中瑞保水剂及其对土壤与作物的效应

中瑞保水剂（ＰＡＭＮ－ＬＣ）对无离子水的吸水能力为６７．５ｍｌ／ｇ,且随着产品配方和生产工艺的改进,其吸水性能有着不断提高的趋势。试验结果表明,中瑞保水剂（ＰＡＭＮ－ＬＣ）吸水总量的７８．４２％为有效水,无效水所占比例只有２１．５８％;随着保水剂施用量的增加,土壤的持水能力也明显增加;施用中瑞保水剂ＰＡＭＮ－ＪＣＮ对提高冬小麦出苗率有明显的效果,当土壤含水率介于１２．１％～１６．８％之间时,用保水剂拌种可使冬小麦提早１～３ｄ出苗,出苗增加２５％～３１．７％;沟施保水剂可使出苗率增加３．３％～８．３％;施用中瑞保水剂ＰＡＭＮ－ＬＣ,其在苗期的主要作用是促进根系发育、增大根冠比,拔节以后则转为促进地上部发育。另外,施用中瑞保水剂有利于保持冬小麦叶片较长时间地处于展开状态,根系的颜色也比较深,多呈浅褐色。     

中瑞保水剂及其对土壤与作物的效应

中瑞保水剂 ( PAMN-LC)对无离子水的吸水能力为 67.5ml/g,且随着产品配方和生产工艺的改进 ,其吸水性能有着不断提高的趋势。试验结果表明 ,中瑞保水剂 ( PAMN-LC)吸水总量的 78.4 2 %为有效水 ,无效水所占比例只有 2 1 .58% ;随着保水剂施用量的增加 ,土壤的持水能力也明显增加 ;施用中瑞保水剂PAMN-JCN对提高冬小麦出苗率有明显的效果 ,当土壤含水率介于 1 2 .1 %～ 1 6.8%之间时 ,用保水剂拌种可使冬小麦提早 1～ 3d出苗 ,出苗增加 2 5%～ 31 .7% ;沟施保水剂可使出苗率增加 3.3%～ 8.3% ;施用中瑞保水剂 PAMN-LC,其在苗期的主要作用是促进根系发育、增大根冠比 ,拔节以后则转为促进地上部发育。另外 ,施用中瑞保水剂有利于保持冬小麦叶片较长时间地处于展开状态 ,根系的颜色也比较深 ,多呈浅褐色。     

几种化学制剂在作物育苗中的应用效果

在黔中喀斯特地区应用几种化学制剂进行了育苗技术试验研究。试验结果表明：使用0．5％浓度A型树脂(保水剂)和1％浓度B型农林专用树脂，可使番茄有较高的出苗率和成苗率，其长势也是这两种浓度较好。保水剂(A型)、复硝钾、旱地龙对生菜的成苗率和长势有明显的促进作用，以保水剂的效果最好。旱地龙、保水剂、钙赤合剂对玉米的成苗和长势有明显的促进作用，旱地龙和保水剂的作用相当。对茄子和辣椒而言，育苗的效果都是旱地龙好于保水剂和钙赤合剂。因而在育苗中应根据不同的作物选用不同的化学制剂，以取得育苗的最佳效果。     

太阳能猪舍—沼气池联合装置研究

本文详细论述了太阳能猪舍－沼气池联合装置的结构，建造方法以及在冬季采暖期间的应用结果，该联合装置在冬季可使舍内气温和池温分别提高10－15.6℃和0．4－5．2℃；可使育肥猪日增重提高0．28kg;可使猪日增重提高0．1kg；可使繁仔成活率达到100％，可使沼气池日产气量增加1．14m^3。装置的投资回收期为0．63年。     

保水剂对春玉米注水播种条件下土壤水分及生长发育的影响

在民勤绿洲和腾格里沙漠交界地带通过大田试验研究了注水播种后土壤水分扩散规律及春玉米前期生长发育动态。结果表明:施用保水剂可使土壤水分聚集在注水原点,土壤水分横向和纵向水分扩散均较慢,可为种子发芽及苗期生长提供充足的水分及养料。不同保水剂施用量对注水播种后土壤的表层土和1 m深度土的储水量都有较大的影响,保水剂施用量大的处理和保水剂拌种处理保水效果显著,使土壤储水量较播种前增加1.23 mm和2.25 mm。玉米株高、叶面积指数、干物质积累量均以保水剂施用量大的处理和保水剂拌种处理为最高,以对照处理和保水剂施用量少的处理为最低,适当的保水剂施用量可提高注水播种玉米出苗率,减少田间蒸发量,并使玉米在苗期生长旺盛,促进增产,抗旱天数达40 d以上。     

保水剂用量对马铃薯生长和土壤水分的影响

以马铃薯品种"克新1号"为试材,以不施用保水剂为对照,施用不同用量(40、55、70、85 kg/hm~2)保水剂,分析了保水剂用量对马铃薯不同生育时期土壤含水量、形态特征、生理特性及产量、商品率和水分利用效率的影响。结果表明:施用保水剂提高了0~80 cm土层土壤含水量,且随保水剂用量的增加而增加;保水剂用量为55、70 kg/hm~2时可显著降低马铃薯生长期叶片脯氨酸含量的积累且促进叶片叶绿素含量的增加;施用保水剂可促进马铃薯各生育期的株高、株幅、产量、生物量、商品率和水分利用效率,且随着保水剂用量的增加先增增后降低,当保水剂用量为55kg/hm2时,马铃薯产量、商品率、生物量和水分利用效率最高,分别比对照高13.77%、24.63%、13.77%、和18.68%。说明保水剂施用量为55 kg/hm~2时马铃薯生长及节水抗旱效果最佳。     

秸秆覆盖对冬小麦耗水特征及水分生产率的影响

2季冬小麦试验结果表明，秸秆覆盖具有减少土壤棵间无效蒸发的作用，冬小麦返青前1m土层贮水量在砂壤土条件下秸秆覆盖处理比无覆盖处理增加2％－25．8％，粘壤土条件下增加2％－14．5％。返青前秸秆覆盖处理比无覆盖处理的日耗水量普遍小，返青后情况则相反。秸秆覆盖能够促进作物生长，与无覆盖相比，提高水分生产效率4．6％－25．2％。     

赤霉素在蔬菜上的应用

赤霉素又名"九二零",简写为GA,是蔬菜生产中应用较广的植物生长激素。为蔬菜的增产增收起着重要作用。一、促进生长、早熟、增产许多绿叶蔬菜用赤霉素处理后能加速生长,增加产量。芹菜、雪里获用（2．0～2．5）X10－'液在收获前20天喷叶,可使叶数增多,叶柄增粗,提早15～20天收获,增产10％一40％。菠菜、养菜、南蒿、韭菜、高艺等用（1．5～2．0）X10－'液喷叶,增产效果也很显著。对于蘑菇等食用菌,在其原基形成时,用4．OX10一胶将料块浸一下可促进子实体增大。菜用大豆、矮生菜豆,用（2．0～5．0）X10－'液喷洒,可促进早熟和…     

新型液体保水剂对冬小麦生长及产量的影响

【目的】阐明新型液体保水剂对冬小麦生长及产量的影响。【方法】采用大田完全随机试验设计方法,设置添加固体保水剂(K1)和新型液体保水剂(K2)处理,以不施用保水剂(CK)为对照,研究了不同用量保水剂(C1:30 kg/hm~2、C2:60 kg/hm~2、C3:90 kg/hm~2)对冬小麦株高、叶面积指数及产量的影响。【结果】(1)保水剂不但提高了各生育期的土壤含水率,还促进了冬小麦的生长,拔节期K2处理冬小麦株高均值分别比CK和K1处理高13.6%和2.6%。(2)冬小麦生育期前195 d,K1C1和K1C2处理叶面积指数显著高于K1C3处理,K2处理叶面积指数随施用量的增加而增加;200 d后,K2C1和K2C2处理叶面积指数显著高于其他处理。(3)K2处理成穗数分别比CK和K1处理高8.7%和14.6%,K2处理产量均值为11 973.2 kg/hm~2,分别比CK和K1处理高22.3%和13.6%,并且当K2处理施用量为60 kg/hm~2时,产量达到最大值12 818.2 kg/hm~2。【结论】K2处理对冬小麦生长和增产的效果明显,且用量为60 kg/hm~2时效果最佳。     

水稻生产主要环节机械化的科学选择

水稻是我国种植面积最大、单产最高、总产最多的粮食作物。2004年，我国水稻播种面积约为4．33亿亩（0．866亿hm^2），比上年增长8％左右，占全国粮食种植面积的28．3％。2004年全国水稻产量预计为1．8亿t，较上年增加11％，占全国粮食总产量的38．3％。因此重视发展水稻生产，提高水稻产量和质量，是保障我国粮食安全生产的长期战略目标。但目前我国水稻生产作业手段落后，迫切需要提高水稻生产机械化水平。     

黄淮海平原播前土壤水分对冬小麦产量的影响

通过2个生长季的田间试验,研究了黄淮海平原播前土壤水分对冬小麦生长发育、籽粒产量及水分利用的影响。结果表明,在播前不灌水条件下,越冬期或返青期灌水都可以获得较高的籽粒产量和水分利用效率,表明播前土壤贮存的水分可以满足冬小麦返青以前对水分的需求。在播前储水灌溉条件下,越冬期不需要灌溉,返青期是适宜的灌水时间;在拔节期或灌浆期灌水都会降低冬小麦的产量和水分利用效率。     

不同水肥措施下的冬小麦水氮利用和生物效应研究

【目的】寻找合适的冬小麦水肥方案。【方法】采用田间试验方法,在传统畦灌和水肥一体化微喷灌下分别设置不同施氮肥处理,研究了小麦干物质积累、产量、水氮利用和土壤贮水量。【结果】与传统畦灌比,微喷灌各处理灌水量减少50%,干物质积累量、产量、氮肥生产效率、水分利用效率分别增加28.2%～41.1%、0.2%～27.3%、0.8%～76.6%和23.3%～61.7%。其中传统畦灌下,推荐施氮肥与不施氮肥、农民习惯施氮肥和推荐施氮肥减氮20%处理比较,小麦干物质积累量、产量、氮肥生产效率、水分利用效率分别增加4.0%～11.4%、1.8%～26.9%、32.1%～75.3%、0.8%～28.2%。微喷灌下,与推荐施氮肥比,推荐施氮肥减氮20%的小麦干物质积累量、产量、氮肥生产效率、水分利用效率分别提高6.4%、4.5%、0.8%、2.3%。【结论】综合比较,水肥一体化微喷灌下推荐施氮肥减氮20%表现最优,提高冬小麦水氮利用效率,稳定产量,是节水减肥可推荐的有效途径。     

Yield and water use efficiency of wheat and cotton under alternate furrow and check-basin irrigation with canal and tube well water in Punjab, India

A 4-year field experiment was conducted in a semi-arid area to evaluate the response of each furrow and alternate furrow irrigation in wheat-cotton system using irrigation waters of different qualities in a calcareous soil. Irrigation was applied to each and alternate furrow of bed-planted wheat followed by ridge-planted cotton for comparison with standard check-basin method of irrigation to both the crops. These methods of irrigation were evaluated under three water qualities namely good quality canal water (CW), poor quality tube well water (TW) and pre-sowing irrigation to each crop with CW and all subsequent irrigations with TW (CWpsi + TW). The pooled results over 4 years revealed that wheat grain yield was not affected significantly with quality of irrigation water, but significant yield reduction was observed in alternate bed irrigation under canal water and tube well water irrigations. In cotton, poor quality tube well water significantly reduced the seed cotton yield in all the three methods of planting. The pre-sowing irrigation with canal water and all subsequent irrigations with tube well water improved the seed cotton yield when compared with tube well water alone. However, this yield increase was significant only in alternate furrow irrigation, and the yield obtained was on a par with yield under alternate furrow in CW. When compared to check-basin irrigation, each furrow and alternate furrow irrigation resulted in a saving of 30 and 49% of irrigation water in bed-planted wheat, whereas the corresponding savings in ridge-planted cotton were 20 and 42%, respectively. Reduced use of irrigation water under alternate furrow, without any significant reduction in yield, resulted in 28.1, 23.9 and 43.2% higher water use efficiency in wheat under CW, TW and CWpsi + TW, respectively. The corresponding increase under cotton was 8.2, 2.1 and 19.5%. The implementation of alternate furrow irrigation improved the water use efficiency without any loss in yield, thus reduced use of irrigation water especially under poor quality irrigation water with pre-sowing irrigation with canal water reduced the deteriorating effects on yield and soil under these calcareous soils.     

夏闲覆盖和种植方式对黄土旱塬小麦产量及土壤水分的影响

【目的】充分利用夏闲期降水,提高旱地麦田土壤蓄水保墒能力,增产增收。【方法】通过3 a田间试验,研究了夏闲期秸秆残膜二元覆盖+垄膜沟播(JCLG)、夏闲期黑网膜覆盖+露地条播(HWLT)与夏闲期秸秆覆盖+露地条播(JLT)3种栽培措施对黄土旱塬冬小麦土壤水分及产量的影响。【结果】JCLG处理可显著提高小麦产量、生物量、降水生产效率,较JLT处理分别提高9.5%～35.1%,13.2%～42.2%,8.8%～35.6%。同时JCLG处理具有良好的休闲期蓄水效率,较JLT处理平均提高29.5%,平水年二者差异显著。HWLT处理也具有良好的水分休闲效率和增产效果,较JLT处理平均提高22.5%和18%。播前2 m土壤贮水量和耗水量、产量、生物量均呈极显著相关关系,一定程度上根据播前土壤贮水量来预测当地冬小麦产量。【结论】JCLG处理和HWLT处理2种覆盖种植方式均适宜在黄土旱塬乃至我国旱地麦区推广应用,且以夏闲期秸秆残膜二元覆盖+垄膜沟播(JCLG)方式效果更佳。     

Effect of improved cultural practices on crop yield and soil salinity under relatively saline groundwater applications

The salinity in the root zone increases with the application of relatively saline groundwater. Therefore, a limited water supply coupled with high pumping cost and salinity hazards, makes it more important than ever that irrigation water be used efficiently and judiciously. In the present study, farmer's practices of irrigation application methods (Field 1) were compared with the water saving techniques (Field 2) for crop yield and salinization for two years with maize–wheat–dhanicha cropping pattern. For maize crop, regular furrow method of irrigation was used in Field 1 and alternate furrow method of irrigation was used in Field 2. For wheat experiments, basin irrigation method of water application was compared with bed and furrow method. For dhanicha, basin irrigation was applied in both the fields. The results showed that about 36% water was saved by applying irrigation water in alternate furrows in each season without compromising the maize crop yield. The salt accumulation in root zone in alternate furrow field was less than that in regular furrow field. The salinity level near the surface increased substantially in both the fields. The water saving in wheat crop under bed and furrow was 9–12% in both seasons. The salinization process in both fields during wheat crop was almost same except redistribution of salts throughout the root zone in basin field of wheat. The salinity developed in root zone during two major growing seasons was leached in monsoon.     

蓄灌及盖秸对晚播冬小麦增产节水效应的研究

为在水、土资源紧张的条件下，确保比适播期推迟１５～２０天播种的晚播冬小麦获得高产，于１９９１～１９９３年在本站进行了对比试验，对晚播冬小麦采用常规灌溉、播前蓄灌及播前蓄灌加冬前盖秸的处理方法，与适播麦常规灌溉的产量、耗水量及其它农艺性状相比较，结果表明：晚播冬小麦采用播前蓄灌的措施，有明显的增产、节水效果，冬前盖秸并播前蓄灌的增产效果更显著，可获得与适播麦相当的６０００ｋｇ／ｈａ以上的产量，且节水１～２次，还可大大提高晚播冬小麦的水分生产率     

Conjunctive use of saline and non-saline irrigation waters in semi-arid regions

In arid and semi-arid regions, effluent from sub-surface drainage systems is often saline and during the dry season its disposal poses an environmental problem. A field experiment was conducted from 1989 to 1992 using saline drainage water (EC=10.5–15.0 dS/m) together with fresh canal water (EC=0.4 dS/m) for irrigation during the dry winter season. The aim was to find if crop production would still be feasible and soil salinity would not be increased unacceptably by this practice. The experimental crops were a winter crop, wheat, and pearl-millet and sorghum, the rainy season crops, grown on a sandy loam soil. All crops were given a pre-plant irrigation with fresh canal water. Subsequently, the wheat crop was irrigated four times with different sequences of saline drainage water and canal water. The rainy season crops received no further irrigation as they were rainfed. Taking the wheat yield obtained with fresh canal water as the potential value (100%), the mean relative yield of wheat irrigated with only saline drainage water was 74%. Substitution of canal water at first post-plant irrigation and applying thereafter only saline drainage water, increased the yield to 84%. Cyclic irrigations with canal and drainage water in different treatments resulted in yields of 88% to 94% of the potential. Pearl-millet and sorghum yields decreased significantly where 3 or 4 post-plant irrigations were applied with saline drainage water to previous wheat crop, but cyclic irrigations did not cause yield reduction. The high salinity and sodicity of the drainage water increased the soil salinity and sodicity in the soil profile during the winter season, but these hazards were eliminated by the sub-surface drainage system during the ensuing monsoon periods. The results obtained provide a promising option for the use of poor quality drainage water in conjunction with fresh canal water without undue yield reduction and soil degradation. This will save the scarce canal water, reduce the drainage water disposal needs and associated environmental problems.     

不同灌水处理对冬小麦生长及水分利用效率的影响

1998～ 1 999年在山东省桓台县进行了冬小麦节水灌溉试验。通过对冬小麦生长动态观测表明 :减少灌水量可以促进冬小麦发育。起身拔节水对冬小麦株高有显著影响。叶面积指数、冠层干物重、根系总量随着灌水量的增加而增加。各处理冬小麦根系总量的 80 %以上分布在 0～ 2 0 cm土层内。随着灌水次数的增加 ,灌水量的增多 ,灌溉水的利用效率逐渐减小。全生育期浇越冬水、起身拔节水、开花水的处理经济产量最高 ,达到 771 6.7kg/hm2 ,水分利用效率最大 ,达到 1 5 .92 kg/(hm2· mm) ,单位水资源量的边际效率也最大 ,达43 .1 2 kg/mm,单次灌水的最大平均产量为 85 1 .65 kg/hm2。     

不同土壤肥力条件下水肥运筹对滴灌冬小麦生长发育与产量品质的影响

为提高冬小麦水肥利用效率,旨在探索滴灌冬小麦最佳水肥运筹模式,为滴灌条件下冬小麦优质高产的水肥高效管理提供科学依据。本研究选择两块不同土壤基础肥力的田块,进行冬小麦不同生育阶段的水氮组合处理对比试验研究,通过对冬小麦生长、产量和品质等指标的测定,分析不同土壤肥力条件、不同水氮运筹方案对滴灌冬小麦产量及品质的影响。结果表明:土壤基础肥力对滴灌冬小麦株高的影响显著,再适当增加返青-拔节期灌水量,对滴灌冬小麦株高有更好的调控效应;增施基肥能提高冬小麦光合产物从而提高冬小麦产量。土壤基础肥力提高对滴灌冬小麦籽粒容重、蛋白质含量、维生素B1、氨基酸含量和吸水率具有负效应。推荐高肥力田滴灌冬小麦水肥运筹方式为W2N2即灌浆期水分调控和氮肥后移的组合方式,低肥力田滴灌冬小麦水肥运筹方式为W1N3即返青-拔节期水肥调控的组合方式为宜。