贮藏过程中京甜紫花糯2号玉米软罐头的主要挥发性风味成分的变化

采用顶空固相微萃取和气相色谱-质谱联用（HS-SPME-GC/MS）技术,测定京甜紫花糯2号玉米软罐头贮存10个月的挥发性物质,并对主要挥发性物质的变化进行探讨;同时对京甜紫花糯2号玉米软罐头蒸煮香气和不良气味进行感官评定,使用偏最小二乘回归分析法（PLSR）研究感官测定结果与仪器测定结果的相关性。结果显示,京甜紫花糯...     

自动化机械发酵食醋过程中品质变化规律

为全面了解转鼓式反应器固态发酵食醋过程中主要成分和风味物质的动态变化规律,该文对反应器发酵食醋过程进行跟踪取样,利用高效液相色谱、固相微萃取技术、气相色谱-质谱联用技术,对酒精、总酸、还原糖、氨基态氮、有机酸、挥发性风味物质含量变化进行实时监测,结合主成分分析方法,探究食醋不同发酵阶段的风味物质差异。结果表明,酒精含量在发酵0～4 d内迅速增加,随后逐渐下降至零;总酸含量呈现先快速上升后缓慢上升的趋势;还原糖含量呈先快速下降后逐渐上升,最后逐渐下降的趋势;氨基态氮呈现先快速上升后缓慢上升的趋势;乙酸和乳酸是主要的有机酸,整个发酵过程中,乙酸含量持续增加,乳酸含量呈先上升后下降趋势,其他有机酸含量较少,发酵期间变化波动相对较小;共检测出64种挥发性风味物质,包括酯类25种,醇类12种,酸类6种,酚类5种,醛类5种,酮类6种,杂环类5种;发酵前、中、后期的重要挥发性物质分别是醇类化合物、酯类和醛类化合物、酸类化合物。该结果为推进转鼓式固态发酵食醋反应器的实际生产应用提供了理论基础和数据参考。     

烫漂时间对香椿嫩芽颜色及挥发性风味成分的影响研究

为了研究香椿嫩芽烫漂过程中颜色热降解规律及挥发性风味成分的变化,分别采用分光光度法和光电反射光度法对香椿嫩芽叶绿素含量和色差进行测定,同时利用顶空固相微萃取及GC-MS联用技术对不同烫漂时间下香椿嫩芽的挥发性成分进行鉴定,并对各种处理后的风味物质进行主成分分析。结果表明,香椿嫩芽叶绿素降解和绿色损失均属于一级动力学反应,且叶绿素的减少与绿色损失相关性较好,呈极显著水平。烫漂后香椿嫩芽挥发性成分种类增多,含硫类等呈刺激性气味的化合物相对含量减少,烯类等呈柔和气味增加,提升了香椿的香味品质。综合颜色及挥发性成分随烫漂时间的变化规律,确定最佳烫漂时间为30s。主成分分析结果显示,第1、第2和第3主成分累积贡献率达98.742%,能够较好的代表原始数据所反应的信息。第1主成分包含噻吩类、烯类、醇类和醛类,贡献率大小为噻吩类烯类醇类醛类;第2主成分包含酮类和其它类,贡献率大小为酮类其它类;第3主成分为烃类。本研究结果为香椿嫩芽精深加工过程中颜色和风味的控制提供了理论依据。     

花香型红碎茶加工过程中香气成分的动态变化

为探究花香型红碎茶香气成分在加工过程中的动态变化规律,本研究以金萱一芽一叶为原料,按照红碎茶揉捻机+转子揉切机的工艺制得鲜叶、萎凋叶、揉捻叶、揉切叶及发酵叶茶样,采用固相微萃取—气质联用（SPME-GC-MS）技术检测分析各个茶样的香气成分。结果表明,红碎茶加工过程中香气成分主要包括醇类、醛类、酮类、酯类、酸类、碳氢类、含氮类等,其中醇类相对含量均高于其他类,酮类及酸类相对含量较低。含量较高的香气成分有正己醇（0.26%～12.97%）、芳樟醇（3.79%～13.59%）、苯乙醇（3.30%～10.66%）、2,2,6-三甲基-6-乙烯基四氢-2H-呋喃-3-醇（0.82%～3.34%）、水杨酸甲酯（0.50%～6.57%）、咖啡因（2.22%～33.34%）等。在加工过程中：醇类在揉捻叶中相对含量最高,在鲜叶中相对含量最低;碳氢类与含氮类在鲜叶中相对含量均最高;芳樟醇类含量变化较大,香叶醇在发酵阶段相对含量增加,苯乙醇相对含量在加工过程中呈上升趋势,咖啡因在鲜叶样中含量最高。加工过程中,香气成分及其相对含量大多呈不规则变化。本研究为深入了解花香型红碎茶加工过程中香气成分的动态变化规律...     

基于HS-SPME-GC-MS法比较瓢鸡和盐津乌骨鸡不同部位挥发性风味成分

为了研究优质地方鸡种瓢鸡和盐津乌骨鸡不同部位的主体风味成分,以300日龄瓢鸡和盐津乌骨鸡的胸肌和腿肌作为试验对象,利用顶空固相微萃取(HS-SPME)技术提取,采用气相色谱质谱联用(GC-MS)技术分离和鉴定鸡肉中的挥发性物质,结合相对活度值(ROAV)确定主体风味活性物质。结果表明,鸡肉样品中共检出76种挥发性化合物,主要包括醛类、醇类、酮类、酯类、酸类、烃类化合物,不同品种不同部位之间挥发性风味物质的组分和含量存在差异。瓢鸡主体风味物质由2-甲基丁醛、戊醛、己醛、庚醛、辛醛、反-2-辛烯醛、壬醛、1-辛烯-3-醇、辛烷构成;盐津乌骨鸡主体风味物质主要由2-甲基丁醛、己醛、壬醛、1-辛烯-3-醇构成。主体风味物质对不同部位不同品种鸡肉样品的贡献程度不同,其中醛类化合物对鸡肉的整体风味贡献最大。本研究结果为瓢鸡和盐津乌骨鸡的风味特性研究和开发利用提供了理论依据。     

“延庆国光苹果”挥发性香气成分特征研究

以北京、甘肃、河北和辽宁产区的国光苹果为主要研究对象,采用顶空固相微萃取(HS-SPME)和气相色谱-质谱(GC-MS)联用的分析方法,对不同产区的苹果样品进行了挥发性香气成分分析,并运用主成分分析挖掘数据。在苹果样品中共检测到60种挥发性香气成分,包括酯类物质26种、醇类物质18种、醛类物质8种、萜烯类及C13降异戊二烯类3种、酸类1种、其他类4种。醇类、酯类和醛类香气是苹果中的主要香气组成部分,其中醇类物质含量最高。以香气数据为判别变量,通过主成分分析法对苹果品种和产地进行识别,结果表明,前3个主成分分别解释了总方差的46.9%、9.4%和12.0%,共73.0%的方差,能够概括样本中的大部分信息。其中,对主成分1起主要影响的化合物为乙酸丙酯、2-甲基丁酸甲酯、2-甲基丁酸乙酯、1-戊醇、1-辛醇、1-羟甲基-2-甲基-1-环己烷。对主成分2起主要影响的化合物为1-丁醇、6-甲基-5-庚烯-2-酮、6-甲基-5-庚烯基-2-醇、2-亚甲基环己烷乙醇,对主成分3起主要影响的化合物为2-甲基丁酸、乙酸己酯。产地识别结果表明,北京市延庆区、辽宁省大连市瓦房店市、甘肃省白银市产区国光苹果能够得到较好的区分,其中北京市延庆区张山营镇、刘斌堡镇和旧县镇白羊峪产区的国光苹果被分为一类,河北省张家口市怀来县产区和北京市延庆区张山营镇的国光苹果距离较为接近,具有较高的相似性。     

全二维气相色谱-飞行时间质谱法分析肉味香精挥发性风味成分

为明确肉味香精的风味组成和特征风味成分,并为其品质评价及掺伪鉴别提供信息,采用固相微萃取结合全二维气相色谱-飞行时间质谱分析肉味香精的中的顶空挥发性成分。结果表明,最适的萃取条件为:用50/30μm CAR/PDMS/DVB萃取头,在60℃温度下萃取30 min。此条件下萃取该肉味香精中的挥发性成分,共有167个化合物通过全二维气相色谱-飞行时间质谱分析得到鉴定,分别为酯类20种,醇类32种,酮类25种,醚类8种,醛类32种,杂环类26种,烃类24种,其中对肉味香精风味贡献较大的是醛类、杂环类物质及各类物质中的含硫化合物,它们是形成该肉味香精特征风味的主要成分。此外,全二维气相色谱-飞行时间质谱法具有的高分辨率、高灵敏度和高峰容量的特性,使分离鉴定肉味香精这类复杂食品基质样品的风味成分、深入表征其风味特征成为可能。本研究为肉味香精及同类产品的挥发性成分的研究、品质及安全性评价等提供了研究方法和科学依据。     

烹饪方式对安岳坛子肉风味的影响

为了解四川安岳坛子肉的特征风味及烹饪方式对其特征风味的影响,采用电子鼻、电子舌及气质联用仪研究不同烹饪方式(蒸制和烤制)对坛子肉风味物质组成及其含量的影响。结果表明,烤制坛子肉与生制坛子肉、蒸制坛子肉与生制坛子肉、烤制坛子肉与蒸制坛子肉的判别因子分析聚类差异极显著(P <0.01)。2种烹饪方式得到的熟制坛子肉的风味化合物主要包括醇类、醛类、酯类、酮类、醚类、含硫化合物和杂环化合物七大类。烤制形成的风味物质种类高达101种,常温蒸制61种,此外,异戊醇、乙醛、丁酸丁酯、乙酸乙酯、正己酸乙酯、吡啶、呋喃和丙酮构成蒸制坛子肉的特征风味,己醛、丁酸丁酯、正己酸乙酯和4-羟基-4-甲基-2-戊酮构成烤制坛子肉的特征风味。本研究结果为坛子肉即食食品的精深加工提供了理论依据。     

不同鲜食甜糯玉米挥发性风味物质主成分分析

为了分析不同品种鲜食甜糯玉米的主要挥发性风味物质之间的差异,探讨利用仪器分析和统计学方法区分不同品种的鲜食甜糯玉米的可能性,采用顶空-固相微萃取-气相色谱-质谱联用技术,建立不同品种鲜食甜糯玉米挥发性风味成分的快速检测方法,结合多元统计分析软件SPSS和SIMCA,对不同品种鲜食甜糯玉米挥发性风味成分进行了主成分分析。结果表明,不同品种的鲜食甜糯玉米均含有独特的挥发性风味物质组合,渝糯7号主要挥发性风味成分是十七烷、十六烷、2-己基-1-癸醇、3-甲基-呋喃、1-戊醇;渝糯9号主要挥发性风味成分是叶醇、庚醛、2,3-二氢苯并呋喃、3-甲基-2-丁烯醛、2-甲基-3-辛酮;渝糯930号主要挥发性风味成分是甲基庚烯酮、2,6,11-三甲基十二烷、2-(十八氧基)乙醇;粤甜16号主要挥发性风味成分是金合欢醇、雪松醇、辛酸。这些挥发性风味成分的差异在一定程度上反映了不同品种鲜食甜糯玉米之间的风味型差异,为选育更受市场欢迎的鲜食甜糯玉米品种提供了理论依据。     

牡蛎体液风味物质的GC-MS分析

用电子鼻和顶空固相微萃取气质联用法(HS-SPME-GC-MS)对不同加热温度的牡蛎体液风味物质进行分析,以探讨牡蛎体液挥发性成分与加工温度的关系.结果显示,电子鼻能够灵敏地检测到牡蛎体液在加热过程中气味的变化,新鲜牡蛎体液在加热到100℃和150℃时气味发生明显变化,利用GC-MS鉴定出体液中挥发性化合物主要有醛类、烃类、醇类、酮类、酯类和呋喃类等,它们的协同作用构成了牡蛎体液的特征风味;新鲜牡蛎体液以清新的果香为主(丙酸戊酯、D-丁香醛),略带肉香(反-4-癸烯醛),主要挥发性成分是醛类和酯类;100℃处理的牡蛎体液产生浓郁的花香和果香味(1-苯基-1,2-丙二酮、2-甲基-1-丁醇),肉香和焦香味增强(2-乙基呋喃、反-2-(2-戊烯基)呋喃),主要挥发性成分是酮类和呋喃类;150℃处理的牡蛎体液以浓郁的焦香和甜香为主(环己基丙酸甲酯、1-(2-呋喃)-1-丙酮),主要挥发性成分是酯类和杂环化合物.经不同温度处理的牡蛎体液可以弥补焙烤牡蛎风味的不足,掩盖一些不愉快的气味.     

施用有机肥对番茄品质风味的影响

番茄的品质和风味是决定番茄口感的重要因素。以不施肥作为对照,在等氮投入条件下,分别以普通有机肥、沼渣及精制有机肥(中量)作为供试肥料,研究了有机肥对番茄品质和风味的影响,其中精制有机肥共设置了3个施肥水平(分别为19、38和57 t/hm~2的低、中和高量)。结果表明:施用有机肥后番茄产量增加了4.8%~14.4%,其中中量精制有机肥增产效果最好。施用有机肥尤其是中量精制有机肥可以显著增加番茄可溶性固形物、还原型维生素C、可溶性总糖等含量。番茄风味化合物主要以醛酮类、醇类及烷类为主。施用有机肥可以显著增加风味化合物的种类和数量,尤其是中量精制有机肥的施用,显著增加了番茄中醛酮类、酯类、酰肼、羟胺、有机酸等化合物。就番茄产量和品质而言,施用中量(38 t/hm~2)精制有机肥是最佳施肥方案。     

电子鼻结合HS-SPME-GC-MS分析辐照对甲鱼预制菜挥发性风味成分的影响

为了探究辐照对甲鱼预制菜挥发性风味成分的影响,采用0、4.7、7.1、9.9 kGy剂量⁶⁰Co-γ射线辐照处理甲鱼预制菜,通过感官评定并利用电子鼻结合顶空固相微萃取-气相色谱-质谱联用技术(HS-SPME-GC-MS)分析辐照前后挥发性风味成分的变化。结果表明,5 kGy以内剂量辐照对甲鱼预制菜的感官品质无明显影响,高于5 kGy会影响其气味和滋味,进而可能产生异味。辐照对甲鱼预制菜特征气味引起的差异主要表现在传感器响应值较高的芳香成分和有机硫化物、氮氧化合物、甲烷、醇类和醛酮类物质,利用主成分分析(PCA)和线性判别分析(LDA)能够有效区分经不同剂量辐照处理的甲鱼预制菜。4.7 kGy组与对照组气味差异较小,7.1、9.9 kGy组与对照组差异相对较大。不同剂量辐照后甲鱼预制菜挥发性成分的种类增加,醛类、酸类相对含量降低,烃类、芳香族类、酮类、酯类相对含量升高,醇类、含氮含硫及杂环类相对含量先降低后升高。相对气味活度值(ROAV)分析结果表明,壬醛、癸醛、辛醛、己醛、庚醛、1-辛烯-3-醇和2-戊基呋喃是甲鱼预制菜的关键风味成分,苯甲醛、苯乙醛、(E,E)-2, 4-癸二烯醛对其风味具有重要修饰作用。辐照后辛醛、己醛、1-辛烯-3-醇对甲鱼预制菜总体风味的贡献率降低,庚醛、2-戊基呋喃的贡献率先降低后增加,苯乙醛的贡献率增加并成为关键风味成分。因此,建议采用不超过5 kGy剂量的⁶⁰Co-γ射线辐照处理甲鱼预制菜,在杀菌的同时最大限度保持其原有风味。本研究结果为辐照技术在甲鱼预制菜杀菌保鲜中的应用提供了科学依据。     

Influence of sulfur amino acids on the volatile and nonvolatile components of cooked salmon (Salmo salar)

Volatile and nonvolatile compounds, which could contribute to flavor, were analyzed in salmon. One hundred twenty-three volatile compounds were identified in the headspace of two different samples of cooked salmon, including lipid-derived volatiles, Maillard-derived volatiles, sulfur volatiles, Strecker aldehydes, nitrogen heterocyclic compounds, terpenes, and trimethylamine. Significant differences between samples were found for 104 of the volatiles. Although the levels of free cysteine and methionine were low in the salmon, sulfur volatiles were formed in the cooked fish, demonstrating that there were sufficient sulfur amino acids present for their formation. Notable differences in sulfur compounds between the samples suggested that small changes in sulfur amino acids could be responsible. When this hypothesis was tested, salmon heated with cysteine had increased levels of many thiophenes, thiazoles, alicyclic sulfides, and nitrogen heterocycles. With the addition of methionine, levels of dimethyl sulfides, two alicyclic sulfides, pyrazines, some unsaturated aldehydes, and alcohols and 2-furanmethanethiol increased. The largest difference found among the nonvolatile (low molecular weight water-soluble) compounds was in inosine monophosphate.     

Volatile Compounds in Five Starches

Volatile compounds in commercial wheat, corn, potato, waxy corn, and tapioca starches and in laboratory‐prepared wheat, corn, and potato starches were collected, separated, and identified by a purge and trap concentrator (P&T) interfaced to a gas chromatograph (GC) equipped with a Fourier transform infrared detector (FTIRD) and a mass selective detector (MSD). Hexanal was the most abundant compound in the corn and potato starches and in the laboratory‐prepared wheat starch as determined by total ion chromatogram (TIC) peak areas. Hexanal was the third most abundant compound in commercial wheat starch after 2‐ethyl‐1‐hexanol and benzaldehyde. Among the volatile organics, the level of aldehydes was the highest, followed by alcohols, ketones, benzenes, esters, and terpenes. Specific compounds identified, the majority of which appear to be degradation products of lipid peroxidation, include hexanal, heptanal, octanal, nonanal, decanal, benzaldehyde, 2‐propanone, 2‐propanol, 1‐butanol, 2‐ethyl‐1‐hexanol, methylbenzene, and tetradecane. Waxy corn starch, which released a substantially higher level of total volatiles than all other starches, contained large amounts of pentyl, 2‐methyl‐1‐butyl, benzyl, and isobornyl acetates; and citronella and 1,8‐cineole. Tapioca starch contained few volatiles but did contain an increased level of 2‐propanol. No alcohols occurred in the commercial corn starch. Terpene compounds were detected only in commercial potato, waxy corn, and tapioca starches. Many volatiles detected in wheat and corn starches also were detected in the kernels of their commercial samples.     

Flavor Aspects of Pulse Ingredients

Pulses (Fabaceae) have regained interest for their high protein level. However, food application of pulses and pulse ingredients is hampered by several issues around their off‐flavor. Off‐flavors in pulses are partially inherent and partially produced during harvesting, processing, and storage. Generally, volatile off‐flavor compounds in pulses belong to the categories of aldehydes, alcohols, ketones, acids, pyrazines, sulfur compounds, and others, and off‐taste is strongly correlated to the presence of saponins, phenolic compounds, and sometimes alkaloids. No systematic studies have been performed on the identification of the off‐flavor compounds present in pulses in relation to their contribution to the overall perception of the pulses. This review article aims to provide a concise overview highlighting the most important aspects of the knowledge available on the off‐flavor compounds present in various pulses, their possible origins, and the technologies available to prevent, reduce, or mask these off‐flavor compounds. Rather than attempting to make a full inventory of the literature in the field, this paper addresses the most relevant topics referring to a selected set of relevant papers on each topic to substantiate the observations and conclusions that may guide the reader toward additional literature.     

鱼粉加工压榨液经酶解发酵后的风味变化

为实现鱼粉加工副产物的高值化利用,本研究对鱼粉加工压榨液经酶解发酵后的挥发性风味及游离氨基酸含量进行了分析。结果表明,鱼粉加工压榨液经酶解发酵后,其滋味成分、游离氨基酸含量、呈味强度和呈鲜能力明显增加,且其牛磺酸含量高达0.263 g·100mL^-1,远高于市售鱼露。挥发性风味分析表明,酶解和发酵显著改善了鱼粉加工压榨液的风味,其醛醇类化合物、吡嗪类以及含硫类化合物含量均有所增加,酮类物质含量下降,其风味与市售鱼露相当。本研究为鱼粉加工压榨液或其他水产品下脚料的综合利用提供了有效手段。     

Volatile and color composition of young and model-aged Shiraz wines as affected by diammonium phosphate supplementation before alcoholic fermentation

A Shiraz must with low yeast assimilable nitrogen (YAN) was supplemented with two concentrations of diammonium phosphate (DAP) and then fermented with maceration on grape skins. The nonvolatile, volatile, and color composition of the final wines were investigated. Ethanol and residual sugars were not affected by DAP supplementation, while glycerol, SO 2, and residual YAN increased and acetic acid decreased. DAP-supplemented treatments gave rise to higher concentrations of acetates, fatty acids, and fatty acid ethyl esters but lower concentrations of branched-chain fatty acids and their ethyl esters. No major difference between treatments was observed for higher alcohols, monoterpenes, norisoprenoids, and low-molecular-weight sulfur compounds. DAP-supplemented fermentations resulted in wines with higher concentrations of malvidin-3-glucoside, higher color intensity, and altered color tonality. Model aging studies indicated that higher concentrations of esters are still present in wines from the DAP-treated fermentations after aging. DAP supplementation also resulted in increased concentrations of dimethyl sulfide after model aging. It can be concluded that DAP treatment of a low YAN must fermented by maceration on skins can significantly affect wine color, aroma, and flavor.     

Flavor Volatiles of Rice During Cooking Analyzed by Modified Headspace SPME/GC‐MS

The flavor volatiles in three Japanese rice cultivars, Nihonbare, Koshihikari, and Akitakomachi, during cooking were directly extracted by using a modified headspace solid‐phase microextraction (SPME) method and analyzed by gas chromatography‐mass spectrometry (GC‐MS). A total of 46 components were identified, including aldehydes, ketones, alcohols, and heterocyclic compounds, as well as fatty acids and esters, phenolic compounds, hydrocarbons, etc. The amount of key odorant compounds increased with cooking, while the amount of low‐boiling volatiles decreased. The similarities and differences of the three rice cultivars were determined through a comparison of their volatile components. Nihonbare was characterized by a higher amount of indole but an absence of the chemical class of fatty acid esters. In contrast, both Koshihikari and Akitakomachi had a higher amount of 4‐vinylphenol and an abundance of those esters. Koshihikari and Akitakomachi were quite similar in regard to those flavor volatiles. Furthermore, the observations in the research may suggest that the volatile components at cooking stage (I) were the representatives of the flavor volatiles of uncooked rice, while the volatile constituents at cooking stage (IV) were the representatives of the flavor volatiles of cooked rice.