cke mit Anthium Dioxcide (?quivalent zu ClO₂, 0,1 g/l) oder mit Chlorinedioxide, 0,1 g/l, verringerte das Auftreten der F?ule, w?hrend Vantocil 1B unwirksam war. Eine Mischung einer L?sung von Natriumbenzoat 40 g/l mit feuchtem Torf (was einer Mischung von 29 g Natriumbenzoat und 120 g trockenen Torf pro kg entspricht), die abgepackten Kartoffeln beigefügt wurde, führte zu einer Verringerung um 60% im Ausbruch der Nassf?ule, verursachte aber eine leichte Verf?rbung der verletzten Oberfl?chen der Kartoffeln. Zugabe von Essigs?urel?sung 35 g/l zum Torf, verringerte die F?ule, verursachte aber dunkelbraune Verf?rbungen im Gewebe um die Lentizellen, Wunden und Augen. Das Ausmass der F?ule wurde durch Torfbeimischungen von ges?ttigten L?sungen von Methyl- oder Athyl-4-hydroxybenzoat oder von Anthium Dioxcide, ?quivalent zu ClO₂, 0,5 g/l, nicht verringert. Von den Produkten, die eine tats?chliche Verringerung der Nassf?ule der Kartoffeln in einer Atmosph?re mit geringem Sauerstoffgehalt ergaben, k?nnte 8-hydroxyquinoline für Pflanzkartoffeln verwendet werden, aber nicht für Speisekartoffeln. Von Chlorinedioxide waren relativ hohe Konzentrationen erforderlich und wegen seiner Toxizit?t für Menschen w?re ein geschlossenes System für die Applikation notwendig, was für Anthium Dioxcide nicht n?tig w?re. Virginiamycin ist ein Antibiotikum, das zur Zeit weder in der Human- noch in der Tiermedizin in Grossbritannien verwendet wird, es wird dem Tierfutter zur Beschleunigung des Wachstums zugesetzt. Seine Applikation auf Speisekartoffeln k?nnte daher vielleicht erlaubt werden. Bei allen Produkten, die die Nassf?ule in diesen Prüfungen verringerten, wird der m?gliche Gebrauch von weiteren Untersuchungen über die Kosten, die Phytotoxizit?t und die Hemmung der Keimung der Pflanzkartoffeln, m?gliche Rückstandsprobleme und Einflüsse auf den Geschmack der Speisekartoffeln abh?ngen und von irgendwelchen Zuf?llen w?hrend der Behandlung sowie von der Entwicklung optimaler Applikationsm?glichkeiten, die den Besatz der Knollen mit Wasser vermeiden oder auf ein Minimum reduzieren.

---

Résumé Pour compléter les méthodes de lutte contre les pourritures bactériennes molles, le besoin d'un composé antibactérien utilisable sur pomme de terre de consommation se fait sentir. Le but de ce travail était d'évaluer l'effet de l'application de tels produits. Dans la plus grande partie du travail, les conditions nécessaires pour induire la pourriture des tubercules témoins étaient maintenues par incubation dans une atmosphère contenant 1% d'oxygène dans de l'azote; les produits choisis étaient à la fois appliqués sur des tubercules qui étaient ensuite mis dans des sacs en polypropylène et mélangés à de le tourbe introduite dans les sacs de pommes de terre. Les spécialités testées sont inscrites au tableau 1. Les produits suivants, appliqués par immersion pendant 5 mn réduisaient l'incidence des pourritures molles sans causer de préjudice aux tubercules: 8-hydroxyquinoléine, 1.5–3.0 g l¹; Anthium Dioxcide (équivalent à ClO₂, 1.0–2.0 g l¹ sous forme stabilisée); chlorine dioxide, 1.0–1.5 g l¹; virginiamycin, 0.5–2.0 g l¹ (tableau 2). Le traitement avec de l'acétaldéhyde gazeux à 3% pendant 4 heures était également efficace. Plusierus des agents chimiques testés donnaient une réduction significantive sur l'incidence des pourritures molles, mais étaient trop toxiques pour être utilisés (tableau 3) (fig. 1). Les autres produits donnaient une réduction des pourritures molles non significative (tableau 4). Le traitement des pommes de terre avec l'Anthium Dioxcide (équivalent à ClO₂, 0.1 g l⁻¹) ou avec chlorine dioxide, 0.1 g l¹ avant la mise en sacs de polypropylène réduisait l'incidence des pourritures alors que le Vantocil 1B était inefficace. L'addition d'une solution de benzoate de sodium, 40 g l¹ à de la tourbe humide (mélange contenant 29 g de benzoate de sodium et 120 g de tourbe sèche par kg) qui était utilisée dans les sacs de pommes de terre, donnait une réduction de 60% sur l'incidence des pourritures molles, mais causait de légers brunissements des zones peleuses des pommes de terre. L'addition à la tourbe d'une solution d'acide acétique, 35 g l¹, réduisait l'incidence des pourritures, mais causait une décoloration brune foncée du tissu entourant les lenticelles, les blessures et les yeux. L'incidence des pourritures molles n'était pas réduite par l'addition à la tourbe de solutions saturées de méthyl ou d'éthyl-4-hydroxybenzoate ou d'Anthium Dioxcide équivalent à ClO₂, 0.5 g l¹. Parmi les produits qui donnaient une réelle réduction des pourritures molles des pommes de terre dans une atmosphère pauvre en oxygène, le 8-hydroxyquinoléine peut être utilisé sur les plants de pommes de terre, mais n'est pas autorisé sur les pommes de terre de consommation. Comparativement, de fortes concentrations de chlorine dioxide étaient nécessaires et, à cause de la toxicité de ce produit chimique pour l'homme, un système fermé aurait probablement été demandé pour l'application; ceci ne serait pas nécessaire dans le case de l'Anthium Dioxcide. La Virginiamycine est un antibiotique qui, pour le moment, n'est pas utilisé pour la médecine humaine ou vétérinaire au Royaume-Uni, elle est ajoutée à l'alimentation animale pour la croissance; il est donc possible que son application soit autorisée sur les pommes de terre de consommation. Pour tous les produits qui ont réduit l'incidence des pourritures molles dans ces tests, leur usage potentiel dépendra des évaluations futures du prix du traitement, usage des possibilités de phytotoxicité de quelques lots de pommes de terre et d'inhibition de la germination des pommes de terre de semence, des problèmes éventuels concernant les résidus et tout effet de saveur des pommes de terre de consommation, de tous les accidents lors de la réalisation du traitement, et du développement des meilleurs moyens d'application pour éviter ou minimiser le dép?t d'eau sur les tubercules.

     

Study on antibacterial and comfort performances of cotton fabric finished by chitosan-silver for intimate apparel

The fabric used for intimate apparel is widely required to have excellent antibacterial and comfort performances. In order to improve its antibacterial ability, this paper studied chitosan-silver finishing on the cotton knitted fabric. The study indicates that the chitosan-silver attached to the fabric exhibits excellent antibacterial action against the typical bacteria of Escherichia coli (E. coli) and Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureu). The anti-bacterial mechanism of chitosan-silver against E. coli and S. aureu were investigated. To guarantee its prominent comfort performance, measurements were made on the finished fabric of its air permeability, water vapor transmission, hydrophily, surface friction and bending ability against the control fabric, which is currently used for intimate apparel. The antibacterial and comfort performances were compared between the tested fabrics. The results show that the air permeability and the hydrophily of the finished cotton fabric are significantly better than the control one, while the water vapor transmission, the surface friction and the adjustable rate remain similar to each other. The bending rigidity of the finished fabric is slightly better due to the attachment of chitosan within accepted threshold. The dual compounding theory of chitosan-silver proves to be useful for a higher synergistic effect of anti-bacteria, lower whiteness degradation and overall optimization of comfort performance. This dual compounding theory of chitosan-silver is valuable for improving antibacterial and comfort performances of intimate apparel.     

The bioscouring efficiency and activity of alkaline pectinase for cotton fabric

Alkaline pectinases could be applied in the bioscouring for cotton textiles to improve the wettability of the fabric. In order to evaluate the bioscouring effect of cotton fabrics directly and simply, the relationship between the amount of products degraded by alkaline pectinase and the wettability of the fabric was established with spectrophotometry. The results showed that products degraded by an alkaline pectinase Bioprep 3000L exhibited one characteristic absorption peak at 239 nm, which indicated that unsaturated degradation products were yielded. During the bioscouring of the cotton fabrics, the increase of the amount of both unsaturated degradation products and reducing sugars released from the pectins existing in raw cotton fiber was consistent with the improvement of wetting property of the cotton fabrics with prolonging the treatment time.     

北疆主要植棉区热量资源变化及对棉花产量的影响

基于新疆北疆主要植棉区10个气象站1961—2017年棉花生育期月平均气温、≥10 ℃积温、≥15 ℃积温、≥20 ℃积温、无霜期气象资料和棉花产量数据,采用线性趋势分析、突变检验等方法,对北疆主要植棉区的热量资源及产量变化进行分析。研究表明：（1）生育期月平均气温呈现自东向西升高趋势,相差较小;≥10 ℃、≥15 ℃、≥20 ℃积温和无霜期也呈现自东向西增多趋势,其中无霜期相差19.4 d。（2）生育期月平均气温呈波动性上升趋势,气候倾向率为0.30 ℃·（10 a）^－1;≥10 ℃、≥15 ℃和≥20 ℃积温均呈现明显的波动上升趋势,累积距平最小值分别出现在1994年、1995年和2004年,气候倾向率分别为94.1 ℃·（10 a）^－1、66.7 ℃·（10 a）^－1和99.3 ℃·（10 a）^－1;≥10 ℃、≥15 ℃、≥20 ℃积温的持续时间呈现增加趋势;初霜期延后,终霜期提前。（3）生育期月平均气温在1994年发生了突变;无霜期在1992年前后发生了突变,突变后延长了11.1 d;≥10 ℃积温在1995年发生突变,突变后增加了319.2 ℃;≥15 ℃积温突变不明显;≥20 ℃积温在2004年前后发生突变,突变后增加了418.7 ℃。（4）棉花单产与趋势产量呈明显上升趋势,气象产量波动性较大,单产与热量资源的相关性较高;热量资源的增加对棉花产量的增加具有正效应。（5）热量资源对棉花产量提升起重要作用：丰收年景普遍表现为积温较常年多,光热条件好;歉收年景表现为热量减少,无霜期缩短,光热条件差,降水量略偏少;平常年景表现为降水量接近常年,日照时间略多于常年,整体光热条件一般。     

The effect of alkali pre-treatment on formation and adsorption of silver nanoparticles on cotton surface

This study is an attempt to investigate the feasibility of alkali pre-treatment to activate surface hydroxyl groups of cellulose fibers in order to enhance the deposition efficiency of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) onto cotton fabrics. Cotton samples were pre-treated with various alkali solutions containing different earth metal hydroxides (LiOH, NaOH, and KOH). The as-prepared samples were then treated with aqueous silver nitrate followed by reduction treatment with aqueous ascorbic acid, which caused in situ formation of AgNPs on fiber surfaces. The surface structure of the fabrics was characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, and colorimetric data. The amount of silver was measured by using inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectrometer (ICP-OES). Antimicrobial activity was measured against Gram-positive Staphylococcus aureus and Gram-negative Escherichia coli bacteria. It was established that alkali pre-treatment had a substantial effect on the formation and adsorption of AgNPs on the fibers. Alkali pre-treated samples were homogeneously coated by AgNPs with high surface coverage. Alkali type had significant effect not only on the amount of AgNPs on the surface but also on its size. High antibacterial activity against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative strains was also demonstrated, even after 10 cycles washing.     

五十年来,我国棉花品种改良工作的进展

通过分析20世纪下半叶我国棉花生产上应用的自育陆地棉品种情况。论述了过去50年我国棉花品种工作所取得的进展。     

短果枝棉棉田间作高产高效种植模式研究

本研完对短果枝棉棉田不同间作模式进行了研究，结果表明间作模式，对棉花的生育性状和衣分率无明显影响，对单铃重影响较小，单株结铃数略有下降，虽然棉花产量和产值略低于净作，但总产值均明显高于净作处理，以短果枝棉间作花生的处理棉花和间作产值均最高，总产值比净作增加35.37%，是短果枝棉棉男单作的最佳模式，花生的密度以157500株/hm^2为宜，间作早，迟生姜和黄豆的三个处理，棉花和间作的总产值比净作处理增加20%以上，仅次于间作花生的处理，在大面积生产上具有一定的利用价值。     

Electrophotographic printing of fabrics: Investigating the effect of fabrics on color reproduction

Fabric printing systems are essentially needed nowadays and should meet the requirements of manufacturers. Digital electrophotographic (Xerographic) printing has the potential of meeting these requirements. Digital electrophotography printing is affected by several parameters, including printer and substrate type which determine the final printed color gamut and the quality of reproduction. To examine these effects, we performed different tests on a number of printed common fabrics. The gamut volume was generated by Eye-One spectrophotometer, ProfileMaker, and ColorThink software. The results indicated that all fabrics cannot be printed with electrophotography. Also, the gamut volume of the printed fabrics was low. Properties of different types of fabric were investigated by the Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, spectrophotometer, and fabrics-specific tests (fastness).     

不同药剂对棉铃虫防治效果试验

通过30%触倒、4.5%高效氯氰菊酯、25%黑光灯、35%赛丹、20%虫扫净、25%敌杀死、30%久威、35%凯威168化学药剂对棉铃虫田间及室内药效试验,初步筛选出久威、虫扫净、高效氯氰菊酯、赛丹、凯威168对棉铃虫有较好的防治效果,其中久威、虫扫净药后15 d校正防效仍保持在69.9%和68.6%,而且具有较好的杀卵效果.