镉对玉米苗中钙调蛋白含量和Ca2+-ATPase活性的影响

试验采用营养液培养的方法,以玉米为试材,研究了不同供镉浓度（0﹑5﹑20和100 µmol/L）和处理时间（12﹑24﹑48﹑96、168 h）对植株体内钙调蛋白（CaM）含量及生物膜上的Ca²⁺-ATPase活性的影响。结果表明,植株可溶性Ca²⁺含量在镉胁迫后较不加镉处理增加,镉处理在叶和根中分别在48和24 h后达最高,然后随镉处理浓度和处理时间的增加逐步下降;同时镉诱导了植株CaM的合成,其含量随镉处理浓度和处理时间增加逐步增加,但20 µmol/L和100 µmol/L镉处理在168 h后有所下降;与不加镉处理相比,镉胁迫导致植株生物膜上的Ca²⁺-ATPase活性迅速升高,但随镉处理浓度提高和时间延长,镉胁迫植株的Ca²⁺-ATPase活性在48 h（质膜、液泡膜和内质网膜）和24 h（线粒体膜）后逐步降低。各膜上的Ca²⁺-ATPase活性依次为质膜> 液泡膜> 内质网膜> 线粒体膜,且同一微囊膜,根中的活性大于叶中。     

钙对苹果果实钙调蛋白含量和Ca2+ -ATPase活性及其基因表达的影响

研究不同浓度钙（0、1和10 mmo1/L CaCl2 ;5 mmo1/L EGTA）对苹果果实钙调蛋白（CaM）含量和Ca2+-ATPase活性及其基因表达的影响。利用同源克隆方法分离CaM和Ca2+-ATPase基因,采用荧光定量PCR方法研究它们表达特征。结果表明,果实切片外源补钙,可溶性Ca2+及CaM含量在高钙处理12 h达到高峰;高钙处理12 h质膜Ca2+-ATPase活性显著增加,与胞内CaM含量增加时间一致;高钙处理24 h液泡膜Ca2+-ATPase活性显著增加;随着质膜和液泡膜Ca2+-ATPase活性显著增加,可溶性Ca2+含量在加钙处理48 h显著下降。研究基因表达发现,加钙处理6 h苹果CaM基因的表达量显著增加;加钙处理12 h苹果Ca2+-ATPase基因的表达量显著增加,与CaM含量及质膜Ca2 +-ATPase活性变化一致。果实缺钙处理显著增加CaM基因表达量,而苹果Ca2 +-ATPase基因的表达量没有显著变化。上述研究表明,苹果补钙可以提高细胞内可溶性Ca2+和CaM含量以及CaM基因的表达量,有效启动钙信使系统;质膜及液泡膜Ca2+-ATPase是调控胞内Ca2+关键的酶,通过提高质膜及液泡膜Ca2+-ATPase的活性及Ca2+-ATPase基因的表达量,维持胞内Ca2+的稳态水平。     

Ca2+和CaM对苹果果实Ca2+-ATPase,SOD和PEA活性的影响

采用45Ca2+ 示踪等方法研究苹果果肉质膜微囊Ca2+ ATPase与Ca2+ 运输之间的关系 ,在Ca2+ 和CaM激活剂和抑制剂存在条件下培养果实圆片 ,探索Ca2+-ATPase ,SOD和PEA活性受Ca2+和 (或 )CaM调控的可能性。结果表明 ,存在于质膜上的Ca2+-ATPase并受载体A23187刺激而活性增加 ,Ca2+-ATPase活性与Ca2+运输依抑制剂EB浓度增加而下降 ,二者变化趋势十分一致 ,从而证实了Ca2+-ATPase推动苹果果肉质膜微囊Ca2+的主动运输。果肉质膜微囊Ca2+-ATPase同时受到Ca2+和CaM调节 ,而SOD和PEA活性仅受Ca2+ 的调节 ,而与CaM无关。     

不同形态氮肥对苗期玉米镉富集的影响

为了探究不同形态氮肥对苗期玉米生长及富集镉(Cd)的影响,采用室内水培试验,在重金属Cd处理下,分别施加4和8 mmol/L N含量的硝态(NO3-)、铵态(NH4+)、酰胺态(尿素)氮肥培养12 d后,比较不同施氮处理下玉米的生长状况和吸收富集Cd的差异.研究结果表明:与不添加重金属Cd的全营养液培养处理相比,添加重...     

不同浓度镉胁迫对玉米幼苗光合作用、脂质过氧化和抗氧化酶活性的影响

以玉米为材料,通过营养液培养试验,研究浓度为5~100 μmol/L的镉胁迫后不同时间内,植株体内活性氧代谢及其抗氧化酶活性的变化特征,探讨镉胁迫导致植物体内活性氧自由基累积的原因及不同程度镉胁迫对植物体内活性氧代谢的影响。随着加镉量的增加,玉米地上部生物量明显降低,而根部生物量未表现出差异。镉处理降低了叶片光合作用速率,高镉处理的影响较早。镉处理4d后,5、20、和100 mol/L Cd2+浓度处理玉米叶片Fv/Fm减小,PSII系统的原初光能转换效率下降,但比光合作用速率下降的时间要晚;镉处理7d的叶片中丙二醛（MDA）含量还没有受到明显影响,但20和100 μmol/L Cd2+处理4d后,根系膜质过氧化增强,MDA含量升高。随着镉浓度升高,处理时间延长,活性氧酶清除系统包括超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）、过氧化物酶（POD）、过氧化氢酶（CAT）和谷胱甘肽还原酶（GR）等酶活性明显增加,受到镉胁迫诱导,高浓度镉处理该现象出现更早。本文试验结果表明,镉胁迫下植物体内活性氧形成增多,诱导活性氧酶清除系统活性升高,其中一个重要原因是与CO2同化受到限制有关。     

Analysis of the lectins from teosinte (Zea diploperennis) and maize (Zea mays) coleoptiles

To identify molecular evidence of the common origin of maize and teosinte, a lectin from teosinte coleoptile (TCL) was purified, through affinity chromatography on a lactosyl-Sepharose column, and some of the physicochemical parameters were compared with those from the maize coleoptile lectin (CCL). TCL is a 92 kDa glycoprotein constituted mainly by aspartic, glutamic, glycine, leucine, and lysine residues; in minor proportion, methionine and cysteine were also found. The glycannic portion of the lectin, which corresponds to 10% w/w, is composed by Gal, Man, and GlcNAc. CCL is an 88.7 kDa glycoprotein that contains 12% sugars by weight; its sugar and amino acid compositions are similar to those of TCL. TCL is formed by two isoforms identified through acidic electrophoresis, whereas CCL is constituted by a single molecular form. The NH(2) termini of both TCL isoforms are blocked, but their amino acid sequences determined from tryptic peptides by matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight) indicated that TCL isoforms have no homology with other mono- or dicotyledonous lectins, including CCL. TCL, just as CCL, showed hemagglutinating activity toward animal erythrocytes, including human A, B, and O. Hapten inhibition assays indicated that although TCL shows broader sugar specificity than CCL, it recognizes Gal in O- and N-glycosidically linked glycans. Both lectins are equally well recognized by antibodies against TCL.     

Anthocyanins from maize (Zea mays) and reed canarygrass (Phalaris arundinacea)

Flowers of maize, Zea mays, and reed canarygrass, Phalaris arundinacea, contain the same anthocyanins: cyanidin 3-glucoside, cyanidin 3-(6' '-malonylglucoside), cyanidin 3-(3' ',6' '-dimalonylglucoside), peonidin 3-glucoside, peonidin 3-(6' '-malonylglucoside), and peonidin 3-(dimalonylglucoside). The latter pigment has previously not been reported to occur in plants. Structure elucidations were primarily based on homo- and heteronuclear two-dimensional NMR and electrospray MS. During the isolation procedure using various mixtures of H(2)O, CF(3)CO(2)H, and CH(3)OH, and during storage in NMR solvent (CF(3)CO(2)D/CD(3)OD; 1:19, v/v) methyl esterification of the free acid function of the malonyl units of the pigments occurs. The acylated anthocyanins constitute more than 80% and 40% of the anthocyanins in P. arundinacea and Z. mays, respectively. Flowers and leaves of maize, Zea mays, contain the same anthocyanins in nearly equal relative proportions.     

Diversification of maize (Zea mays L.) through teosinte (Zea mays subsp. parviglumis Iltis & Doebley) allelic

Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution - Zea mays ssp. parviglumis is the progenitor of maize and assume to have tolerance against various biotic and abiotic stresses. It...     

Measurement of Pb2+, Cu2+ and Cd2+ binding with mucilage exudates from maize (Zea mays L.) roots

Summary The pectic nature of root mucilages suggests a hypothetical action of these substances on heavy metal flux into the root. In this study the existence of relations between heavy metals and root mucilages were verified and quantified. In order to obtain substantial amounts of pure root mucilages, two methods of collection were developed, using: (1) maize plants grown in the field and (2) hydroponic axenic cultures. The study of mucilage-metal binding was conducted using the dialysis method, which was developed in a previous work. Results show that root mucilages are able to bind metals. The importance of the binding depends on the nature of the cation, following the order Pb > Cu > Cd. These reactions could be due to exchange processes involving mucilage cations (Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺) and heavy metals. The role of mucilages on the retention of heavy metals in the rhizosphere is also discussed.     

Cd、Zn污染对玉米的毒害效应

采用均匀设计，研究土壤Cd、Zn污染对玉米的毒害效应。结果表明：玉米生物量随Cd、Zn投加量的增加而下降,在Cd的投加量为4mg／kg至20mg／kg,Zn的投加量为200～1000mg／kg的范围内，其下降量之和大于Cd～Zn复合污染造成的下降量。这表明在Cd和Zn投加范围内。Cd、Zn对玉米的毒害存在拮抗作用。     

Small amounts of ammonium (NH$ _4^+ $) can increase growth of maize (Zea mays)

Nitrate (NO$ _3^ - $ ) and ammonium (NH$ _4^+ $ ) are the predominant forms of nitrogen (N) available to plants in agricultural soils. Nitrate concentrations are generally ten times higher than those of NH$ _4^+ $ and this ratio is consistent across a wide range of soil types. The possible contribution of these small concentrations of NH$ _4^+ $ to the overall N budget of crop plants is often overlooked. In this study the importance of this for the growth and nitrogen budget of maize (Zea mays L.) was investigated, using agriculturally relevant concentrations of NH$ _4^+ $ . Maize inbred line B73 was grown hydroponically for 30 d at low (0.5 mM) and sufficient (2.5 mM) levels of NO$ _3^ - $ . Ammonium was added at 0.05 mM and 0.25 mM to both levels of NO$ _3^ - $ . At low NO$ _3^ - $ levels, addition of NH$ _4^+ $ was found to improve the growth of maize plants. This increased plant growth was accompanied by an increase in total N uptake, as well as total phosphorus, sulphur and other micronutrients in the shoot. Ammonium influx was higher than NO$ _3^ - $ influx for all the plants and decreased as the total N in the nutrient medium increased. This study shows that agriculturally relevant proportions of NH$ _4^+ $ supplied in addition to NO$ _3^ - $ can increase growth of maize.     

Silicon alleviates the toxicity of cadmium and zinc for maize (Zea mays L.) grown on a contaminated soil

Although silicon (Si) is not an essential element, it presents a close relationship with the alleviation of heavy‐metal toxicity to plants. This work was carried out to evaluate the effects of Si application to soil on the amelioration of metal stress to maize grown on a contaminated soil amended with Si (0, 50, 100, 150, and 200 mg kg^–1) as calcium silicate (CaSiO₃). Additionally, the cadmium (Cd) and zinc (Zn) bioavailability as well as their distribution into soil fractions was also studied. The results showed that adding Si to a Cd‐ and Zn‐contaminated soil effectively diminished the metal stress and resulted in biomass increase in comparison to metal‐contaminated soil not treated with Si. This relied on Cd and Zn immobilization in soil rather than on the increase of soil pH driven by calcium silicate application. Silicon altered the Cd and Zn distribution in soil fractions, decreasing the most bioavailable pools and increasing the allocation of metals into more stable fractions such as organic matter and crystalline iron oxides.