Role of ascospores and conidia in the initiation and spread of South American leaf blight in a rubber tree plantation

Microcyclus ulei, the fungus causing South American leaf blight (SALB) on rubber tree leaves, produces two main types of spores: ascospores and conidia. To assess their respective epidemiological role, a field experiment was conducted in French Guiana over 3 years. Tree phenology, disease severity and climate variables were recorded while airborne spores were trapped and quantified. Ascospores were shown to play an essential role in the perpetuation of the disease outside the host's growth periods, in the resumption of epidemics, and in the spread of the disease to disease‐free zones. Conidia were trapped in visibly infected plots only, during periods of host growth. Disseminated over short distances and present only temporarily on leaves, the conidia enabled the disease to spread stepwise when the climate was conducive. Segmentation analysis revealed that the duration of high relative humidity was the climatic variable most related to ascospore trapping. Ascospore release did not require low temperatures. Considering the essential role of the ascospores in the initiation and spread of disease, artificial defoliation as a means of reducing the inoculum pressure during tree refoliation is proposed to control SALB. To check the validity of this method, a survey over several years of natural defoliation–refoliation in relation to climate and other leaf diseases is needed.     

Photosynthetic performance of Hevea brasiliensis affected by South American Leaf Blight under field conditions

South American Leaf Blight (SALB), caused by the fungus Pseudocercospora ulei, is the principal rubber crop disease in Latin America. Several studies have focused on the genetics of resistance and the epidemiology of this disease, but few have analyzed the physiological alterations caused by SALB in Hevea brasiliensis. In addition, changes under field conditions are poorly understood. The present study aimed to analyze changes in gas exchange and chlorophyll a fluorescence traits in leaflets with different leaf stages and SALB severity levels from two H. brasiliensis clones with distinct susceptibility to disease in juvenile plants grown under field conditions (clonal garden). The photosynthetic performance was strongly limited in the high susceptibility clone (FX 3864), mainly in the young leaflets with maximum SALB severity (‘3’ and ‘4’), as compared to the low susceptibility clone (FX 4098). The principal alterations included a reduction in the photosynthetic rate (>?79%), stomatal conductance (>?85%), extrinsic water use efficiency (>?85%), and ability to capture, use and dissipate light energy in photosystem II, as compared to healthy leaflets. The damage was less intense in mature leaflets from both rubber tree clones. The favorable performance observed in clone FX 4098 means it is a potential candidate for commercial scale use under non-SALB escape conditions in the Amazon region.

     

Influence of host resistance and phenology on South American leaf blight of the rubber tree with special consideration of temporal dynamics

South American leaf blight (SALB), the most dangerous disease of the rubber tree, is responsible for the lack of significant natural rubber production in South America and is a major threat to rubber tree plantations in Asia and Africa. Although the selection of resistant clones is the preferred disease control method, greater knowledge is required of the relationship between host and pathogen, in order to construct more durable resistance. Based on small-scale trials, this study set out to compare the dynamics of SALB on two highly susceptible and one moderately susceptible clone and to analyse the effect of host phenology on disease severity, at leaflet and flush scales. Clonal resistance was found to have a noticeable effect on disease severity, asexual sporulation and stromatal density at both leaflet and flush levels, and on disease dynamics at a leaflet level; time for symptom and sporulation appearance were longer on the moderately susceptible clone than on the susceptible clones. On the moderately susceptible clone, the stromatal density was largely dependent on disease severity. The phenology did not differ among the three clones and could not be considered as a factor in genetic resistance to SALB. However, for the three clones, the position of the leaflet in the flush affected the duration of the immature stages and the disease: the shorter the duration of leaflet development, the lower the disease severity, the sporulation intensity and the stromatal density.     

Assessing resistance of rubber tree clones to <Emphasis Type="Italic">Microcyclus ulei</Emphasis> in large-scale clone trials in Ecuador: a less time-consuming field method

Resistance of rubber tree clones to South American Leaf Blight (SALB) caused by the fungus Microcyclus ulei is normally assessed in specific large-scale clone trials, which in general entail a considerable amount of work. Four variables are observed monthly on each tree over many years: disease severity and conidial sporulation intensity on young leaves, and severity and stroma density on mature leaves. In order to simplify this field assessment method, we tested the resistance of eight rubber tree clones to M. ulei in Ecuador in a Fisher block design with four replicates per treatment. Three months after planting, monthly observations were made for a period of 12 months on the foliage focusing on the four variables, in order to quantify disease development. Given the correlations between the four variables, assessment of conidial sporulation intensity on young leaves and stroma density on mature leaves should be sufficient. The most suitable period to start the assessment was 6 months after planting, for a duration of six to nine months. As repeated observations on the same trees were autocorrelated, it was possible to reduce the assessment frequency to once every 2 months. To conclude, assessing the resistance of rubber tree clones to SALB in large-scale clone trials can be optimized to reduce the number of observation times by 50%.     

利用MaxEnt预测橡胶南美叶疫病菌在全球的潜在地理分布

橡胶南美叶疫病菌在美洲地区引起橡胶树严重的落叶病害,是亚太地区国家重要的检疫性有害生物。本文在MaxEnt预测全球范围内气候条件适宜该菌存活区域的基础上,结合寄主分布推测该菌的潜在地理分布。预测结果显示,在54个天然橡胶种植国家或地区中,除了该菌目前分布国家或地区、几内亚比绍和马里,其余33个国家或地区气候适宜值大于10的区域为该菌的潜在地理分布区,加强这些区域的调查监测对保护当地橡胶种植有重要意义。     

Microsatellite loci reveal distinct populations with high diversity for the pathogenic fungus Pseudocercospora ulei from North-Western Amazonia

European Journal of Plant Pathology - South American Leaf Blight (SALB) is caused by the Ascomycota fungus Pseudocercospora ulei. This disease is recognized as the main threat to Hevea brasiliensis...     

关中麦区小麦赤霉病流行分区研究

利用２０余的的气候资料和病情数据,以逐步判别分析法将关中麦区各县（市）划分为三大气候区。长安、户县等１３县（市）为有利病气候区,岐山、凤翔等５县（市）为过渡区,蒲城,富平等８县为不利发病气候区。气候条件对发的有利性在关中盆地自西向东渐次降低。在气候分区的基础上,地下水位与发病率的回归关系,进一步以乡镇为单位划分小麦赤霉病流行区。结果表明,２０３个乡镇为赤霉病严重区,１１１个为中度区,１４３个为轻度     

Fireblight situation in Bulgaria and measures undertaken by the NPPO1

Fireblight disease, caused by Erwinia amylovora was first detected in Bulgaria on quince in the region of Plovdiv in 1989. The disease was initially localized in that area but, during 1995/1997, due to favourable climate conditions, it became epidemic. Infected trees were grubbed out and destroyed. The main hosts are quince and pear (over 40% of affected trees), then apple, medlar and Cotoneaster. Containment measures undertaken by the Bulgarian NPPO are laid down in the Plant Protection Law, in Phytosanitary Regulation no. 1 for phytosanitary control, and in Phytosanitary Regulation no. 5 of 1996 (amended 1997) for containment of fireblight. Phytosanitary control is mainly focused on fruit‐tree nurseries and on the distribution of healthy plants for planting. In 2003, 41 protected zones and 29 protected sectors within infested areas have been established.     

西北地区小麦黄矮病流行分析及人工神经网络模型的构建

对西北地区半干旱气候区小麦黄矮病1992—2009年发生、流行情况进行长期监测、分析,选择制约小麦黄矮病发生、流行的23个因素,利用三层人工神经网络可以逼近任意连续函数,对非线性预测系统进行模拟处理的特点,分析所选预测分子,提出一套完整的建立BP人工神经网络模型的方法,并建立陕西省BP神经网络长期预测模型。对1992—2006年数据进行网络训练,利用2007—2009年数据进行测试。结果表明,以发病率为指标,输出结果误差在0.001~0.034之间;以发病级别作为预测结果,模型计算得出的数值与实际病级完全吻合,准确率为100%。说明利用神经网络建立小麦黄矮病预测模型是可行的。     

Development of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Peronospora parasitica</Emphasis> epidemics on radish as modelled by the effects of water vapour saturation deficit and temperature

Epidemics of Peronospora parasitica are strongly affected by temperature and air moisture, and the interaction of these factors. Because a significant percentage of radish plants are grown in greenhouses, it may be possible to influence epidemics by altering the greenhouse climate. The objective of this study was to test the hypothesis that epidemics of P. parasitica can be modelled by the effects of air temperature and moisture in the greenhouse. Such a model could then be used to analyse greenhouse climate control strategies with regard to managing downy mildew. Five radish crops were grown under greenhouse conditions with set-points for heating and ventilation intended to obtain favourable conditions for disease development during the first part of the growing cycle. Subsequent to this first phase, unfavourable conditions were set until harvest. Disease incidence was measured once a week until the radishes reached marketable size. In addition, experiments were carried out in growth chambers in which inoculated plants were subjected to air temperatures between 8 and 27°C, and disease incidence and sporulation intensity were measured. Data from these two experiments were then used to estimate model parameters. In this model, the interactions of air temperature (T) and water vapour saturation deficit (SD) were adequately described by a multiplicative relationship. The simulated epidemics by the fitted model were highly correlated with the observed epidemics (r = 0.91, R ² = 0.83, n = 29). Parameter estimates indicated that T of ca. 20°C and SD < 0.03 hPa resulted in the highest rates of disease development and that the rate was zero when SD > 2.0 hPa. Both experimental data and simulations showed that epidemics of P. parasitica can be effectively controlled by managing the greenhouse climate.     

酶联法在稻条纹叶枯病流行预测上的应用

应用酶联法检测稻条纹叶枯病的介体昆虫带毒率。以小麦田的一代、单季晚稻秧田的一代和二代介体昆虫灰飞虱的带毒虫量为主要指标,建立叫归预测式,结合当年早春的气候情况和水稻品种的感受性,进行经验分析,作出中长期发病程度的预报,经常熟、昆山、吴县、武进、济宁、无锡等市县病虫测报站的反复验证,理论值与实测值基本相符。     

东北地区玉米气候适宜评价指标的确定与验证

为科学、定量地评价气象条件对玉米生长发育及产量形成的影响,以东北地区为例,利用模糊数学原理,在考虑了玉米生物学特性的基础上,结合农业气象业务服务指标,构建了东北区温度、水分、日照适宜度模型,采用几何平均法计算了玉米气候适宜度。考虑到不同发育期气候条件对玉米产量形成影响程度的客观差异,运用相关系数法设定玉米生育期内各旬对产量的权重,采用加权平均法构建了玉米播种至任意时段的气候适宜指数。利用各时段历史气候适宜指数最大值、平均值、最小值,确定了不同等级的气候适宜评价指标。基于该指标将1993—2011年玉米全生育期气候适宜指数划分为气候适宜、较适宜、较不适宜和不适宜4个等级,并将该指标进行验证。检验结果表明:东北地区玉米气候适宜等级与生育期内气象条件的优劣具有很好的一致性,播种~拔节、播种~乳熟、播种~成熟3个阶段的气候适宜等级与产量增减幅度的相关性十分显著(P≤0.05),且越接近成熟期,相关性越明显;气候适宜等级能够较准确地反映出玉米生育期内气象条件的优劣变化及逐年、典型灾害年产量的实际情况。     

近50年来秦岭南北气候分异研究

全球变化就区域性而言,重点集中在脆弱生态区和自然地理区域的过渡地带,如海岸线、水分条件充足的堤度带及山地.秦岭南北的气候变迁是全球气候研究的重点.研究表明:近50年来,秦岭南北平均气温呈上升趋势,但在突变时间与幅度存在一定的差异.秦岭北部在1989年发生突变,升温幅度为0.03℃/a,夏冬两季升温幅度大;秦岭南部在19...     

四川盆地夏旱多因素综合评估方法探讨

通过对四川盆地夏旱定量评估方法的探索,分析影响干旱程度的主要气象因子,根据它们之间的关系,建立了多因子综合影响的单站和区域干旱定量评估模式,开发了干旱评估业务系统.利用新评估模武建立了单站和区域夏旱程度评估序列,通过新旧评估结果的对比分析,发现新干旱指数与以前评估指数存在较大差异.由于新方法综合考虑了旱期多气候因子对评估影响的结果,新评估结果更符合客观实际,在业务中应用收到良好的效果.     

全球气候暖干化对秦岭南北河流径流泥沙的影响研究

以秦岭南侧汉江和北侧渭河多年的径流泥沙观测资料，分析了全球气候暖干化对秦岭南北径流泥沙的变化。分析指出在80年代后，由于全球气候变化的影响，秦岭南北河流年均径流量均减少，与1935－1980年相比，汉江河流年均径流量减少1.9%，渭河河流年均径流量减少27.4%；同时汉江河流泥沙含量明显减少，但渭河河流泥沙含量呈增加趋势，是汉江河流泥沙含量133倍，表明了秦岭南北两侧在全球气候暖干化表现出明显的区域响应性。     

剑麻抗斑马纹病鉴定技术研究

为了促进形成一套剑麻抗斑马纹病的鉴定技术,本研究对剑麻斑马纹病最适宜接种条件进行了探讨,并利用活体叶片接种和离体叶片接种两种方式,以抗性不同的8个剑麻种质为试验材料,在人工气候箱和恒温室中进行剑麻抗斑马纹病接种试验,并与大田抗病性进行比较.结果表明:针刺法接种,25～30℃保湿培养是该病最适宜的发病条件;两种接种方法都能比较准确地鉴定剑麻种质对斑马纹病的抗病性,而活体叶片接种较离体叶片接种鉴定抗病性更加准确.     

内蒙古阿拉善地区气候区划研究

在 2 0世纪 60年代以来的历次阿拉善地区气候区划工作基础上 ,本文分析了大量气象数据并参照遥感技术对气候、地貌、土壤、植被等分类与分区研究成果 ,认为阿拉善地区具有中温带向暖温带过渡的明显特征 ,其中近一半的地区应属于暖温带。基于常规方法与遥感手段的结合 ,根据植被、土壤、地貌、等景观生态因素与气候相关的综合评定 ,制定了气候分类指标系统 ;采用插值方法 ,得到每个网格点的有关气象要素值 ,编制了气象要素等值线图 ,完成了综合反映下垫面多种要素的阿拉善气候区划方案。     

Development of comparable agro‐climatic zones for the international exchange of data on the efficacy and crop safety of plant protection products1

Data on the efficacy and crop safety of plant protection products can be used for registration purposes in other countries, provided crop growth conditions are comparable. This article identifies the main conditions which are relevant in this respect, with particular emphasis on climatic conditions. Comparison of several systems of agro‐climatic classification developed for the EPPO region, particularly the climate diagrams of Walter & Lieth, the climate classification system of Köppen & Geiger, the agro‐climatic areas of Thran & Broekhuizen and natural vegetation maps, has led to a division of the EPPO region (Europe, Mediterranean area, Middle East) into four agro‐climatic zones (Mediterranean, Maritime, North‐east, Central) within which conditions can be considered comparable.     

基于GIS的东北及邻近地区积雪深度空间化方法

根据近50 a东北及邻近地区122个地面测站逐日积雪深度观测资料,采用REOF方法划分为5个气候区,利用DEM资料建立经度、纬度、海拔高度3个宏观地形因子以及坡度、坡向和开放度3个微观地形因子的数据库,并结合三维二次趋势面方法对研究区域雪深进行GIS模拟。结果表明：宏观地形因子与雪深呈较好的正相关关系,大、小兴安岭是东北地区积雪分布较多区域,大致按山脉走向分布,海拔高、纬度高的地区雪深较大。分区模拟,微观地形因子对积雪深度的影响增大,突出积雪深度分布的局地特征,同时相对误差显著减小。