文峪河上游河岸林的群落结构与多样性特征

文峪河上游垂直河岸40 m的区域存在泛滥平原和山坡两种地貌.在实地踏查和河岸林群落划分的基础上,对河岸带两种地貌的森林群落结构与多样性进行了差异比较,以期为该区河岸带宽度确定提供植被依据.结果表明,56个样地分别属于13种群落,泛滥平原的林分密度、物种丰富度与植物多样性都显著大于毗邻山坡,而林木断面积与均匀度在两种地貌...     

下李林场河岸林林分过渡带宽度划分方法

河岸林过渡带是河岸带的重要组成部分,在保护河岸带生态系统的结构、功能及其生物多样性方面有着重要的作用．河岸林林分过渡带宽度的划分是研究和保护河岸林及其群落的基础,也是河岸带生态系统管理和保护的必要工作．为了探究河岸林林分过渡带宽度划分的方法,采用重要值法对吕梁山西部山区山西省临沧市隰县下李林场的河岸林宽度进行判定．研究结果表明：不同林型的河岸林的过渡带宽度不同;河岸落叶松林过渡带宽度为40m,河岸油松林过渡带宽度为20m．     

黄浦江河岸带植物资源调查与健康状况评价

河岸带植被是河岸带结构与功能的核心,摸清河岸带植物资源状况是对河岸进行治理、修复和绿化的前提与基础。本研究根据黄浦江流经的行政区,将其江河岸带划分为3段:市区段、近郊段、远郊段,分段调查了河岸带植物资源状况,包括植物种类及群落特征,并结合QBR指数法评价分析了河岸带植被质量健康状况。研究结果显示,黄浦江河岸带植被共计177种,分别隶属于74科129属,市区段植物资源种类最丰富,共120种,隶属于59科97属,占总种数的67.8%;其次是近郊段104种植物,隶属于53科88属,占总种数的58.8%;植物种类最少的是远郊段。黄浦江河岸带植物群落共计158个,可归纳为6大类型:香樟群落、响叶杨群落、落羽杉群落、垂柳群落、女贞群落、池杉群落,以香樟群落数量最多;群落结构分为4种类型:乔、乔-灌、乔-草和乔-灌-草,其中二层结构居多。根据评价打分结果,黄浦江河岸带植被质量总体状况一般,远郊段质量最好,市区段最差。造成植物资源分布和植被质量差异的主要原因是开发利用强度、硬质化程度、绿化水平和人为干扰程度的不同。根据调查情况,本研究系统地反映黄浦江河岸带植物资源现状与特征,从而为其河岸带综合治理、修复改造和绿化建设提供科学依据和参考。     

城市河流河岸带的类型、干扰特征及恢复对策——以北京市温榆河为例

采用样线调查方法,分析北京市温榆河流域的河岸带生态系统类型、生态特性与干扰特征,依据从河水到河漫滩断面上的植被分布与干扰特征,将北京市温榆河的河岸带生态系统分为6个类型:1近自然的河岸植被群落类型,2岸边荒草地-林地/草坪,3岸边农田-林地/荒草地,4岸边荒草地-农田,5岸边混凝土/砌石硬化-园林绿化带,6岸堤混凝土/砌石硬化-观赏道路-园林绿化带。并结合温榆河流域的河岸带现状,提出保护和改善河岸带生态系统的对策及建议。     

雅砻江上游地区河岸带类型研究

本文在宏观上初步划分了雅砻江上游地区河岸带的结构,并分析了其影响因素.依据河岸带自然结构的质地和坡度,把雅砻江上游地区河岸带划分为30种类型.江心洲有无作为1级分类依据,河岸质地作为2级划分标准,缓冲坡坡度作为3级划分标准,缓冲区坡度和类型作为4级划分标准.本文还分析了地形地貌、人为干扰和植被特征等因素在河岸带类型形成中的塑造作用.     

长白山二道白河森林流域河岸带阔叶红松林最小面积与a多样性(英文)

河岸带是森林小流域单元的重要组成部分之一。由于河水的影响和边缘效应等因素的综合作用,河岸带植物群落与远离河岸带的森林群落在组成、结构和分布格局等方面存在较大差异,其群落最小面积也不同。本文对长白山原始阔叶红松林河岸带植物群落最小面积和物种丰富度进行了探讨。结果表明河岸带植物群落的最小面积均小于森林内部植物群落的最小面积。对于长白山原始阔叶红松林群落而言,在河岸带,包括群落的60%、80%、90%植物种类时的平均最小面积分别为80m2、180m2和320m2左右;;对应于远离河岸带的森林内部,包括群落的60%、80%、90%植物种类时的平均最小面积分别为260m2、380m2和480m2左右。河岸带植物群落的物种丰富度、均匀度和Shannon-Wiener指数普遍高于森林内部植物群落,但优势度则相反。表4参20。     

浑河上游植被群落特征及其生态适应性

以浑河上游植被为研究对象,运用二元指示种分析法(TWINSPAN)对研究地区植被进行群落分类,对各群落类型特征进行分析。在提出河岸带植被生态功能适应性指标的基础上,对河岸带植被进行了生态功能适应性分组。研究发现,浑河上游河岸带植被可划分为香蒲草丛、球子蕨草丛、灯心草草丛、柳属灌丛、珍珠梅灌丛、核桃楸阔叶混交林、家榆阔叶混交林、长白落叶松林和油松林等9个群落类型,群落类型表现出突出的多样性特征,且物种组成复杂;研究地区9个群落类型可以划分为强入侵性功能组、弱入侵性功能组和高逃避性功能组3个生态适应性功能组,不同生态适应性功能组的群落中的主要物种具有明显的不同的生态对策。     

湘江长沙城区段河岸带植物群落多样性研究

为探讨随着湘江水位的周期性变化是否导致河岸带植物群落多样性的变化,在长沙城区段的湘江东岸设置了30个样方进行调查。计算群落各层次的重要值以及Patrick丰富度指数、Shannor-Wiener多样性指数、Simpson优势度指数和Pielou均匀度指数等对群落多样性进行分析。结果表明:(1)湘江长沙城区段河岸带植物群落物种较丰富,样方中共出现62种植物,隶属于59属30科;(2)群落中乔灌藤草各层次的重要值分别为26%、27%、2%、68%,丰富度指数分别为11、7、4、40,多样性指数分别为0.77、0.68、0.11、2.00,优势度指数分别为0.01、0.01、0、0.02,均匀度指数分别为0.19、0.16、0.03、0.49。群落各层次的4种多样性指数具有相同的趋势,均表现为草本层乔木层≥灌木层藤本层;(3)草本层的重要值与各多样性指数最大,草本层的生态功能地位明显,可作为河岸带生态修复的物种选择对象。     

退化喀斯特森林自然恢复评价研究

在研究贵州茂兰国家级自然保护区退化喀斯特森林自然恢复过程中群落组成、结构、功能的基础上,提出了退化群落恢复潜力度、恢复度和恢复速度３个评价指标和计算方法,分析了退化群落在自然恢复过程中群落高度、盖度、实生株／总株数、组成结构、显著度、生物量等特征指标的恢复潜力度、恢复度和恢复速度的变化,并进行综合评价。结果表明：低一级演替阶段群落向相邻更高一级演替阶段群落恢复的潜力度最高,群落自然恢复是由低级阶段     

退化喀斯特森林自然恢复评价研究

在研究贵州茂兰国家级自然保护区退化喀斯特森林自然恢复过程中群落组成、结构、功能的基础上,提出了退化群落恢复潜力度、恢复度和恢复速度3个评价指标和计算方法,分析了退化群落在自然恢复过程中群落高度、盖度、实生株/总株数、组成结构、显著度、生物量等特征指标的恢复潜力度、恢复度和恢复速度的变化,并进行综合评价。结果表明低一级演替阶段群落向相邻更高一级演替阶段群落恢复的潜力度最高,群落自然恢复是由低级阶段向高级阶段顺序替代过程;早期阶段恢复潜力度较高、恢复度低、速度慢,中期阶段恢复潜力度高、恢复度中等、速度快,后期阶段恢复潜力度低、恢复度高、速度慢。群落整体恢复速度低于群落各特征指标恢复速度。在群落各特征指标中,群落高度、盖度、实生株/总株数、组成结构、显著度的恢复速度高于生物量恢复速度,即群落结构恢复快于群落功能恢复。群落自然恢复对策的变化是由早期更新对策向中期结构调整对策至后期结构功能协调完善对策更替。退化喀斯特森林自然恢复40～50年可有较为正常的组成、外貌和结构,但要达到功能完全恢复则需时很长。     

Plant diversity and its maintenance in <Emphasis Type="Italic">Populus euphratica</Emphasis> riparian forests in the Ejina Oasis,China

The dynamic environments in riparian zones support a variety of life-history strategies, which constitute a fundamental mechanism for development and maintenance of biodiversity in riparian forest ecosystems. To demonstrate the effect of life-history strategies on biodiversity, we investigated community-level diversity and its relationship to environmental variability in the riparian Populus euphratica forests of the Ejina Oasis. Communities were divided into 14 associations on the basis of their species importance values. The Simpson’s index, Shannon-Wiener index, Pielou’s evenness index and the regional Whittaker’s index were applied to calculate community diversity. An ordination of the sample plots was carried out by correspondence analysis (CA). Biodiversity was relatively low across the entire study area, but there was high community diversity (βw = 8.09) due to the spatial heterogeneity of habitats in different plots. In addition, we investigated the relationship between biodiversity and several environmental factors, such as water availability, community components and soil conditions. We conclude that the heterogeneity of soil and water availability drives community diversity patterns in riparian zones and that community-level diversity favors the maintenance of species diversity in the P. euphratica forests in the Ejina Oasis.     

无人为干扰下不同生境阔叶林的群落结构特征

以江西武夷山国家级自然保护区核心区为无干扰环境,选取河岸带、内陆森林和林线3种生境阔叶林群落为研究对象。群落结构特征分析结果显示：1）不同生境类型的群落建群种不同,但群落各层主要优势种的重要值均呈差异不显著,物种组成上均以壳斗科、樟科、山茶科、山矾科、杜鹃花科、蔷薇科、冬青科等为常见,且种属数较多。2）立木总株数（乔灌木）林线群落高于其他生境群落,但不同生境类型的群落间乔木与灌木平均株数均呈差异不显著。3）群落各层物种的种数及各物种多样性指数均有河岸带＆gt;内陆森林＆gt;林线,乔木层、草本层与层间植物物种种数以及物种多样性Patrick、Gleason、Margalef和Shannon-Weiner指数,河岸带均与其他生境类型群落差异呈显著性;而灌木层物种种数及多样性Simpson和Pielou指数差异不呈显著性。4）散点图和线性回归得出林线群落活立木平均高度和平均胸径均高于其他生境类型的群落。     

文峪河上游河岸带及其毗邻高地植物群落优势种密度结构的研究

研究了文峪河上游3个河段6种不同生境条件下群落优势种组成及其密度结构,结果表明:1)青杄林河段植被处于演替顶级或近顶级阶段,受人为干扰极小,是一种典型的地带性植被类型;2)白桦林河段植被如能避免或减少人为干扰,河岸带有可能向白杄林方向演替,高地森林则会在较长时间内处于针阔混交林阶段;3)农田河段河岸带植被已基本退出自然演替序列,高地华北落叶松林将在较长时间内保持稳定状态。     

Controls on early post-fire woody plant colonization in riparian areas

Fire in riparian areas has the potential to influence the functions riparian vegetation provides to streams and aquatic biota. However, there is little information on the effects of fire on riparian areas. The objectives of the present study were to: (i) determine how fire severity interacts with riparian topographic setting, micro-environmental conditions, and pre-fire community composition to control post-fire regeneration; (ii) determine how riparian regeneration patterns and controls change during early succession; and (iii) determine how critical riparian functions are influenced by and recover after fire. Study locations included the Biscuit Fire in southwestern Oregon and the B&B Complex Fire in the Cascade Mountain Range of west-central Oregon, USA. We measured post-fire woody species regeneration, and measured factors such as fire severity, pre-fire species composition, and stream size as potential factors associated with post-fire regeneration patterns. At a relatively coarse spatial scale, patterns in post-fire colonization were influenced by elevation. At finer spatial scales, both conifer- and hardwood-dominated riparian plant communities were self-replacing, suggesting that each community type tends to occur in specific ecological settings. Abundant post-fire regeneration in riparian areas and the self-replacement of hardwood- and conifer-dominated communities indicate high resilience of these disturbance-adapted plant communities.     

Moving riparian management guidelines towards a natural disturbance model: An example using boreal riparian and shoreline forest bird communities

Forest harvesting strategies that approximate natural disturbances have been proposed as a means of maintaining natural species’ diversity and richness in the boreal forests of North America. Natural disturbances impact shoreline forests and upland areas at similar rates. However, shoreline forests are generally protected from harvest through the retention of treed buffer strips. We examined bird community responses to forest management guidelines intended to approximate shoreline forest fires by comparing bird community structure in early (1–4 years) post-burned and harvested boreal riparian habitats and the adjacent shoreline forest. We sampled riparian areas with adjacent: (1) burned merchantable shoreline forest (n = 21), (2) burned non-merchantable shoreline forest (n = 29), (3) 10 m treed buffer with 25% retention in the next 30 m (n = 18), and (4) 30 m treed buffer (n = 21). Only minor differences were detected in riparian species’ abundance and bird community composition between treatments with greater differences in these parameters occurring between post-fire and post-harvest upland bird communities. Indicators of all merchantable treatments were dominated by upland species with open-habitat species and habitat generalists being typical upland indicator species of burned merchantable habitats and forest specialists typical upland indicators of harvested treatments. Riparian species indicative of burned riparian habitats were Common Yellowthroat (Geothlypis trichas), Le Conte’s Sparrow (Ammodramus leconteii) and Eastern Kingbird (Tyrannus tyrannus) and indicators of 30 m buffers were Alder Flycatcher (Empidonax alnorum) and Wilson’s Warbler (Wilsonia pusilla). Multivariate Redundancy Analysis (RDA) of the overall (riparian and upland birds) community showed greater divergence than RDA with only riparian species suggesting less effect of fire and forestry on riparian birds than on upland birds. Higher natural range of variability (NRV) of overall post-fire bird communities compared to post-harvest communities emphasizes that harvesting guidelines currently do not achieve this level of variability. However, lack of a large negative effect on common riparian species in the first 4 years post-disturbance allows for the exploration of alternative shoreline forest management that better incorporates bird community composition of post-fire riparian areas and shoreline forests.     

武夷山国家级自然保护区植物物种多样性研究

以植物群落调查样地资料为基础，从不同类型、不同层次的物种丰富度、多样性指数及均匀度指数对武夷山国家级自然保护区植物群落多样性进行了分析。本区植物群落多样性的变化规律为：物种丰富度、多样性指数及均匀度随该区植被演替趋势从针叶林、针阔叶混交林到常 阔叶林而增加，群落间变幅较大；植物生长型在物种丰富度、多样性指数及均匀度等多样性指数上均表现出灌木层＞乔木层的规律。毛竹林作为一种重要的植被类型，其灌木层物种多样性高于其它3种森林类型，但由于毛竹是无性繁殖，其在林分中占绝对优势，故乔木层物种多样性明显低于其它3种森林类型。     

广州市车陂涌不同土地利用类型草本植物群落特征

通过对广州市车陂涌河岸带人为干扰较少的 5 个河段的草本植物群落特征进行调查,分析河 岸带的物种多样性和影响河岸带植被分布的主要因素,总结适宜广州河岸带生态护岸的草本植物。经统 计,河岸带样方内共有草本植物 57 种,隶属于 23 科 51 属,禾本科与菊科植物最多,分别占 10 种和 8 种。本土植物 47 种,外来入侵植物 10 种,存在外来生物潜在入侵危险。群落结构复杂,物种组成繁多。 结合生态护岸原则和调查结果,最终筛选出节节草 Commelina diffusa、柔枝莠竹 Microstegium vimineum、 红尾翎 Digitaria radicosa 等 10 种本土植物作为生态护岸植物进行推广。     

Landscape hierarchies influence riparian ground-flora communities in Wisconsin, USA

We examined the distribution of ground-flora species (herbaceous and woody species <1 m tall) across riparian areas of northeastern Wisconsin in an effort to understand how hierarchical landscape properties, such as the physiographic system (ground moraine and outwash plain), valley system (constrained and unconstrained), and valley floor landforms influence distribution patterns of ground-flora species and functional plant guilds across riparian areas of small streams and rivers in a glacial landscape. A total of 162 species were recorded on 417 (1 m²) plots stratified by four different valley types that reflect the dominant physiographic system and valley system (constrained ground moraine, constrained outwash plain, unconstrained ground moraine, unconstrained outwash plain) and transverse geomorphic structure (valley floor landforms including floodplains, terraces, slopes, and adjacent uplands). Although distribution patterns of individual ground-flora species are highly variable among the four valley types, canonical correspondence analyses (CCA) of individual valley types indicate that ground-flora vegetation is related strongly to hierarchical landscape properties, including valley type and the transverse geomorphic structure of the stream valley. Vegetation ultimately reflects the influence of hydrogeomorphic processes that shape valley floor landforms. Constrained valley types tend to be characterized by diverse floodplain ground-flora communities dominated by graminoids and pteridophytes, while the terraces and slope plant communities are comprised of facultative upland and obligate upland perennial forb and woody species whose distribution appears to be a function of topographic features, such as aspect. However, ground-flora communities of unconstrained valley types appear to be responding not only to changes associated with the transverse geomorphic structure of the riparian ecotone, but also to more localized changes in environmental conditions associated with flooding and hydrologic regime. As a result, floodplain, terrace, and slope ground-flora communities tend to be diverse, dominated by a mixture of obligate wetland, facultative wetland, and facultative species. Thus, variation in riparian plant community characteristics can be explained using a nested, hierarchical landscape framework to organize and group different riparian settings based on the underlying geomorphic processes shaping stream valleys. Based on these results, we suggest that riparian management zones (RMZs) designed to maintain riparian function should be variable in width rather than fixed, encompassing variation in valley floor landforms and valley walls, regardless of the physiographic system.     

我国河岸带生态学的研究进展

我国河岸带植被生态学的研究目前主要集中在河岸带植物的群落格局、生物多样性、珍稀濒危分布以及荒漠河岸带植被与环境关系等方面,河岸带土壤和污染生态学研究主要集中在土壤反硝化过程、污染物的分布格局和苯胺降解机理等方面。针对国内河岸带研究现状及存在问题,建议未来我国河岸带的研究从6个方面进行：1）河岸带及其背景区植被景观空间镶嵌格局分析。2）河岸带边界的判定方法及河岸带植被特征沿横向空间梯度的变化格局。3）对河岸带生境类型的划分,在斑块、河段和支流3个尺度上对河岸带物种多样性格局进行分析,并阐明其控制因素和机制。4）河岸带对高地面源营养物、沉淀物和污染物的拦截过滤过程研究,建立量化传输模型。5）对典型流域河岸带向溪流输入有机质输入过程及数量进行研究,并建立周转过程模型。6）对河岸带的研究成果进行系统整合,建立能够揭示河岸带空间格局、组成结构与功能过程概念模型和数量模型。