Enhancement of wheat tolerance to triallaic with the safener MON 5501

The triallate tolerance of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivars Marius and Mexicali was determined under growth-chamber conditions. Mexicali was found to tolerate triallate at levels about fourfold higher than Marius. The susceptible wheat cultivar was protected against triallate by seed treatment with MON 5501. The herbicide concentration in the aerial part of the plants was determined by gas chromatography. Triallate levels were similar in both cultivars treated with 0.5 mg 1^?1 of triallate. The safener did not affect the triallate content per plant in the susceptible wheat cultivar treated with 1 mg 1^?1 of herbicide. Augmentation de la tolerance du blé au triallate avec le phytoprotecteur MON 5501 La tolerance au triallate des cultivars de ble Marius et Mexicali a été déterminée en chambre climatique. Mexicali s'est avéré 4 fois plus tolérant que Marius. Le cultivar de blé sensible a été protege du triallate par un traitement des grains avec MON 5501. La concentration en herbicide dans la partie aérienne des plantes a été determined par chromatographie gazeuse. Les taux de triallate ont été equivalents chez les 2 cultivars traites avec 0,5 mg l^?1 de triallate. Le phytoprotecteur n'a pas affecté lateneur en triallate par plante chez le cultivar sensible traite avec 1 mg 1^?1 d'herbicide. Verbesserung der Toleranz von Weizen gegenuber Triallat mil dem Antidot MON 5501 Die Triallat-Toleranz der Weizensorten ‘Marius’ und ‘Mexicali’ wurde im Phytotron bestimmt. ‘Mexicali’ war etwa 4mal toleranter als ‘Marius’. Die empfindliche Weizensorte wurde durch Beizung mit MON 5501 gegen Triallat geschützt. Die Herbizidkonzentration in den oberirdischen Pflanzenteilen wurde gaschromatographisch bestimmt Der Wirkstoff-Gehalt war in beiden mit 0,5 mg 1^?1 Triallat behandelten Sorten ahnlich hoch. Das Antidot hatte keinen Einfluβ auf den Triallat-Gehalt der empfindlichen Weizensorte, die mit 1 mg 1^?1 behandelt worden war.     

Tyrosine metabolism in Aedes aegypti: Arrest of sclerotization by MON 0585 and diflubenzuron

Lipid from cuticle and viscera sequestered 35 and 40%, respectively, of the diflubenzuron taken up by larvae of Aedes aegypti. The rate of toxicant uptake was linear for the first 2 days of exposure. Following treatment of larvae with a mixture of MON 0585 and diflubenzuron, tanning agents and pigments were discharged into the rearing medium during pupation. In the course of poisoning, body fluids and cuticle accumulated soluble arylated peptides and tanning agents at the expense of the sclerotized mucoprotein complex. Changes in protein composition of the integument were indicated by decreased titers of bound phenylalanine and serine in both the immature and pupal stages, however, visual symptoms of poisoning were absent in larvae. Three amino acids linked to citric acid cycle oxidations, namely, aspartic and glutamic acids and proline, declined sharply in body fluids of poisoned animals while a conjugate resembling N-acetyldopamine-O-glucoside was retained. These biochemical lesions suggest the action of MON 0585 was due to (a) loss of benzenoid precursors of the crosslink to the rearing medium; (b) faulty active transport of tanning agents; and (c) unavailability of receptor sites for arylating groups on side chains destined for bridging.     

上海地区菜缢管蚜对有机磷的抗药性及其生化检测

呼伦贝尔盟农田杂草计49科、198属、348种,其中包括6个亚种、29个变种和1个变型。杂草发生特点:种类多、多年生杂草多、恶性杂草多、群落结构特殊、危害严重。主要优势群落:茅香和光稃茅香群落、匍匐冰草群落、野燕麦群落与裂边鼬瓣花群落。防治措施与策略:适当压缩小麦,扩大油菜种植面积,在休闲地应用草甘膦防治多年生杂草,用2甲4氯取代2,4-D丁酯防治小麦田杂草,发展应用磺酰脲类除草剂与禾草灵混用,以兼治野燕麦与宽叶杂草。     

Investigation of the Mode of Action of Nematode Neuropeptides

The neuropeptide AF2 has a complex set of actions on the dorsal muscle strip of Ascaris suum, including a potentiation of the acetylcholine-stimulated muscle contraction. Caffeine at 100 μm and 5 mm inhibited this potentiation, as did 100 μm theophylline in two out of six studies. The cyclic-AMP-potentiating compounds IBMX, dibutyryl cAMP and forskolin had no effect on the AF2-induced potentiation of the acetylcholine-stimulated muscle contraction. These preliminary data suggest that the potentiating action of AF2 is not mediated by a cAMP pathway.     

厚朴病虫害种类的初步调查

采用标准地法和线路调查法,对湖北恩施市新塘乡双河厚朴基地的厚朴病虫害进行了系统调查,记录主要虫害13种,其中叶部害虫9种,枝干害虫2种,根部害虫2种。厚朴主要病害5种。藤壶蚧、厚朴枝角叶蜂和厚朴新丽斑蚜为湖北省首次报道,小绿叶蝉为厚朴新寄主记录种。同时记录了藤壶蚧的天敌6种,其中寄生小蜂2种,瓢虫4种;厚朴新丽斑蚜的天敌昆虫8种。对藤壶蚧、厚朴枝角叶蜂和厚朴苗木根腐病等重要病虫害的发生规律进行了初步调查,同时提出了防治建议。     

Effects of timing and method of application of Penicillium oxalicum on efficacy and duration of control of Fusarium wilt of tomato

The effects of timing and method of application of Penicillium oxalicum on the control of fusarium wilt of tomato were investigated. Application of P. oxalicum to tomato seedlings in seedbeds reduced disease caused by Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. lycopersici in a growth chamber by 45–49% and in glasshouse experiments by 22–69%. Disease suppression was maintained for 60–100 days after inoculation with the pathogen in the glasshouse. No disease reduction was observed in tomato plants where P. oxalicum was applied to seeds. Treatment with P. oxalicum did not affect the population of F. oxysporum f.sp. lycopersici in the rhizosphere.     

百合地下害虫主要种类调查及生物（源）农药筛选

调查了甘肃省临洮县为害百合的地下害虫种类, 并以主要发生为害种类为供试对象, 采用拌土法测定了几种生物（源）农药对主要害虫的室内毒力和致死中时。调查发现小云斑鳃金龟Polyphylla gracilicornis、棕色鳃金龟Holotrichia titanis为主要发生及为害种类, 不同时间发生种类存在差异, 9月份以小云斑鳃金龟幼虫发生为害为主, 发生量占地下害虫总数的66.16%, 平均种群密度为10.48头/m2, 10月份, 则以棕色鳃金龟幼虫发生为主, 发生量占地下害虫总数的96.86%, 平均种群密度为7.79头/m2, 主要取食百合根系和鳞茎, 造成根系数量减少, 鳞茎出现不规则褐色缺口或凹陷斑。药剂筛选结果表明, 1.8%阿维菌素乳油、200亿孢子/g球孢白僵菌粉剂对两种蛴螬均具有较高的杀虫活性和速效性, 药后7 d时, 校正死亡率在82.22%以上, 对小云斑鳃金龟幼虫和棕色鳃金龟幼虫的LC50分别为0.161、0.060 mg/g和5.558×107、0.362×107孢子/g, LT50分别为2.237 d（2.2 mg/g）、1.393 d（2.2 mg/g）和6.645 d（40.0×107孢子/g）、4.940 d（2.0×107孢子/g）, 这两种生物（源）农药对两种蛴螬的LC50和LT50值均略大于两种化学农药25%二嗪磷乳油、40%辛硫磷乳油处理的, 且对小云斑鳃金龟幼虫的杀虫活性均低于对棕色鳃金龟幼虫的杀虫活性, 致死中时则长于对棕色鳃金龟幼虫的致死中时。     

棉花黄萎病菌致病型的AFLP分析

 选用41个棉花黄萎病菌(Verticillium dahliae)代表菌系,在温室条件下,对4个棉花品种鄂荆1号(感)、中棉所12(耐)、文-5(抗)和唐棉2号(抗)进行致病性测定,结果可将供试菌系分为落叶型与非落叶型2类。选取8对AFLP引物PCR扩增的结果中,统计带型稳定、清晰且有多态性的条带,共169条作系统聚类分析,将上述菌系分为2大类,第一类为非落叶型菌系,包括10个非落叶型菌系和1个过渡菌系;第二类为30个落叶型菌系。根据聚类分析建立树状图,发现菌系与地理来源存在一定的相关性,而依据菌系致病力强弱分类则相关关系不大。选用25对EcoRⅠ和MseⅠ引物组合,对供试的41个V.dahliae进行AFLP扩增,筛选到2对引物E64(GACTGCGTACCAATTCGAC)、M53(GATGAGTCCTGAGTAACCG)和E49(GACTGCGTACCAATTCCAG)、M65(GAT-GAGTCCTGAGTAAGAG),能分别扩增出433bp和110bp2条仅为V.dahliae非落叶型菌系独有的特异片段,可将落叶型与非落叶型菌系分开,这2条特异片段被命名为EM₄₃₃和EM₁₁₀。     

青稞种子带菌检测及杀菌剂消毒处理效果

为了研究青稞种子外部和内部携带真菌情况,比较不同杀菌剂对青稞种子的带菌消毒效果和对幼苗生长的影响,为青稞种子播前包衣处理和种传真菌病害防控提供依据,采用离体平皿法对云南迪庆‘云青1号’、‘云青2号’和‘短白青稞’3个主栽品种进行带菌检测,并对种子进行拌种或浸种处理测定6种杀菌剂对种子消毒效果,分析杀菌剂对种子发芽和幼苗生长的影响。结果表明:供试青稞种子表面携带的优势菌群为青霉(Penicilliumspp.)、镰刀菌(Fusariumspp.);种子内部寄藏的真菌主要为镰刀菌、核腔菌(Pyrenophoraspp.)、附球菌(Epicoccumspp.)、丝核菌(Rhizoctoniaspp.)、链格孢(Alternariaspp.)和木霉(Trichoderma spp.)。青稞不同品种的种子表面及内部携带的真菌种类差异较大。致病性测定表明,镰刀菌对种子萌发和幼苗生长影响最大,后期出现幼苗坏死现象。45%咪鲜胺EW、75%百菌清WP、50%福美双WP对青稞种子携带真菌均有显著抑制作用和消毒效果,50%福美双WP消毒效果最优,达100%;45%咪鲜胺EW、75%百菌清WP、50%福美双WP处理对青稞种子发芽和幼苗生长均无显著影响。     

Mode of action of etoxazole

The mode of action of the 2,4-diphenyl-1,3-oxazoline acaricide/insecticide etoxazole has been argued to be moulting inhibition, but experimental results supporting this hypothesis are lacking. This study investigated the effect of etoxazole on chitin biosynthesis in the fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda (Smith) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). Etoxazole induced moulting defects in fall armyworm larvae similar, if not identical, to those caused by benzoylphenylureas, a well-known class of insecticidal chitin biosynthesis inhibitors. Furthermore, in contrast to untreated larvae, the chitin content in the integuments of larvae several days after treatment did not differ from that in freshly ecdysed individuals, thus suggesting strong chitin biosynthesis inhibition in vivo. A more detailed investigation of the inhibitory potential by incubating cultured integument pieces from larvae of S. frugiperda with [14C]N-acetyl-D-glucosamine, a radiolabelled chitin precursor, revealed I50 values of 2.95 and 0.071 microM for etoxazole and triflumuron respectively. The incorporation of radiolabel into potassium hydroxide-resistant material was inhibited by etoxazole in a dose-dependent manner. Based on these results, it is concluded that the acaricidal and insecticidal mode of action of etoxazole is chitin biosynthesis inhibition.     

黑麦草属DNA条形码鉴定技术研究

以毒麦、田毒麦、多花黑麦草、多年生黑麦草、硬直黑麦草、高羊茅与狗牙根等禾本科的7种植物为材料,拟采用 DNA 测序、特异性位点比对、种间遗传距离测定、建立系统树等分析候选 DNA 条形码 psbA-trnH 鉴别黑麦草属常见植物的能力。实验结果表明,以 psbA-trnH 为 DNA 条形码时,建立的系统发育树能较好区分毒麦和田毒麦与其他几种植物。psbA-trnH 序列可以作为黑麦草属植物的潜在条形码。     

莠去津的药害问题及药害防范技术研究概述

本文概述了使用莠去津以来，有关该药的药害情况及药害解除方法的研究状况。     

Effects of different temperature treatments on dormancy of sclerotia of ten isolates of Sclerotium cepivorum

The variability of dormancy of sclerotia of ten isolates ofSclerotium cepivorum was investigated. Of all isolates tested, the freshly harvested sclerotia were dormant. After drying for 48 hours the sclerotia of six isolates were able to germinate, two isolates stayed dormant and two isolates were infested by hyperparasitic fungi. After storage in soil at 5°C or 20°C, the sclerotia of the different isolates exhibited considerable differences in respect to germination capability, but all isolates showed highest germination after a treatment of 8 weeks at 20°C followed by 8 weeks at 5°C. The sclerotia of all isolates showed an increased capacity to germinate withoutAllium extracts at 10°C after pretreatment at 30°C for 28 days.     

Allelopathy of buckwheat: Assessment of allelopathic potential of extract of aerial parts of buckwheat and identification of fagomine and other related alkaloids as allelochemicals

The allelopathic potential of buckwheat ( Fagopyrum esculentum ) was investigated. Field study showed that living buckwheat reduced weed biomass compared with plots without buckwheat. Laboratory study revealed that root exudates suppressed root and shoot growth of weeds and reduced weed dry weight. Sequential partitioning of the aqueous ethanolic extract of the aerial parts of buckwheat showed that the chloroform extract caused an 80% reduction in radicle elongation of lettuce seedlings at a concentration of less than 100 p.p.m. Fagomine, 4-piperidone and 2-piperidinemethanol were isolated and identified by ¹H and ¹³C nuclear magnetic resonance from the chloroform extract. These compounds caused a 50% inhibition of radicle elongation in lettuce seedlings at concentrations of less than 100 p.p.m. These results suggest that compounds 1, 2, and 3 might act as allelochemicals and affect the growth or germination of different plant species.     

8个乡土树种抗逆性对比研究

在半干旱地区内蒙古中部3个不同造林立地类型对当地的8个乡土树种进行亚区造林对比试验,调查了被试树种在自然状态条件下的生长特征,应用PV技术测定了其水分生理指标,测定了抗寒及抗春季干旱风的等级,运用综合指标(成活、保存率、抗旱水分生理、耐寒性等)分析各树种的抗逆性和对不同立地条件的适应能力。结果表明:柄扁桃、桃叶卫矛、荆条和山杏(对照)抗逆性强,毛樱桃、山桃抗逆性较强,酸枣(山西种源)、欧李(山西栽培种)为中等,臭椿较差。     

防腐浸渍处理后马铃薯癌肿病休眠孢子囊的大小变化

从采集的样本中发现马铃薯癌肿病的休眠孢子囊超过了已报道的形态大小,防腐浸渍液处理后休眠孢子囊平均大小缩小５０％以上。     

4种播期下西吉马铃薯气候生产潜力稳定性分析

马铃薯为宁夏西吉县发展经济的支柱产业,为了进一步提高其生产潜力、挖掘农业资源潜力,利用西吉县1988～2009年20 a气象资料,应用潜力递减法,分别估算了西吉县马铃薯4月8日、4月28日、5月18日、6月9日四种播期的气候生产潜力(终止日期分别为各种播期下马铃薯的收获期),并以4月28日播种情况为例分析其与实际产量的...