Review: classical biological control of invasive stink bugs with egg parasitoids – what does success look like?

Although the enemy release hypothesis forms the theoretical basis for classical (=importation) biological control of invasive pests, its core assumptions are not always examined. This could contribute to unrealistic expectations for some biological control programs. In this paper we examine the assumptions that: (i) enemy release has contributed to the invasive nature of four exotic pentatomids in North America; and (ii) classical biological control with egg parasitoids has been or will be successful in reducing populations of these pests below economically significant levels. First, we review the history of biological control programs against invasive stink bugs to highlight the variable and controversial levels of success of introducing egg parasitoids against stink bugs. Then, we use simple stage‐structured matrix models to demonstrate that it may be easy to overestimate the contribution of egg parasitism alone to a reduction in stink bug population growth. Finally, we discuss what realistic expectations might be for success of biological control against invasive stink bugs using egg parasitoids in the context of integrated pest management programs. © 2020 Her Majesty the Queen in Right of Canada Pest Management Science © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry     

Should I fight or should I flight? How studying insect aggression can help integrated pest management

Aggression plays a key role all across the animal kingdom, as it allows the acquisition and/or defence of limited resources (food, mates and territories) in a huge number of species. A large part of our knowledge on aggressive behaviour has been developed on insects of economic importance. How can this knowledge be exploited to enhance integrated pest management? Here, I highlight how knowledge on intraspecific aggression can help IPM both in terms of insect pests (with a focus on the enhancement of the sterile insect technique) and in terms of biological control agents (with a focus on mass‐rearing optimisation). Then, I examine what implications for IPM can be outlined from knowledge about interspecific aggressive behaviour. Besides predator–pest aggressive interactions predicted by classic biological control, I focus on what IPM can learn from (i) interspecific aggression among pest species (with special reference to competitive displacement), (ii) defensive behaviour exhibited by prey against predaceous insects and (iii) conflicts among predaceous arthropods sharing the same trophic niche (with special reference to learning/sensitisation practices and artificial manipulation of chemically mediated interactions). © 2015 Society of Chemical Industry     

Cross-protection interactions in insect pests: Implications for pest management in a changing climate

Agricultural insect pests display an exceptional ability to adapt quickly to natural and anthropogenic stressors. Emerging evidence suggests that frequent and varied sources of stress play an important role in driving protective physiological responses; therefore, intensively managed agroecosystems combined with climatic shifts might be an ideal crucible for stress adaptation. Cross-protection, where responses to one stressor offers protection against another type of stressor, has been well documented in many insect species, yet the molecular and epigenetic underpinnings that drive overlapping protective responses in insect pests remain unclear. In this perspective, we discuss cross-protection mechanisms and provide an argument for its potential role in increasing tolerance to a wide range of natural and anthropogenic stressors in agricultural insect pests. By drawing from existing literature on single and multiple stressor studies, we outline the processes that facilitate cross-protective interactions, including epigenetic modifications, which are understudied in insect stress responses. Finally, we discuss the implications of cross-protection for insect pest management, focusing on the consequences of cross-protection between insecticides and elevated temperatures associated with climate change. Given the multiple ways that insect pests are intensively managed in agroecosystems, we suggest that examining the role of multiple stressors can be important in understanding the wide adaptability of agricultural insect pests. © 2022 The Authors. Pest Management Science published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.     

太阳能光陷阱捕虫器对花生田昆虫的诱捕效果

为建立绿色高效的花生田害虫灯光诱控技术,于2019年在湖北省孝感市大悟县河口镇群建村进行试验,测定光源A（波长365 nm）和光源B（波长390 nm）太阳能光陷阱捕虫器诱捕到的花生田地下害虫、天敌昆虫和中性昆虫的类群和数量,并分析不同光源和天气对太阳能光陷阱捕虫器诱捕效果的影响。结果表明,2种光源太阳能光陷阱捕虫器共诱捕昆虫106 899头,其中地下害虫以丽金龟科和鳃金龟科昆虫居多,分别为53 338头和22 993头;诱捕的天敌昆虫和中性昆虫中分别以步甲科昆虫和水龟虫科昆虫居多,分别为1 495头和4 866头。光源A诱捕的金龟甲总科害虫、叩甲科害虫、天敌昆虫和中性昆虫数量与光源B的诱捕量均差异不显著,但光源A诱捕的蝼蛄科害虫数量显著高于光源B;晴天诱捕的金龟甲总科害虫、叩甲科害虫、天敌昆虫和中性昆虫数量与在阴天的诱捕量差异不显著,但晴天诱捕的蝼蛄科害虫数量显著高于阴天的诱捕量。表明太阳能光陷阱捕虫器对花生田害虫的诱捕效果好,对天敌昆虫和中性昆虫杀伤力小,可作为一种绿色防控手段防治花生田害虫。     

我国植物害虫生物防治的研究现状及发展策略

植物害虫生物防治是指利用生物或生物代谢产物来控制农业害虫的一种害虫防治方法,具有安全、环境友好和可持续等优点。本文基于我国近年在天敌资源挖掘、天敌控害机制、天敌产业化应用和新方法探索等方面研究现状与存在问题的分析,探讨了我国植物害虫生物防治学科的体系建设及促进学科发展的主要策略。     

中国草蛉科天敌昆虫及其生防应用研究进展

草蛉是一类重要的捕食性天敌昆虫,在蚜虫、介壳虫、粉虱、蓟马和螨类等农业害虫的生物防治中发挥着积极作用。虽然利用草蛉进行生物防治在我国已有近50年的历史,但针对不同农业生态系统及不同害虫物种,有关草蛉优势天敌物种的精准开发利用仍受到分类鉴定、生物学习性和捕食潜能等基础科学问题研究不足的制约。本文总结了草蛉科的基础生物学习性、地区优势物种与栖境选择、捕食潜能、草蛉与猎物及植物的互作关系和田间应用现状,提出了改善草蛉生防应用成效中的关键问题,对我国具有生防应用前景的草蛉种质资源发掘进行了评述,以期为推动我国草蛉天敌物种的发掘及其在生物防治中的应用提供参考。     

昆虫病原真菌在害虫防治中对天敌生物的影响研究进展

昆虫病原真菌是一类重要的微生物杀虫剂,广泛应用于农林害虫的生物防治。由于寄主范围广和主动侵染的特点,昆虫病原真菌在侵染、致死靶标害虫的同时,对包括天敌昆虫在内的非靶标节肢动物等会产生潜在的致病或亚致死风险。本文总结了昆虫病原真菌在害虫防治中的研究进展及对天敌生物的影响,并展望了昆虫病原真菌作为极具潜力的生物农药与天敌生物联合防治害虫的未来发展方向。     

显花植物在提高节肢动物天敌控制害虫中的生态功能

由于农业集约化生产引起的非作物生境减少和农业化学品的过量使用减弱了农田生态系统中害虫天敌的自然控制作用。合理而有效地利用显花植物可以为害虫天敌提供食物来源和庇护场所,从而能有效地提高天敌对害虫的自然控制能力、减少化学农药的使用量。本文综述了显花植物对天敌种群的促进作用及其在果园、蔬菜和粮食作物等害虫防治中应用的最新进展,同时对进一步利用显花植物提高农业生态系统稳定性的发展方向进行了讨论。     

Dual ecosystem services of syrphid flies (Diptera: Syrphidae): pollinators and biological control agents

With increasing worldwide pressure on bee pollinator populations and an increase in insecticide resistance amongst pest insects, there is a growing need for diversification of pollinator and pest control systems. Syrphid flies (Diptera: Syrphidae) contribute ecosystem services to agroecosystems through their supporting roles as crop pollinators and predators of pests. Adult syrphids are important pollinators with high floral visitation rates and pollen carrying capacity, while predatory syrphid larvae are natural biological control agents, reducing aphid populations in both field and laboratory conditions. The present challenge is to determine whether syrphid flies have the potential for application as pollinators and in integrated pest management schemes as biological control agents. Currently, there are gaps in research that are hindering the use of syrphids as dual service providers. Such gaps include a lack of knowledge of syrphid floral preferences, the role and viability of adult syrphids as pollinators in natural and agro‐ecological pollinator networks, and the predatory efficiency of larvae in field and glasshouse conditions. By reviewing relevant literature, we demonstrate syrphid flies have the potential to be used as pollinators and biological control agents. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry     

茶尺蠖生物防治进展

茶尺蠖Ectropis obiqua Prout是茶园中的重要害虫，对它的生物防治研究国内已做了较多的工作。本文从茶尺蠖的研究基础一大量饲养和它的病原性天敌、捕食性天敌、寄生性天敌及信息素等方面对茶尺蠖的生物防治研究作了综述。     

叶菜害虫的生物防治效果及经济效益分析

在蔬菜田对不同生物防治技术组合对叶菜害虫的控制作用及其生态、经济效益进行了研究和分析,结果表明:生物防治技术组合对菜心和芥蓝害虫的防治效果比以化学农药为主的防治效果更好,能显著增加田间天敌密度,并能明显提高经济效益。     

生态工程控害技术提高稻纵卷叶螟天敌功能团的种群数量

随着水稻病虫害绿色防控技术的不断发展,应用生态工程控制害虫技术已取得较大进展。本研究对实施生态工程控害技术稻田中的稻纵卷叶螟天敌功能团的种群数量及时空动态进行了连续5年的跟踪调查,分别于2009、2011和2013年用扫网法进行系统采样调查分析,以探明生态工程技术对稻纵卷叶螟天敌功能团的动态影响。结果表明,尽管年份之间以及不同水稻生育期的天敌功能团数量有差异,但实施生态工程防控技术稻田中的蜻蜓目天敌功能团、肖蛸科天敌功能团和幼虫寄生蜂天敌功能团的种群数量均显著高于农民自防田,分别提高了1.63~8.94、0~3.69和1.20~2.47倍,且数量逐年递增或维持较高水平。本研究结果说明通过实施水稻生态工程控害技术可以有效提高稻田稻纵卷叶螟天敌功能团的种群数量,这对减少化学农药使用和提高水稻生长中后期的天敌控害作用有重要的意义。     

化学农药亚致死剂量对天敌昆虫的影响

天敌昆虫在害虫的自然控制方面起着重要作用,而化学农药在防治靶标害虫的同时,也不同程度地影响了天敌昆虫的生存,并对其中部分个体存在亚致死效应.本文通过整理国内外相关研究资料,介绍了亚致死剂量化学农药对天敌昆虫行为、生理、生物学等方面的影响,论证了该研究的现实意义.     

Tree fruit IPM programs in the western United States: the challenge of enhancing biological control through intensive management

The seminal work of Stern and his coauthors on integrated control has had a profound and long‐lasting effect on the development of IPM programs in western orchard systems. Management systems based solely on pesticides have proven to be unstable, and the success of IPM systems in western orchards has been driven by conservation of natural enemies to control secondary pests, combined with pesticides and mating disruption to suppress the key lepidopteran pests. However, the legislatively mandated changes in pesticide use patterns prompted by the Food Quality Protection Act of 1996 have resulted in an increased instability of pest populations in orchards because of natural enemy destruction. The management system changes have made it necessary to focus efforts on enhancing biological control not only of secondary pests but also of primary lepidopteran pests to help augment new pesticides and mating disruption tactics. The new management programs envisioned will be information extensive as well as time sensitive and will require redesign of educational and outreach programs to be successful. The developing programs will continue to use the core principles of Stern and his co‐authors, but go beyond them to incorporate changes in society, technology and information transfer, as needed. Copyright © 2009 Society of Chemical Industry     

保护利用农田天敌的群落问题探讨

作者在群落水平上,从5个方面探讨了保护利用农田天敌的理论基础。增加农田生态系统的多样性,可以增加天敌群落种库的多样性,进而加速天敌群落的迅速重建和发展,这对控制早期迁入害虫的发生有重要意义。多样性高的天敌群落能减轻害虫发生程度,推迟害虫发生高峰的出现。群落内各子系统的相互联系和相互作用维持了天敌群落的稳定,增强了天敌对害虫的控制作用。群落多样性是影响稳定性的一个重要因素,它在一定程度上反映稳定性。     

气候变暖对农业害虫及其天敌的影响

全球气候的持续变暖引起了人类的高度关注。农业害虫是关系到农业生产顺利进行的一个特殊的昆虫类群,已经受到温度升高的影响。本文从气候变暖对农业害虫的发生、为害以及与天敌间关系的影响等三方面进行了综述。温度升高导致农业害虫的发生区域扩张,发生期提前和延长,高温适生种群发生量增大;农业害虫的为害时期改变,为害程度加重,为害物种之间产生新的竞争关系;农业害虫与寄主植物、天敌之间的同步性发生改变,继而影响到农业害虫的生物防治。本文最后对当前的研究工作进行了评述,就气候变暖形势下农业害虫的防治提出建议。     

害虫生物防治综合效益评价方法

害虫生物防治效果的评价方法通常采用化学防治效果的计算方法,一般仅体现短期内对目标害虫的致死作用结果,而忽略了天敌在自然界数量增殖后对害虫种群数量的长期而持续的控制效果,以及在保护生态环境、保护生物多样性等方面的评价.判断害虫生物防治计划是否获得成功,目前缺乏广泛认同的评价方法.本文对害虫生物防治效果的评价方法进行了梳理...     

黄猄蚁史料及其用于柑桔害虫防治的研究

黄蚁是柑桔害虫的重要天敌。 1 70 0年前我国就开始利用其防治害虫 ,是世界上生物防治最古老的实例。本文简述我国利用该天敌的早期文献 ,以及其生物学和防治害虫技术的研究结果。     

Structure,function and management of semi‐natural habitats for conservation biological control: a review of European studies

Different semi‐natural habitats occur on farmland, and it is the vegetation's traits and structure that subsequently determine their ability to support natural enemies and their associated contribution to conservation biocontrol. New habitats can be created and existing ones improved with agri‐environment scheme funding in all EU member states. Understanding the contribution of each habitat type can aid the development of conservation control strategies. Here we review the extent to which the predominant habitat types in Europe support natural enemies, whether this results in enhanced natural enemy densities in the adjacent crop and whether this leads to reduced pest densities. Considerable variation exists in the available information for the different habitat types and trophic levels. Natural enemies within each habitat were the most studied, with less information on whether they were enhanced in adjacent fields, while their impact on pests was rarely investigated. Most information was available for woody and herbaceous linear habitats, yet not for woodland which can be the most common semi‐natural habitat in many regions. While the management and design of habitats offer potential to stimulate conservation biocontrol, we also identified knowledge gaps. A better understanding of the relationship between resource availability and arthropod communities across habitat types, the spatiotemporal distribution of resources in the landscape and interactions with other factors that play a role in pest regulation could contribute to an informed management of semi‐natural habitats for biocontrol. © 2016 Society of Chemical Industry     

Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande) integrated pest management programs for fruiting vegetables in Florida

BACKGROUND: The spread of the western flower thrips, Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande) (Thysanoptera: Thripidae), resulted in the worldwide destabilization of established integrated pest management programs for many crops. Efforts to control the pest and the thrips‐vectored tospoviruses with calendar applications of broad‐spectrum insecticides have been unsuccessful. The result has been a classic ‘3‐R’ situation: resistance to numerous insecticides; resurgence of the western flower thrips populations as a result of natural predators and native competitor thrips being eliminated; replacement by various other pests. This paper reports on integrated pest management programs for fruiting vegetables that are effective, economical, ecologically sound and sustainable. RESULTS: The components include the following: define pest status (economic thresholds); increase biotic resistance (natural enemies and competition); integrate preventive and therapeutic tactics (scouting, ultraviolet‐reflective technologies, biological control, compatible insecticides, companion plants and fertility); vertically integrate the programs with other pests; continually communicate latest science‐based management tactics with end‐users. CONCLUSION: These programs have been widely implemented in Florida and have significantly improved the management of western flower thrips and thrips‐transmitted viruses. Copyright © 2012 Society of Chemical Industry