马铃薯块茎淀粉含量与叶片、茎秆干物率关系的研究

以内薯7号和克新1号原种为试验材料,采用两品种3个施肥处理二裂式裂区试验设计,通过田间试验和室内分析测定,对生育期间马铃薯块茎淀粉含量与叶片、茎秆干物率的关系进行了初步研究,结果表明:马铃薯块茎淀粉含量在块茎形成时便表现出品种特性;块茎淀粉含量与叶片、茎秆干物率呈显著正相关;增施肥料可降低茎秆干物率和块茎淀粉含量,影响马铃薯的加工品质。     

不同小麦基因型灌浆期冠层和叶面温度与产量和品质关系的初步分析

为了进一步探讨冠层温度作为衡量小麦代谢功能的指标在小麦品种(系)的选择和高产栽培中的作用,选用我国河北、河南、山东、陕西、山西、安徽、四川、江苏8省的8个小麦品种在河南省种植,并对其冠层温度、叶面温度与产量、品质进行相关分析。结果发现,在河南省生态条件下,小麦整个灌浆期间冠层温度与小麦产量及其主要构成因素大部分呈负相关,只有穗粒数在灌浆始期和中期呈微弱的正相关;籽粒蛋白质、面粉蛋白、出粉率、断裂时间、拉伸面积、延伸性与整个灌浆期间冠层温度的总和及各时期冠层温度呈正相关,而耐揉指数和弱化度与冠层温度总和及各时期温度呈负相关。冠层叶面温度与产量和品质的相关关系与冠层温度基本一致。     

冬小麦不同品种旗叶汁液组分与产量结构的关系

为了给小麦的生产和育种提供一定的理论依据,在大田条件下,对11个小麦品种旗叶汁液可溶性物质含量、pH值、K 含量和产量结构进行了测定。结果表明,小麦旗叶可溶性物质含量、pH值、K 含量、产量结构间相关显著,其中可溶性物质含量与穗粒数达极显著负相关,与穗粒重达显著负相关,与千粒重的正相关不显著;pH值与穗粒数达极显著负相关,与千粒重达显著正相关,与穗粒重达显著负相关;K 含量与穗粒数和穗粒重达极显著正相关,与千粒重的负相关不显著。在可溶性物质含量、pH值、K 含量三者之间也存在显著相关,其中,可溶性物质含量和K 含量、pH值和K 含量都达极显著负相关,而可溶性物质含量和pH值之间达极显著正相关。     

大粒油莎豆块茎中淀粉和蛋白质提取工艺研究

以碘显色法测定了油莎豆块茎淀粉含量,以考马斯亮蓝G-250法测定蛋白质含量;利用石灰水浸泡法同时从油莎豆中提取出了淀粉和蛋白质,研究料液比、浸泡液pH值、浸泡时间、上清液pH值等因素对大粒油莎豆淀粉、蛋白质提取率的影响,并通过正交实验确定最佳提取工艺参数.结果表明:大粒油莎豆中淀粉含量为31.8%,蛋白质含量为2.9%...     

不同熟期玉米套作夏玉米可溶性糖含量与产量形成

试验以早、中、晚熟代表品种鲁原单14(LD14)、掖单22(YD22)和掖单13(YD13)为对象,两两相互套作,研究春夏玉米套种体系中夏玉米可溶性糖含量与产量形成的关系.研究结果表明,不同时期各器官的可溶性糖含量与经济产量之间有明显的相关关系.其中,全株可溶性糖含量在大口期、吐丝期与产量成显著负相关,乳熟期、成熟期则与产量成显著正相关:叶片中的可溶性糖含量,吐丝期与产量成正相关,乳熟期和成熟期成负相关;叶鞘与茎中的可溶性糖含量与产量的相关关系相同,均表现为:乳热期与产量成负相关,吐丝期与成熟期成正相关;     

366份小麦品种春化光周期基因型组成及其与生殖物候稳定性的关系

为探究国内小麦品种春化光周期基因的显隐性组成及其与生殖物候稳定性的关系,以国内各大麦区主栽小麦品种及近几年的区试品系共366份为材料,采用STS标记对春化基因Vrn-A1、Vrn-B1、VrnD1、Vrn-B3和光周期基因Ppd-D1进行检测;同时采用分期播种法,以不同播期之间的抽穗期相差天数为生殖物候稳定性的评价指标,探索春化、光周期基因型对生殖物候稳定性的影响。结果表明,366份材料中包含15种春化光周期基因型组合,其中组合vrn-A1+vrn-B1+vrn-D1+Ppd-D1a最多,达48.91%,其次为vrn-A1+vrn-B1+Vrn-D1+Ppd-D1a,占16.39%。vrn-A1+vrn-B1+vrn-D1+Ppd-D1a能最大程度地维持小麦生殖物候稳定性,使抽穗期差异维持在5.43d,而vrn-A1+vrn-B1+Vrn-D1+Ppd-D1b、vrn-A1+Vrn-B1+Vrn-D1+Ppd-D1a、Vrn-A1+vrn-B1+Vrn-D1+Ppd-D1b则赋予小麦极不稳定的生殖物候特性,使抽穗期差异达10d以上。此外,显性春化基因能降低小麦生殖物候稳定性,其效应表现为Vrn-A1Vrn-B1VrnD1;隐性春化基因能够增强小麦生殖物候稳定性,其效应为vrn-B1vrn-D1vrn-A1;光周期基因对生殖物候稳定性影响不显著。     

两个氮水平下不同玉米基因型产量与根拔拉力的关系

以华北地区主栽的8个玉米杂交种和中国农业大学自育的2个杂交组合为试验材料,在不同供氮水平（0、240 kg/hm²）下对玉米子粒产量及其构成因素和根拔拉力进行研究。结果表明,百粒重在不同氮处理间差异显著,平均产量、穗粒数及根拔拉力差异极显著,穗长、穗粗及穗行数没有显著差异。不同玉米基因型产量下降的主要原因是穗粒数的降低。低氮处理下根拔拉力显著降低,其降低幅度与产量的减产幅度显著相关,可作为氮高效品种筛选的指标之一。     

不同基因型大麦苗期耐低氮性状与产量性状的相关性

为给大麦耐低氮育种提供理论依据,利用溶液培养和大田产量试验相结合的方法探讨了大麦苗期和成熟期各相关性状在两种供氮条件下的变异情况。结果表明,苗期氮素生理利用效率、单株吸氮量、地上部干重和苗高在品种间存在极显著差异,籽粒产量在品种间存在显著差异,不同供氮水平对各性状都有极显著的影响。相对性状的基因型变异为：相对地上部干重＞相对分蘖数＞相对单株吸氮量＞相对籽粒产量＞相对氮素利用率＞相对苗高。相关分析表明,低氮胁迫下分蘖数与籽粒产量呈极显著正相关,苗期相对氮素生理利用效率、相对苗高和成熟期相对籽粒产量间互呈显著或极显著正相关。从各性状的相对值中可以看出,大麦品种BI04表现最好,具有较强的耐低氮性,BI45表现最差,对低氮胁迫相对比较敏感。     

不同基因型玉米冠层温度与产量和水分利用效率的关系

2007年在甘肃陇东旱塬利用红外测温仪研究了19个基因型玉米冠层温度与产量、水分利用效率的关系。结果表明,不同基因型玉米在子粒灌浆期存在着冠层温度高度分异的现象,其差异可反应在产量和水分利用效率的不同上。无论灌浆初期还是中期或后期,旱地玉米产量、水分利用效率与冠层温度呈极显著的负相关(R²= 0.445～0.634),并且随着灌浆期推移,相关性增大。表明灌浆期冠层温度偏低的品种具有较高产量和水分利用效率,冠层温度可作为高产节水品种田间筛选的指标。     

In Vitro Prebiotic and Anti-Colon Cancer Activities of Agar-Derived Sugars from Red Seaweeds

Numerous health benefits of diets containing red seaweeds or agar-derived sugar mixtures produced by enzymatic or acid hydrolysis of agar have been reported. However, among various agar-derived sugars, the key components that confer health-beneficial effects, such as prebiotic and anti-colon cancer activities, remain unclear. Here, we prepared various agar-derived sugars by multiple enzymatic reactions using an endo-type and an exo-type of β-agarase and a neoagarobiose hydrolase and tested their in vitro prebiotic and anti-colon cancer activities. Among various agar-derived sugars, agarotriose exhibited prebiotic activity that was verified based on the fermentability of agarotriose by probiotic bifidobacteria. Furthermore, we demonstrated the anti-colon cancer activity of 3,6-anhydro-l-galactose, which significantly inhibited the proliferation of human colon cancer cells and induced their apoptosis. Our results provide crucial information regarding the key compounds derived from red seaweeds that confer beneficial health effects, including prebiotic and anti-colon cancer activities, to the host.     

Tubers from leaf-bud cuttings: A tool for potato seed certification and breeding programs

The use of leaf-bud cuttings as a tool for rapid clonal increase was studied in 6 cultivars. Small tubers were obtained directly from leaf-bud cuttings maintained for 7 weeks in sand-filled pots or benches. The tubers ranged in size up to 1 1/4 inches (3cm) in diameter. The number of leaf-bud cuttings ranged from 37 to 288, depending on size of mother plant. They averaged 114 cuttings. Almost all of the leaf-bud cuttings produced tubers. The procedure is fast, simple, and provides for rapid increase of selected stocks.     

铝胁迫下不同小麦基因型根尖多胺含量变化与耐铝性的关系

为探明铝胁迫下多胺种类和含量变化与小麦耐铝性的关系,以小麦耐铝基因型西矮麦1号和铝敏感基因型扬麦5号为试验材料,分析了对照和铝胁迫(30μmol·L^-1 AlCl₃)条件下,两个小麦基因型幼苗根尖多胺种类和含量、根系伸长、氧化损伤和活性氧产生等指标的差异。结果表明,随铝胁迫时间的延长,小麦幼苗根系伸长量逐渐降低,但西矮麦1号显著高于扬麦5号。铝胁迫24 h后,2个小麦基因型根尖铝含量、膜脂过氧化程度、Evans blue吸收量、活性氧含量均显著升高,且西矮麦1号各指标均显著低于扬麦5号。铝胁迫下2个小麦基因型根尖腐胺总量随铝胁迫时间的延长均不同程度增加,西矮麦1号根尖腐胺总量增加时间明显早于扬麦1号,且前者增加幅度明显高于后者。相反,根尖亚精胺总量随铝胁迫时间的延长显著降低,西矮麦1号的降幅明显小于扬麦5号。添加腐胺合成抑制剂(D-Arg)显著加剧了铝诱导的氧化损伤,且对西矮麦1号的加剧作用较明显。这说明铝诱导的小麦多胺水平变化与耐铝性密切相关,腐胺总量的增加可能是耐铝的重要机制,而亚精胺总量的降低可能与小麦铝敏感性有关。     

Analysis of Polyphenols, Anthocyanins and Carotenoids in Tubers from Solanum tuberosum Group Phureja, Stenotomum and Andigena

Sixty-five Solanum tuberosum group Andigena, Phureja and Stenotomum genotypes from an initial population of 1,500 were analyzed for phenylpropanoids, carotenoids, and antioxidant capacity. Total phenolic content ranged from 3 to 49 mg g^?1 DW, total carotenoids from 4.1 to 154 μg/g DW, anthocyanins from 0.27 to 34 mg g^?1 DW and antioxidant capacity from 60 to 1,767 μmol TE/g DW. HPLC analysis of phenolic extracts revealed that 5-O-chlorogenic acid (5CGA) was the most abundant polyphenol in all genotypes. Ten genotypes were independently grown out for more in-depth phytonutrient analysis. The Phureja genotypes RN 27.01 had the highest polyphenol, anthocyanin and antioxidant content, while RN 39.05 had the highest carotenoid content. The tuber percentage dry matter varied markedly among the ten genotypes, influencing the phytonutrient values when expressed on a dry weight basis. Chlorogenic acid concentrations ranged from 1.7 to 29.4 mg g^?1 DW and kaempferol-3-rutinose was present up to 3 mg g^?1 DW. Petunidin-3-O-coum-rutinoside-5-O-glu or pelargonidin-3-O-coum-rutinoside-5-O-glu were the most abundant anthocyanins. The principal carotenoids were lutein, zeaxanthin, violaxanthin, and antheraxanthin, but no one carotenoid was predominant in all genotypes. These findings further support utilization of Phureja group germplasm for phytonutrient enhancement efforts.     

Revealing Genetic Relationship and Prospecting of Novel Donors Among Upland Rice Genotypes Using qDTY-Linked SSR Markers

A total of 17 simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers linked to QTLs (qDTYs) governing grain yield under reproductive stage (RS) drought stress were used to assess the genetic relationship and prospecting new donors for qDTYs among 32 popular upland rice genotypes. These SSR markers generated a total of 36 alleles with an average allele count of 2.1 per locus. Polymorphic information content value of the markers ranged from 0.376 to 0.662 with an average value of 0.484. The expected heterozyogosity ranged from 0.381 to 0.632. STRUCTURE analysis divided the 32 genotypes into three sub-populations. Subsequent phenotyping revealed that all the tolerant genotypes were grouped into one sub-population, whereas the moderately tolerant and susceptible genotypes were grouped into separate sub-populations. Phylogenetic tree constructed by the unweighted neighbour-joining method also divided the genotypes into three clusters. The grouping pattern of genotypes into the clusters was similar to that into the STRUCTURE analysis, on the basis of drought tolerance level. The average value of genetic dissimilarity coefficient among the genotypes was observed to be 0.486. Furthermore, by combining genotyping data with phenotyping data, 16 new donors for 6 qDTYs were identified.     

Glycoalkaloid Concentration in Potato Tubers Related to Storage and Consumer Offering

Steroidal glycoalkaloids (SGA) are unwanted potato constituents for consumers because they are highly toxic and therefore have to be controlled in the food chain. Three experiments were carried out focusing on storage aspects and on exposure to artificial light at the point of sale. The experiments showed that an elevated temperature (10 °C) during long-term storage without sprouting inhibitors led to an increase in SGA contents (up to 518 mg SGA kg⁻¹ dry matter) in two of three investigated cultivars independent of the sprouting level. Cold storage (4 °C) slightly enhanced SGA contents in two cultivars. Sprout control resulted in a tendentious decrease in SGA contents in a set of another three cultivars. Growing location and wet and cool seasons had an influence too. Moderate exposure to light resulted in an increase in SGA in autumn, but in a decrease in spring time. Again, cultivars tested responded differently. The addressed factors have to be considered when developing strategies in minimising SGA level in table potatoes.     

无锡毫茶白毫与品质关系的研究

本文利用标准方法对无锡毫茶和毫毛中的主要内含成分进行检测,探讨无锡毫茶白毫与茶叶品质的关系,并结合感官审评结果表明,白毫中的内含成分与茶叶中基本一致,除粗纤维外其它成分均低于茶叶的含量。     

Characterization of the Tolerance against Zebra Chip Disease in Tubers of Advanced Potato Lines from Mexico

Potato zebra chip disease (ZC), a threat to potato production in the USA, Mexico, New Zealand, and Central America, is associated with the bacterium “Candidatus Liberibacter solanacearum” (Cls) that is vectored by the potato psyllid (Bactericera cockerelli Sulc.). ZC control currently depends on insecticide applications, but sustainable control will require development of resistant and/or tolerant varieties. This study characterized four promising potato lines (246, 865, 510 and NAU) exposed to Cls-positive adult psyllids in choice and no-choice assays for ZC resistance. Psyllids preferred to settle on Atlantic over 246 and 865, and oviposit on Atlantic compared to 510. However, tolerance to ZC appeared more dependent on host responses to Cls infection. All four of these potato genotypes exhibited putative ZC tolerance in raw tubers compared to the susceptible commercial variety Atlantic. Expressed tolerance was associated with reduced concentrations of phenolic compounds in Cls-infected raw tubers with corresponding reductions in freshly-cut symptoms. However, these four genotypes exhibited ZC-linked discoloration of fried tuber slices, which was associated with increased sugar content that occurred following Cls-infection. As a result, these four ZC-tolerant experimental potato lines could be useful if the tubers produced are used for fresh, but not processing, markets.     

浅析茶与佛教文化之渊源

茶与佛教文化自古便息息相关、相互影响融合。佛教文化对茶艺茶道的衍生发展起到了不可磨灭的历史作用,而茶对加强促进佛门对外交流等方面也有着不容忽视的文化意义。     

Genetic Relationship and Structure Analysis of Root Growth Angle for Improvement of Drought Avoidance in Early and Mid-Early Maturing Rice Genotypes

Deeper rooting 1(Dro1) and Deeper rooting 2(Dro2) are the QTLs that contribute considerably to root growth angle assisting in deeper rooting of rice plant. In the present study, a set of 348 genotypes were shortlisted from rice germplasm based on root angle study. Screening results of the germplasm lines under drought stress identified 25 drought tolerant donor lines based on leaf rolling, leaf drying, spikelet fertility and single plant yield. A panel containing 101 genotypes was constituted based on screening results and genotyped using Dro1 and Dro2 markers. Structure software categorized the genotypes into four sub-populations with different fixation index values for root growth angle. The clustering analysis and principal coordinate analysis could differentiate the genotypes with or without deeper rooting trait. The dendrogram constructed based on the molecular screening for deep rooting QTLs showed clear distinction between the rainfed upland cultivars and irrigated genotypes. Eleven genotypes, namely Dular, Tepiboro, Surjamukhi, Bamawpyan, N22, Dinorado, Karni, Kusuma, Bowdel, Lalsankari and Laxmikajal, possessed both the QTLs, whereas 67 genotypes possessed only Dro1. The average angle of Dro positive genotypes ranged from 82.7° to 89.7°. These genotypes possessing the deeper rooting QTLs can be taken as donor lines to be used in marker-assisted breeding programs.     

Demand for Processed Potato Products and Processing Quality Potato Tubers in India

Potato processing in India has shown a tremendous growth in the recent past, creating a proportionate increase in demand for processing quality potatoes. Reliable annual demand estimates of processing quality potato tubers in India were not available; hence, the current study was undertaken to provide such estimates. The study was based on a survey of 442 households in the state Maharashtra in India, which was regarded to be representative for India in the consumption of processed potato products. The annual expenditure on potato products during 2006–2007 in Maharashtra was estimated to be INR 5,254 million (€ 93.82 million), which was equivalent to 28,148 Mg of physical processed potato products and 83,333 Mg of processing quality potato tubers (0.38% of national potato production during 2006–2007, i.e. 22.09 million Mg). When the estimates were generalised to a national level, the requirement of processing-quality potato tubers in 2006–2007 was equal to 4.04% of national potato production. The forecasted annual demand of potato products in Maharashtra during 2011–2012 was 75,375 Mg and the corresponding demand of processing quality potato tubers was 230,760 Mg (0.75% of the estimated national potato production during 2011–2012, i.e. 30.89 million Mg). When generalised at national level, the demand of processing quality potato tubers during 2011–2012 was found to be 8% of the estimated national potato production.