Annual variation of hematology and plasma chemistry in shortnose sturgeon, Acipenser brevirostrum, during a dam-impeded spawning run

Shortnose sturgeon (Acipenser brevirostrum) spawning migrations on the Cooper River are impeded by Pinopolis Dam, Lake Moultrie, South Carolina. Sturgeon and other species aggregate below the dam in late winter/early spring and are subjected to a variety of stressors stemming from crowding, poor habitat quality, and injuries that appear to be caused by boat propeller or turbine strikes. Spawning has been documented in the tailrace, but reproductive success has not been verified as no juveniles have been captured. Fish within the dam tailrace were captured by gill net during winter, 2005 and 2007–2011, and physiological condition was assessed using a panel of hematologic and biochemical indices. Plasma phosphorus and calcium were significantly higher in females, while PCV and aspartate aminotransferase were significantly higher in males, indicating sex-specific physiological changes triggered during maturity. A marked leucopenia, accompanied by lymphopenia and neutrophilia, was evident in both sexes and was consistent across years, indicating that these fish were under chronic stress. Testosterone and estradiol levels and hematologic and biochemical reference intervals are provided for comparative purposes.     

Physiological responses of pink abalone Haliotis corrugata (Gray, 1828) exposed to different combinations of temperature and salinity

Physiological responses of pink abalone Haliotis corrugata were determined under different temperature and salinity conditions. Oxygen consumption rate was not affected by temperature and salinity. Ammonium excretion of pink abalone was inversely related to salinity. The O:N ratio indicated that abalone maintained in lower salinities had an interval of 4.9–7.7, which is indicative of a protein‐dominated metabolism, whereas the O:N in 35‰ was 28.8–35.5 for both temperatures, suggesting that carbohydrates were used as energy substrate. Haemolymph osmolality of abalone exposed to 20 and 24 °C was slightly hyperiso‐osmoconformic in salinity ranges of 20–35‰. The results of this study suggested that for optimized culture, pink abalone should be cultivated at 24 °C at a salinity of 35‰.     

盐度对俄罗斯鲟幼鱼血清渗透压、离子含量及鳃丝 Na+/K+-ATP 酶活力的影响

研究了急性盐度胁迫对7月龄俄罗斯鲟(Acipenser gueldenstaedtii)幼鱼[体质量(86.1±18)g]鳃丝Na+/K+-ATP酶活力、血清渗透压和血清离子(Na+、K+、Cl-)的影响。结果表明:幼鱼从淡水直接转入盐度15、20、25水中,96h死亡率分别为72.22%、100%、100%,其他组(盐度0、5、10)无死亡。各盐度组96h血清渗透压、Na+、Cl-浓度随盐度升高而增加,且各盐度组显著高于对照组(P0.05),盐度15组最高,盐度5、10组间各指标不存在显著差异(P0.05)。盐度组血清K+离子在48h中较对照组均显著降低(P0.05),96h时有所回升但仍低于对照组,盐度15与盐度5、10相比血清K+离子有显著性差异(P0.05),盐度5、10之间无显著性差异(P0.05)。盐度组鳃丝Na+/K+-ATP酶活力呈先下降后上升变化,48h为最低,与对照组有显著性差异(P0.05),96h时盐度5、10组鳃丝Na+/K+-ATP酶活力与对照组及组间无显著差异(P0.05),盐度15与对照组及盐度5、10均有显著差异(P0.05)。96h幼鱼的等渗点为303.2mOsm·kg-1,相当于盐度10.06,而Na+及Cl-等离子点分别为146.1mmol·L-1和136.8mmol·L-1,分别相当于盐度9.02和8.95。与盐度15组相比,盐度10及其以下处理组各项检测指标变化幅度相对较小,在幼鱼渗透调节范围之内,盐度10中养殖15d后各项指标与淡水组差异较小,因此7月龄俄罗斯鲟幼鱼已具备在盐度10及以下的咸水中生活的能力,但不能耐受高于10的盐度。     

太湖新银鱼对温度、盐度适应能力试验

试验观察热冲击、不同盐度对太湖新银鱼仔鱼成活情况的影响。结果表明,其仔鱼在升温过程中死亡率不断提高,３０５℃时死亡率达４８％,半致死温度为３０５～３３５℃,致死温度为３９５～４２５℃,４２５℃１００％死亡。在温度１２５～４２５℃范围内,银鱼死亡率的温度系数Ｑ１０值为１０００～０１９８,９６ｈ半致死盐度为１２,在盐度８的水中可安全度过９６ｈ。     

狼鳗幼鱼对温度和盐度耐受性的试验研究

通过温度和盐度渐变试验,研究了狼鳗(Anarrhichthys ocellatus )幼鱼的温度和盐度耐受范围.结果表明:狼鳗幼鱼的最佳生长温度为9～16℃,在降温和升温试验中,当温度逐渐低于9℃或者高于16℃后,狼鳗幼鱼逐渐出现不适症状,最低和最高耐受温度分别为0.5℃和24℃.狼鳗幼鱼的最佳盐度范围为20～38,最低和最高耐受盐度分别为6和44.     

Survival, growth, food conversion efficiency and plasma osmolality of juvenile Siganus guttatus (Bloch, 1787): experimental analyses of salinity effects

We studied the effects of salinity on survival, growth, food conversion efficiency and plasma osmolality of juvenile Siganus guttatus in two independent experiments. In the first experiment, fish were transferred from 30 ‰ salinity to freshwater, 5, 10, 20 and 30 ‰ salinities for 192 h. No fish died when transferred directly from 30 ‰ to salinities >5 ‰. However, all fish died in the freshwater treatment. In the second experiment, survival, growth, feeding rate, food conversion efficiency and plasma osmolality of fish were analyzed during 6 weeks in salinities of 5, 10, 20 and 30 ‰ (control). At the end of this experiment, the final weight and the specific growth rate of fish were significantly greater at 10 ‰ than fish in all other treatments. Feeding rate increased significantly with decreasing salinity: 10 ‰ > 20 ‰ > 30 ‰. However, the food conversion efficiency was not significantly different between fish in any treatment. Plasma osmolality of fish in 20 and 30 ‰ salinity was significantly greater than fish reared at 10 or 5 ‰. A salinity of 13.95 ‰ (411.88 mOsmol/kg) was the point of isosmolality for juvenile S. guttatus.     

The effect of temperature on the resting and post-exercise metabolic rates and aerobic metabolic scope in shortnose sturgeon <Emphasis Type="Italic">Acipenser brevirostrum</Emphasis>

The effects of acclimation temperature (15, 20, 25 °C) on routine oxygen consumption and post-exercise maximal oxygen consumption rates (MO₂) were measured in juvenile shortnose sturgeon (Acipenser brevirostrum LeSueur, 1818). The routine MO₂ of shortnose sturgeon increased significantly from 126.75 mg O₂ h^?1 kg^?1 at 15 °C to 253.13 mg O₂ h^?1 kg^?1 at 25 °C. The temperature coefficient (Q ₁₀) values of the routine metabolic rates ranged between 1.61 and 2.46, with the largest Q ₁₀ values occurring between 15 and 20 °C. The average post-exercise MO₂ of all temperature groups increased to a peak value immediately following the exercise, with levels increasing about 2-fold among all temperature groups. The Q ₁₀ values for post-exercise MO₂ ranged from 1.21 to 2.12, with the highest difference occurring between 15 and 20 °C. Post-exercise MO₂ values of shortnose sturgeon in different temperature groups all decreased exponentially and statistically returned to pre-exercise (resting) levels by 30 min at 15 and 20 °C and by 60 min at 25 °C. The aerobic metabolic scope (post-exercise maximal MO₂-routine MO₂) increased to a maximum value ～156 mg O₂ h^?1 kg^?1 at intermediate experimental temperatures (i.e., 20 °C) and then decreased as the temperature increased to 25 °C. However, this trend was not significant. The results suggest that juvenile shortnose sturgeon show flexibility in their ability to adapt to various temperature environments and in their responses to exhaustive exercise.     

盐度对银鲳血清渗透压、过氧化氢酶及鳃离子调节酶活力的影响

将银鲳幼鱼置于盐度14、25、36的海水中96 h,检测不同盐度下银鲳幼鱼血清渗透压、过氧化氢酶(CAT)以及鳃泡膜质子泵(VHA)、Ca² -ATP酶、碳酸酐酶(CA)活力随着时间推移而变化的情况。结果显示,血清渗透压变化和盐度呈正相关,并出现波动变化,变化范围为271～379 mOsm/kg,96 h时各盐度组血清渗透压均有恢复正常的趋势。高盐度(36)和低盐度(14)组CAT活力都显著升高而后逐渐恢复(P<0.05),盐度36组8 h时为各值中的最高点。鳃VHA活力变化:盐度14组先上升后回落,对照组基本保持平稳,盐度36组先下降而后恢复。盐度改变后,Ca² -ATP酶活力都出现显著增强(P<0.05),盐度14组比盐度36组的变化趋势更明显。盐度14和36组CA活力都出现显著增强(P<0.05),其中盐度36组24 h时为最高值。分析实验数据发现,血清渗透压与鳃VHA活力呈极显著负相关,与CA活力在低盐度适应时呈极显著负相关(P<0.01),而盐度14组血清渗透压与Ca² -ATP酶的变化呈基本相反趋势。结果表明,银鲳幼鱼在适应不同盐度时,血清渗透压会伴随盐度升降而改变,并激活CAT,而鳃VHA、Ca² -ATP酶、CA在渗透压调节过程中有重要作用。     

Effect of salinity on growth,survival, and serum osmolality of red snapper,Lutjanus campechanus

Fish Physiology and Biochemistry - Three trials were conducted to evaluate the performances of red snapper, Lutjanus campechanus, in low salinities. The median lethal concentration (96&nbsp;h...     

The effects of temperature on the physiological response to low oxygen in Atlantic sturgeon

Atlantic sturgeon (Acipenser oxyrhynchus), which are bottom dwelling and migratory fish, experience environmental hypoxia in their natural environment. Atlantic sturgeon, acclimated to either 5 or 15°C, were subjected to a 1 h severe (<10 mm Hg) hypoxia challenge in order to document their physiological responses. We measured hematological parameters, including O₂ transport (hemoglobin, hematocrit), ionic (chloride, osmolality), and metabolic (glucose, lactate) variables under normoxic conditions (~160 mm Hg), immediately following a 1 h exposure to hypoxic water, and following a further 2 h of recovery from this challenge in normoxic water. In a second experiment, we assessed the opercular beat frequency before, during, and after hypoxic exposure. Hemoglobin concentrations and hematocrit were significantly different between fish held at 5°C vs. 15°C and also significantly different between normoxia prior to hypoxia and following recovery. Plasma lactate concentrations increased following hypoxia at both temperatures, indicative of an increase in anaerobic metabolism. In contrast, a significant increase in plasma glucose concentrations in response to hypoxia only occurred at 5°C, suggesting different fuel demands under different temperatures. Changes in opercular beat frequency (OBF) were dependent on temperature. At 5°C, OBF increased upon exposure to hypoxia, but returned to pre-exposure levels within 35 min for the remainder of the experiment. During hypoxia at 15°C, OBF increased very briefly, but then rapidly (within 20 min) decreased to levels below control values. Following a return to normoxia, OBF quickly increased to control levels. Overall, these findings suggest that Atlantic sturgeons are relatively tolerant to short-term and severe hypoxic stress, and the strategies for hypoxia tolerance may be temperature dependent.     

温度和盐度急性胁迫对岩牡蛎存活及免疫指标的影响

为探究岩牡蛎(Crassostreanippona)对不同温度和盐度急性变化的适应性,本研究通过将岩牡蛎从暂养环境(27℃,盐度32)直接转移至5个温度梯度(15℃、19℃、23℃、31℃、35℃)和6个盐度梯度(16、20、24、28、36、40),研究了急性胁迫对岩牡蛎超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)、碱性磷酸酶(AKP)、溶菌酶(LSZ)活性、丙二醛(MDA)含量及存活的影响。温度实验结果显示,15～31℃组岩牡蛎存活率均高于71.11%,35℃组存活率最低(34.44%),而15℃组免疫指标活性均受到明显抑制, MDA含量在144 h时达到最大值(46.93 nmol/mg prot);温度19℃、23℃、31℃组SOD、CAT、AKP和LSZ活性及MDA含量受应激显著上升后均逐渐恢复至对照水平。盐度实验结果表明, 40组盐度变化对岩牡蛎存活抑制明显,显著低于其他处理组(P0.05),适宜岩牡蛎存活的盐度变化为20～36组;盐度16组SOD、CAT、AKP和LSZ活性144 h时均显著低于对照组(P0.05), MDA含量与胁迫时间成正相关最终达到最大值(45.76 nmol/mg prot)。研究表明,温度和盐度突变均会对岩牡蛎5项免疫指标和存活率产生显著影响,岩牡蛎对温度19～31℃组和盐度20～36组突变具有较强的适应能力。     

Hematology and stress physiology of juvenile diploid and triploid shortnose sturgeon (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Acipenser brevirostrum</Emphasis>)

This study examined diploid and triploid shortnose sturgeon hematology and stress physiology through the investigation of various characteristics and components of whole blood and blood plasma. Erythrocytic cellular and nuclear length and width were significantly larger in triploids than in diploids. Hematocrit was depressed in triploid sturgeon in comparison to diploids, but total blood hemoglobin content and mean erythrocytic hemoglobin concentration (MEHC) did not differ between ploidies. The mean erythrocytic hemoglobin (MEH) was elevated in proportion to the increase in erythrocyte size. Taken together, these data suggest that triploids and diploids likely have similar oxygen carrying and aerobic capacities. In response to an acute stressor of 15 min chasing, plasma cortisol and glucose levels did not differ between ploidies. Cortisol levels were significantly depressed at 2 h post-stress with an increase back to 0 h post-stress levels at 6 h into recovery, whereas glucose levels did not change during the recovery period. There was a significant interaction between ploidy and time post-stress for blood hemoglobin concentrations, with diploids demonstrating elevated hemoglobin content at 6 h post-stress. Plasma osmolality, chloride ion concentrations and lactate levels were elevated in triploids. Overall, it does not appear that sturgeon have developed an elaborate stress response and the triploid stress response appears to be slightly reduced in comparison to diploids.     

Temperature and salinity tolerances of yellowfin sea bream, Acanthopagrus latus, at different salinity and temperature levels

Abstract Yellowfin sea bream Acanthopagrus latus (Houttuyn) (0.98 ± 0.27 g) were examined for temperature and salinity tolerances at nine different environmental regimes (0.3, 15 and 33 ppt combined with 10, 25 and 32 °C), in which the fish were subjected to gradual and sudden changes in temperature and salinity respectively. The 50% CTMax (critical thermal maximum) and the UILT (upper incipient lethal temperature) were in the range of 34.8–38.2 °C and 32.8–36.4 °C respectively. The 50% CTMin (critical thermal minimum) and the LILT (lower incipient lethal temperature) were in the ranges of 4.9–9.4 °C and 7.1–17.6 °C respectively. The 50% CSMax (critical salinity maximum) and the UILS (upper incipient lethal salinity) were in the ranges of 54–69‰ and 9–44‰, respectively. The fish at lower temperature (10 °C) and salinity of 33‰ tolerated temperature as low as 6 °C when the temperature was decreased gradually. The fish at 33 and 15‰ and lower temperature (10 °C) tolerated salinity as high as 66–67‰, whereas those at freshwater salinity level (0.3‰) and 32 °C tolerated salinity to 50‰ when salinity was increased gradually. The relationships among UILT, LILT, 50% CTMax, 50% CTMin, UILS, 50% CSMax, salinity and temperature are given.     

强壮藻钩虾食性分析及其对温度、盐度变化的响应

研究了强壮藻钩虾Am pithoe valida的食性及其对温度、盐度变化的响应.研究结果表明,1)强壮藻钩虾消化道内含物组成主要可分为有机物碎屑和大型藻类.2)强壮藻钩虾消化道中蛋白酶活力最高,脂肪酶活力次之,淀粉酶活力最低.3)使用不同饵料(对虾人工配合饲料、硬毛藻、小球藻、生物絮团和蛤蜊肉)饲养强壮藻钩虾,发现对虾人工配合饲料为其生长的最佳饵料.4)成体强壮藻钩虾比幼体强壮藻钩虾耐高温,且耐温能力与其生活水温有关,生活水温相对较高情况下耐温能力也相应提高.5)强壮藻钩虾为广盐种,在盐度4～40范围内均可正常存活.     

The effects of salinity on the fertilization rate and rearing of the Persian sturgeon (Acipenser persicus) larvae

Persian sturgeon eggs were fertilized with different levels of salinities (0.5, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12?ppt), and then each group was incubated in the same salinity until hatch. The fertility (%), hatching rate as well as larvae cumulative mortality rate and abnormality (%) were measured. Our Results revealed that Persian surgeon eggs could be fertilized in the different salinity concentrations but not more than 4?ppt. Moreover, hatching rate decreased with increase in salinities more than 2 and 4?ppt, respectively, and no larvae hatched in 6?ppt salinity. According to these results, the salinity tolerance threshold for Persian sturgeon larvae hatching in brackish water is less than 4?ppt.     

长江口中华鲟幼鱼血液水分、渗透压及离子浓度的变化规律

为了研究长江口中华鲟幼鱼盐度适应过程及其调节规律,将7月龄幼鱼直接转入0(淡水对照),5,10,15等4个盐度组中养殖32天,分别在0.5,1,2,4,8,16,和32 d 检测幼鱼血液水分、血清渗透压和血清Na 、Cl-、K 的浓度,结果显示：试验过程中,淡水和盐度5组中华鲟幼鱼血液各项指标始终保持一致,未呈现显著性差异。盐度10和15组,中华鲟幼鱼血液水分含量呈先下降后上升趋势,下降程度与盐度呈正相关,16 d时各组幼鱼血液水分无显著性差异。中华鲟幼鱼转入盐度10和15条件下,其血清渗透压与Na 和Cl-浓度的变化趋势一致,表现为先上升后下降,最后达到新的平衡;12 h是其上升和下降的拐点。而血清K 浓度的变化趋势与血清渗透压和Na 、Cl-离子不同,呈现先下降后趋于平稳的趋势。从结果可以看出,中华鲟幼鱼与其他广盐性鱼类一样,其盐度适应过程可分为2个阶段,即临界期和调整期。     

温度和盐度对日本黄姑鱼胚胎发育的影响

为了确定日本黄姑鱼（Nibea japonica）胚胎孵化的最适水温和盐度,采用不同水温和盐度对日本黄姑鱼受精卵进行了孵化试验。结果显示,在盐度为30的条件下,日本黄姑鱼受精卵在14～28℃范围内均能正常孵化,最适孵化水温为18～20℃。孵化时数与温度呈幂函数相关,孵化时间随温度升高而缩短。盐度试验表明,在水温为18℃的条件下,日本黄姑鱼受精卵在盐度25—32的海水中呈悬浮或者半悬浮状态,在盐度14～45范围内均能孵化,适宜孵化盐度为26～32。盐度对初孵仔鱼全长有显著影响,盐度较低组仔鱼全长显著大于高盐度组（P〈0．05）。     

Oxygen consumption of the ascidian Styela clava in relation to body mass,temperature and salinity

The metabolic physiological response to body mass, temperature (12–28 °C) and salinity (20–36 g L^?1) was examined in this paper. Oxygen consumption rate, which is dependent on environmental conditions, was exponentially related to body mass and varied from 0.045 to 1.11 mg h^?1 g^?1. Oxygen consumption rate increased as salinity increased from 20 to 36 g L^?1, and increased with increasing temperature. The effect of temperature gradient between experimental treatments on oxygen consumption rate was evaluated by calculating Q₁₀ (the Arrehenius relationship for increase with temperature). The Q₁₀ value within the temperature range from 12 to 16 °C was much higher than the value within the temperature range from 16 to 20 °C, 20 to 24 °C and 24 to 28 °C, indicating a reduced temperature dependence of ascidian metabolism at a high temperature.     

温度和盐度对二种观赏海藻微繁与生长的影响

为了建立观赏海藻大规模微繁技术,研究了温度和盐度对台湾锯齿藻(Prionitis formosana)和海木耳藻(Sarcodia montagneana)生长及叶绿素含量的影响。结果表明,在实验范围内,台湾锯齿藻在35℃的条件下死亡,5~15℃藻体负生长,适宜生长温度为20~25℃;盐度为22条件下生长正常,其余盐度下均生长不良;叶绿素含量在25℃和盐度22时达到最高。海木耳藻在5℃与35℃时出现死亡,5~15℃时负生长,适宜生长温度为25~30℃;最适生长盐度为10,其余盐度下均有不同程度的生长,并且随着温度的增加生长率下降;叶绿素含量在30℃和盐度10时达到最高。     

温度、盐度对大银鱼胚胎发育的影响

大银鱼胚胎发育的温度、盐度生态幅较宽，适温范围为０．９～１．５２℃．孵化过程中昼夜温差不宜超出１～３℃。胚胎发育的盐度上限为１８％，仔鱼在４．３％以下可正常生活。