生物质炭对黄棕壤理化性质及龙脑樟幼苗生长的影响

以南京林业大学下蜀林场黄棕壤为试验对象,采用室外盆栽试验,研究生物质炭不同施用量(炭土质量比0、1%、2%、4%)对黄棕壤理化性质及龙脑樟幼苗生长的影响。结果表明:生物质炭可有效改良黄棕壤物理性质,4%施用量改良效果最好,与仅施化肥处理相比,土壤总孔隙度、饱和持水量、毛管持水量和田间持水量显著提高,土壤容重显著降低(P0.05);施用生物质炭可显著提高土壤pH(P0.05),改善土壤酸碱性;生物质炭施用对土壤氮磷有效性影响显著(P0.05),低施用量下土壤碱解氮含量最高,高施用量下土壤有效磷含量最高。生物质炭1%施用量下,龙脑樟叶片产量最高(41.54 g),分别比对照和仅施化肥处理提高141.53%和11.16%;而苗高相对生长速率较仅施化肥处理显著降低6.79%,有利于矮化苗木。可见生物质炭改良土壤理化性质和促进苗木生长的最佳施用量并不相同。考虑到经济效益,1%的生物质炭施用量对龙脑樟叶片产量的提高较为适宜。     

北海道黄杨育苗与栽植技术

北海道黄杨属常绿阔叶乔木树种,原产日本,1986年引入我国。引种观察表明,该树种抗寒性强、适生范围广、生长较快,具有较强的观赏价值和绿化价值。根据引种试验研究结果,介绍了其育苗方法与栽植技术。     

山西省雁北地区沙地樟子松和油松生长及蒸腾特性对比研究

樟子松和油松是山西省雁北地区防风固沙的主要造林树种,由于该地区特殊的自然地理、气候条件,使两树种的生长状况呈现出一定的差异.对两树种的生长情况、树木蒸腾等进行研究,研究表明:樟子松自引种到山西省雁北地区以来长势良好,胸径、树高等各项生长指标都远远超过乡土树种油松,而且蒸腾强度弱,具有较强的抗旱性,是雁北地区造林的理想树种之一;油松是雁北地区的乡土树种,蒸腾强度弱,抗旱性强,也可作为雁北地区的主要造林树种之一.但是由于两树种生长状况存在明显的差异,从而导致在防风固沙方面和生态环境的改善方面有很大区别,因而,研究两树种的适生性和生长差异对雁北地区优选造林树种、适地适树,从根本上改善生态环境具有重要的意义.     

桤叶唐棣引种栽培试验初报

桤叶唐棣属蔷薇科唐棣属一种落叶灌木或小乔木。果实富含多种营养成分。为北美洲重要经济树种。适应土壤、气候条件很广。 1 999年从加拿大引进 ,历经 5a栽培试验 ,从繁殖方法来看 ,无论从种子育苗、嫁接、分蘖、扦插、组织培养繁育苗木 ,均可获得优质苗木。建园栽培 4a生树高生长平均 93cm ,当年生枝条生长 4 5～ 6 0cm ;4a生单株结果 1 .7kg ,单株挂果高达 1 2 5 8粒 ;单株萌生根蘖苗 7～ 8株 ,最多达 5 0株。表明桤叶唐棣树种适宜干旱、半干旱气候类型 ;可成为干旱半干旱地区、水土流失区的水土保持先锋树种、经济林树种。引种桤叶唐棣填补了我国无此树种的空白。对退耕还林 ,改善农牧业生产结构 ,具有广泛的开发利用前景     

南方水土保持林引种选择

水土保持林能有效的控制水土流失,在福建漳州通过林木引种选择适合该地区立地条件的树种,在此又介绍了8种引种比较成功的树种,利用它们的特性,探讨治理水土流失、生态重建的途径。     

南方水土保持林引种选择

水土保持林能有效的控制水土流失,在福建漳州通过林木引种选择适合该地区立地条件的树种,在此介绍了8种引种比较成功的树种,利用它们的特性,探讨治理水土流失、生态重建的途径。     

沙地樟子松人工林土壤碳氮磷储量分布特征

土壤碳(C)、氮(N)和磷(P)浓度在调节植物生长和养分循环方面发挥着关键作用,研究其储量对于深入理解森林生态系统功能和可持续经营管理有重要意义.沙地樟子松(Pinaus sylvestris var.mongolica)是我国北方防风固沙的优良树种,由于种植地区和年限不同,其土壤碳氮磷储量可能存在差异.为揭示引种地区...     

海南香枝木与越南香枝木木材构造特征比较解剖研究

对海南香枝木和越南香枝木木材构造特征进行比较解剖研究。结果表明：两者的宏观构造在材色气味、纹理结构等方面有较大的差异。微观构造特征的差异主要表现在木射线的种类、射线细胞的形态、射线组织的类型;其余解剖特征差异则不明显。海南香枝木的树种名称为降香黄檀（Dalbergia odorifera T.Chen）,越南香枝木的树种名称为多裂黄檀（D.rimosa Roxb.）。     

荷兰Groasis保水节水造林技术在民勤荒漠区的应用

[目的]研究荷兰Groasis(水盒子)在民勤荒漠区保水节水造林的初步应用,为荒漠区困难立地条件下进行大规模的节水造林和农业推广提供参考数据。[方法]选择了11种荒漠植物造林树种,在民勤沙区的退耕地、丘间地、引种圃3种类型的田间进行试验,测定成活率、土壤水分等。[结果](1)11种抗风沙树种在退耕地的土壤含水率的高低顺序为:沙拐枣花棒毛条柽柳沙地云杉樟子松胡杨蒙古扁桃沙棘榆树沙枣。(2)各种抗风沙树种在典型的3种土壤类型中,利用水盒子栽培的土壤含水率明显高于普通栽培的土壤,要高出2~5倍。(3)不同抗风沙树种和蔬菜利用水盒子在3种典型土壤类型中成活率比对照不同程度提高25%~70%左右。[结论]利用水盒子可以有效地提高抗风沙树种的成活率。     

山西省雁北地区沙地樟子松和油松生长及蒸腾特性对比研究

樟子松和油松是山西省雁北地区防风固沙的主要造林树种,由于该地区特殊的自然地理、气候条件,使两树种的生长状况呈现出一定的差异。针对两树种的生长情况、树木蒸腾等进行了研究,研究表明：樟子松自引种到我省雁北地区以来长势良好,胸径、树高等各项生长指标都远远超过了乡土树种油松,而且蒸腾强度弱,具有较强的抗旱性,是雁北地区造林的理想树种之一;油松是雁北地区的乡土树种,蒸腾强度弱,抗旱性强,也可作为雁北地区的主要造林树种之一。但是由于两树种生长状况存在明显的差异,从而导致两树种在防风固沙方面和生态环境的改善方面有很大的区别,因而,研究两种树种的适生性和生长差异对雁北地区优选造林树种、适地适树、从根本上改善生态环境具有重要的意义。     

中国南北方植物对土壤加固机制的差异性

为深入分析植物对土壤加固的影响效益和机制,该研究选取重庆缙云山地区和陕西延安黄土丘陵区种植一年的乔木（火炬树、榆树）和灌木（荆条、酸枣）,该测定其根系形态、力学参数和土壤的抗剪强度,通过RBM_w模型计算根系固土效益,综合评估不同植物种的固土效能和贡献度。结果表明：2地种植的物种平均根直径的差异不显著（P > 0.05）,重庆种植的乔木(火炬树、榆树)的根长、分叉数和根尖数显著高于延安,灌木未出现显著差异（P < 0.05）。根系的抗拉强度与直径都符合负幂函数关系,其中平均抗拉强度最大的为荆条。除荆条外,同种植物根系的抗拉强度并未因不同地区的种植产生显著差异。4个植物种根系的固土效率为0.65～4.12 kPa,各物种间存在显著差异（P < 0.05）。重庆2种乔木种植下的根土复合体有效黏聚力高于裸地（约10%）,灌木种植下则普遍略低于裸地。除酸枣外,种植于重庆的4种植物的根系固土作用和效率都显著的高于延安（P < 0.05）。研究结果可为不同地区固土护坡的树种选择提供理论依据。     

山西土石山区3种草本植物根拉拨特性

为了解山西省土石山区固土护坡草本植物根系拉拔特性,筛选拉拔力优势草本植物物种进行水土流失防治,通过开展根系原位拉拔力学试验,研究了3种典型草本植物香根草（Vetiveria zizanioides L.）、百喜草（Paspalum notatum Flugge）、黑麦草（Lolium perenne L.）根系拉拔力随根径和土层深度的变化规律。结果显示:3种草本植物根系拉拔力随着根径的增大而增加,且拉拔力与根径之间满足幂函数关系;整体上,根系拉拔力从大到小顺序表现为香根草 > 黑麦草 > 百喜草,而且三者之间差异显著;但在D≤0.4 mm和D>0.4 mm两个根径组下,黑麦草均表现出较好的拉拔力性能。在0—10 cm,10—20 cm两个土层间,香根草和百喜草两种植物根系拉拔力性能相似,而黑麦草单根拉拔力在表层土壤发挥效果优于下层土壤。从单根拉拔力方面出发,黑麦草在3种植物中可优先考虑用于固持浅表层土壤。试验探究了草本植物单根在不同根径组下和土层深度下的抗拔性能,研究结果可为山西省土石山区水土保持植物措施草本植物物种选择提供理论依据。     

浦阳江下游江岸草本植物根系对土壤抗冲性的影响

采用7级目测法对浦阳江下游江岸草本植物进行了调研,筛选出了当地的优势草本,并对其根系密度、土壤抗冲性增强效应进行了分析,补充了植物根系对江岸土壤抗冲性影响的基础资料。研究发现:（1）浦阳江下游江岸的优势草本植物是狗牙根、水蓼、芦苇、芒、双穗雀稗;（2）5种草本植物根系（d≤1.0 mm）在土壤表层（0—30 cm）均有较多分布,根系密度随着土层的垂直分布深度增加而减少,其规律服从指数函数关系分布;（3）5种优势草本根系均能增强浦阳江下游江岸土壤的抗冲性,增强值分别如下:芦苇14.16,芒12.53,狗牙根5.39,双汇雀稗5.01,水蓼4.41。5种优势草本均能在浦阳江消落带植被构建中发挥土壤抗冲性增强效应,尤其是芦苇与芒的增强效应最为明显。     

Selection of Tolerant Plants and Their Arrangement to Restore a Forest Ecosystem Damaged by Air Pollution

Plants tolerant to polluted environments were selected, based on several criteria, to restore a coastal forest ecosystem severely damaged by air pollutants discharged from an industrial complex. In addition, a restoration plan was prepared synthesizing these results and the diagnostic ecological indicators in the area for which restoration is required. Pollution-tolerant plants of 11 tree and subtree species, 10 herb species and one shrub species were selected from field surveys in the vicinity of two representative industrial complexes in Korea, Ulsan and Yeocheon. Nine species were selected for tolerance to SO₂ fumigation and six species were selected for tolerance to Al³⁺. Growth and photosynthetic responses of sample plants transplanted into polluted and unpolluted sites showed that 15 species out of the 26 sample plants showed a disposition for tolerance. Most of these are endemic plants and they are composed of diverse species in structure and function. This result implies that these tolerant species could play important roles in the restoration of the study area, which has several specific features. On the other hand, results from transplant tests indicate that a field survey is the most reasonable method for selection of tolerant plants to restore a pollution-damaged ecosystem, as was shown in another restoration program. Results of ecological analysis on vegetation map indicate that the spatial range within the first ridge is the sector for which restoration is required. This sector was classified into four zones on the basis of topographic conditions: lower and upper slopes of both slopes facing and opposite the pollution source. Guidelines for soil amelioration and arrangement of tolerant plants were prepared considering the degree of vegetation degradation, leaf damage of major plant species and soil pollution in each zone under the restoration plan.     

晋西黄土残塬沟壑区刺槐人工林土壤水分植被承载力研究

为明确在干旱缺水地区,植被对深层土壤水分的过度消耗以及水资源的承载能力,在晋西黄土残塬沟壑区选取林分密度1 300株/hm~2的刺槐人工林为研究对象,以裸地为对照,利用Enviro-SMART土壤水分监测系统(FDR)和热扩散探针(TDP)技术对当地刺槐人工林地0—150 cm范围内各土层体积含水量与树干液流量进行长期连续定位观测,采用土壤有效水与单株刺槐耗水量的比值来衡量研究区刺槐人工林土壤水分植被承载力。结果表明:(1)月降水量和月土壤储水量是决定刺槐人工林土壤水分植被承载力的主要环境因子,且二者与土壤水分植被承载力之间均呈现显著的正比例关系(P0.05)。(2)根据构建的刺槐人工林土壤水分植被承载力模型,计算出当地林龄为19年的刺槐人工林0—150 cm土层深度的土壤水分植被承载力为1 224株/hm~2,稍小于研究区实际林分密度(1 300株/hm~2),为保证当地刺槐人工林分耗水深度控制在0—150 cm土层范围内,同时也为促进当地林分生产力处于最优水平,建议在今后的营林造林过程中将刺槐人工林密度控制在当地土壤水分植被承载力范围之内,在减少林地深层水分消耗、调整林地土壤水资源平衡的同时,促进当地林业产业的合理发展。     

土石混合工程堆积体土壤理化性状与物种多样性的响应

为了探讨喀斯特区土石混合工程堆积体植被恢复过程中物种多样性与土壤理化性状的互作关系,以不同恢复时段恢复时间(1,2,4,6 a)依坡倾倒型工程堆积体为研究对象,采用“空间代替时间”的研究方法,研究了不同恢复时间土壤理化性状和植物物种多样性的特征及相互之间的响应机制。结果表明:随恢复时间增加,土石混合堆积体台面和坡面植物种类呈现先上升后下降的趋势,且坡面植物种类(99种)多于台面(74种),植物群落逐渐由草本向草灌混交转变。台面和坡面的物种丰富度、多样性、优势度和均匀度指数随恢复年限恢复时间增加均表现为先增加后减小。随植被恢复时间增加,土壤理化性质得到不同程度的改善,其中土壤全氮(TN),全磷(TK),速效磷(AP)和有机质(SOM)含量显著增加,土壤养分含量呈上升趋势,坡面土壤理化性质优于台面。冗余分析(RDA)表明,土壤含水量(MC),容重(BD),TN,TK和速效钾(AK)在不同恢复时段恢复时间内对植物物种多样性有较大影响;钾素在较短的恢复时间内对物种多样性影响较大,氮素随恢复时间延长影响逐渐增加,MC和BD对台面物种多样性的影响大于坡面,而土壤养分因子对坡面影响较大。因此对土石混合堆积体进行植被恢复时,恢复前期采取添加覆盖物等措施减少水分流失的同时施用钾肥尽量保证植物存活,植物物种种类上选择既能保水保土又能与土壤微生物相互作用补充土壤中营养元素的豆科类植物。     

Wirkung von 2,2′,5,5′ Tetrachlorbiphenyl,Benzo-a-pyren,Cadmium und Kupfer in einem Rieselfeldboden und Aufnahme dieser Stoffe durch Roggen (Secale cereale)

Effect of 2,2′,5,5′-tetrachlorobiphenyl, benzo-a-pyren, cadmium and copper in an original sewage field soil and uptake of these substances by rye Rye was cultivated in pots on weakly polluted sewage field soil (R) and artificially polluted variants of this soil. The aim of the project was to study the combined effect of organic pollutants (PCB, PAH) and heavy metals (HM) to parameters of soil biology, biomass production and soil-plant transfer. R was contaminated with 2,2′,5,5′-tetrachlorobiphenyl (PCB 52), benzo-a-pyren (BaP), cadmium (Cd) or copper (Cu) as well as with combinations of these substances up to concentrations comparable with an extremely polluted sewage field soil. Rye showed significant yield reductions on all treatments enriched with copper ( > 60 ppm plant-available Cu in soil). In this context copper only produced the impairments of microbial activity in the soil and caused its phytotoxicity. The yield reductions were connected with higher copper contents and also higher cadmium contents of rye as a result of concentration effect. Added copper led to increasing mobility and availability for plants of Cd in the soil. Addition of copper in combination with organic pollutants to soil R increased also availability of Cd for plants.     

Nodulation and growth of black locust (Robinia pseudoacacia) on a desurfaced soil inoculated with a local Rhizobium isolate

Nodulation and nitrogen fixation of black locust (Robinia pseudoacacia L.), a legume tree broadly used in Argentina for urban and agricultural afforestation, was studied in hydroponic culture. The development of seedlings inoculated with a local strain of Rhizobium, highly specific for R. pseudoacacia, was also compared with respect to non-inoculated but N-fertilised seedlings. This strain produced fast nodulation and high crop yield and leaf N content. Already nodulated plants with the local Rhizobium strain were assayed for growth in a greenhouse pot experiment with soil from a field where topsoil has been removed for industrial purposes, whilst pots with non-desurfaced soil from the same field were used as control. Non-inoculated plants were also grown in either control or desurfaced soil. Inoculated plants developed better than non-inoculated plants in desurfaced soil, and in control soil as well, suggesting that the symbiosis was able to overcome the nutrient limitation of the desurfaced soil. Non-inoculated plants were nodulated by native soil born Rhizobium, either in control or desurfaced soil, but they showed low final nitrogen leaf content and low nitrogen fixation activity, suggesting that native rhizobia were ineffective.     

Foliar, Physiologial and Growth Responses of Four Maple Species Exposed to Ozone

In order to restore the forest ecosystem in the vicinity of an industrial park, Ulsan, southeastern Korea, which has been heavily acidified by air pollution, a preliminary experiment by applying tolerant plants selected through several procedures, and dolomite and sewage sludge as soil ameliorators was carried out. Furthermore, a restoration based on the results was executed and the effects were evaluated based on the creation of safe sites, where new species can establish: regeneration of the forest with species similar in composition to the natural vegetation of native forests that are distant from the industrial park; increase in species diversity. In a preliminary study, the necessity of soil amelioration was diagnosed. Quercus serrata, Alnus firma and Ligustrum japonicum, which represent for tree, subtree, and shrub layers of vegetation in this region, were used as sample plants. Dolomite, sludge, and a mixture of both materials were applied as soil ameliorators. Bare ground (BG), and two grasslands dominated by forbs (GF) and grass (GG), respectively were designated as experimental plots based on a vegetation map of the corresponding area. BG and GF plots, which have lower organic matter contents, increased the growth of sample plants in response to soil amelioration, whereas that with higher contents, GG plot, did not show this response. The result suggests that necessity of soil amelioration depends on site quality. The effects of soil amelioration depended also on the sample plants. This difference is due to an ecological property of A. firma, which can fix atmospheric nitrogen through a symbiotic relationship with actinomycetic fungi. This result implies that this alder could be used as a substitute for soil ameliorators in restoration plan of this area. The height and standing crop of undergrowth, which forms dense grass mat and thereby impedes establishment of new plants, decreased in the restored stands. Such a decrease in the height and biomass of undergrowth could be recognized as providing safe sites, in which the other plants can invade, by removing the dense carpet formed by Miscanthus sinensis. The results of stand ordination showed a progression of the former bare grounds to either M. sinensis (GG) or Pueraria thunbergiana (GF) stands, suggesting a natural recovery through succession toward the stands dominated by both plants. But the change was not progressed beyond the grassland stage. Active restoration practice, which was carried out by applying tolerant plants, however, led to a change toward species composition similar to the natural vegetation before devastation. Furthermore, restored stands reflected the restoration effect by showing higher diversity than the stands in the degraded state. These results showed that the restorative treatment carried out by introducing tolerant plants functioned toward increasing both biological integrity and ecological stability and thereby could meet the restoration goal.     

滇池流域磷矿山区优势植物叶片与土壤养分生态化学计量特征

为了研究滇池流域磷矿山区不同生活型优势植物叶片和土壤的养分含量及其计量比特征,选取流域内磷矿退化山区内4种常见优势植物(马桑、云南松、蔗茅和紫茎泽兰)作为研究对象,分析植物叶片及土壤的C、N、P含量.结果表明:云南松影响下的土壤有机质、全氮、碱解氮和有效磷含量最高,分别为22.42 g/kg、1.85 g/kg、140...