中草药添加剂对围产期奶牛血液生化指标及生产性能的影响

本研究旨在研究中草药添加剂对围产期奶牛血液生化指标及生产性能的影响。试验选择36头体况、预产期和胎次相近的荷斯坦奶牛,采用完全随机试验设计,分为3组,每组12头奶牛。3组奶牛在基础日粮中分别添加0、150和300 g/d的中草药添加剂,预饲期1周,正饲期6周。奶牛产后每周采集1次饲料样、血样和奶样,测定其干物质采食量、血液生化指标及乳成分等指标。结果表明,随着中草药添加剂饲喂量的增加,围产期奶牛产后产奶量表现出一定的升高趋势,产奶量分别增加5.1%和10.6%,但与对照组相比差异不显著（P>0.05）,围产期奶牛饲喂中草药添加剂对干物质采食量没有显著影响（P>0.05）。与对照组相比,随着中草药添加剂饲喂量的增加,乳中体细胞数显著降低（P<0.05）,分别下降62.7%和76.6%,但对乳中其他常规指标没有显著的影响（P>0.05）。与对照组相比,随着中草药添加剂饲喂量的增加,奶牛血清中非酯化脂肪酸（NEFA）含量显著降低（P<0.05）,降低水平分别为29.0%和35.1%,血清中其他常规指标没有显著变化（P>0.05）。综上所述,在本试验条件下,推荐围产期奶牛中草药添加剂添加量为300 g/d,可以显著降低乳中体细胞数和血中NEFA含量,改善奶牛健康状况,提高奶牛产后生产性能。     

Effect of Supplementation of Ligustrum lucidum Ait on Production Performance and Blood Biochemical Indices in Dairy Cows

The objective of the experiment was to investigate the effect of supplementation of Ligustrum lucidum Ait on production performance and blood biochemical indices in dairy cows.Forty eight mid-lactation Holstein dairy cows were randomly assigned to four groups with twelve individuals in each group.The control group was fed a TMR diet,groups N1 to N3 were fed the TMR diets supplemented with 150,300,450 g/d Ligustrum lucidum Ait,respectively.The pre-test period lasted for 1 week and the trial period lasted for 7 weeks.The results showed that compared with control group,the supplementation of 450 g/d Ligustrum lucidum Ait significantly increased 4% FCM (P<0.05),the supplementation of 150 g/d Ligustrum lucidum Ait significantly increased milk fat content (P<0.05).Dietary supplementation of Ligustrum lucidum Ait had no effects on DMI,milk yield,milk protein,total solids (TS) and somatic cell counts (SCC) (P>0.05).Compared with control group,the supplementation of Ligustrum lucidum Ait significantly decreased blood TG content (P<0.05),and had no effects on other blood biochemical indices (P>0.05).In conclusion,dietary supplementation of Ligustrum lucidum Ait could improve milk quality and yield,and the lipid metabolism of dairy cows.     

补饲女贞子对泌乳奶牛生产性能及血液生化指标的影响

试验旨在研究补饲女贞子对泌乳奶牛生产性能及血液生化指标的影响。选择48头健康的泌乳中期中国荷斯坦奶牛,随机分成4组,每个处理组12头奶牛,对照组饲喂全混合日粮(TMR),N1、N2、N3组分别在饲喂TMR日粮的基础上补饲150、300、450 g/d女贞子。预试期1周,正试期7周。结果表明,与对照组相比,补饲450 g/d女贞子可显著提高泌乳奶牛4%校正乳产量(P<0.05),补饲150 g/d女贞子可显著提高泌乳奶牛乳脂含量(P<0.05),而对泌乳奶牛干物质采食量、产奶量及乳蛋白、总固形物含量和体细胞数均无显著影响(P>0.05);与对照组相比,补饲女贞子可显著降低泌乳奶牛血液中甘油三酯含量(P<0.05),而对其他血液生化指标均无显著影响(P>0.05)。综上所述,补饲女贞子具有提高泌乳中期奶牛生产性能、改善机体脂类代谢的作用。     

复合酶与复合酶菌制剂对日粮体外降解率及不同泌乳阶段奶牛产奶性能的影响

本试验旨在研究复合酶及复合酶菌制剂对奶牛日粮体外降解率及不同阶段奶牛产奶性能的影响。在体外试验中,分别以基础日粮（Ⅰ组）及基础日粮中分别添加复合酶制剂（Ⅱ组）、复合酶菌制剂（Ⅲ组）的日粮作为发酵底物,体外培养72 h,测定不同时间点（6、12、24、36、48、72 h）日粮干物质降解率（DMD）和粗蛋白质降解率（CPD）。在饲养试验中,分别选取体重、胎次、体况相近的泌乳前期（30 d±5 d）、泌乳中期（100 d±5 d）和泌乳后期（250 d±5 d）奶牛各24头,平均分成3组,其中对照组（Ⅰ组）奶牛饲喂全混合日粮（TMR）,复合酶制剂组（Ⅱ组）和复合酶菌制剂组（Ⅲ组）奶牛在TMR中分别添加1 kg/t的复合酶制剂和复合酶菌制剂。每期试验持续74 d,其中预试期14 d,正试期60 d,每天记录产奶量。结果显示：①体外试验中,Ⅱ、Ⅲ组的DMD、CPD均随处理时间的延长而增加。在各个时间点,Ⅲ组的DMD、CPD均高于Ⅱ组,其中DMD在6、72 h时差异显著（P<0.05）,CPD在36、72 h时差异显著（P<0.05）,在其他时间点差异均不显著（P>0.05）。②在泌乳前期,Ⅱ、Ⅲ组的平均日产奶量与Ⅰ组相比分别提高了3.68%和4.10%,差异显著（P<0.05）,Ⅱ、Ⅲ组之间差异不显著（P>0.05）;泌乳中期,Ⅱ、Ⅲ组的平均日产奶量与Ⅰ组相比分别提高了7.53%和10.66%,差异显著（P<0.05）,Ⅱ、Ⅲ组之间差异不显著（P>0.05）;泌乳后期,Ⅱ、Ⅲ组的平均日产奶量与Ⅰ组相比分别提高了7.06%和5.16%,差异显著（P<0.05）,Ⅱ组、Ⅲ组之间差异不显著（P>0.05）。综上,复合酶与复合酶菌制剂均能在一定程度上提高日粮体外DMD和CPD以及奶牛在不同时期的产奶量,其中,复合酶制剂对提高泌乳后期奶牛产奶量效果更好,复合酶菌制剂对提高泌乳中期奶牛产奶量效果更好。     

Effect of Compound Enzyme and Compound Enzyme Probiotics Preparation on Degradation Rate of Diet in vitro and Milk Production Performance of Dairy Cows at Different Lactation Stages

The purpose of this experiment was to study the effect of compound enzyme and compound enzyme bacteria preparation on the degradation rate of diet in vitro and milk production performance of dairy cows at different lactation stages.In in vitro experiment,the basic diet (group Ⅰ) and the basic diet added with compound enzyme (group Ⅱ) and compound enzyme probiotics preparation (group Ⅲ) were used as fermentation substrate respectively.After 72 h of culture in vitro,the dry matter degradation rate (DMD) and crude protein degradation rate (CPD) of the diet were measured at different time (6,12,24,36,48 and 72 h).In feeding experiment,24 dairy cows with similar body weight,parity and condition were divided into three groups at early lactation (30 d±5 d),middle lactation (100 d±5 d) and late lactation (250 d±5 d),respectively.The cows in control group (group Ⅰ) were fed with TMR,in compound enzyme group (group Ⅱ) and the compound enzyme probiotics group (group Ⅲ) were fed with the TMR added with 1 kg/t compound enzyme and compound enzyme probiotics respectively.The trial period was 74 days,including 14 days of pre trial period and 60 days of normal trial period.`The results showed that:①In vitro DMD and CPD of the two groups increased with the prolongation of treatment time.At each time point,the values of DMD and CPD in group Ⅲ were higher than those in group Ⅱ,the difference of DMD was significant at 6 and 72 h (P<0.05),CPD was significant at 36 and 72 h (P<0.05),and there was no significant difference at other time points (P>0.05).②In the early stage of lactation,the average daily milk production of groups Ⅱ and Ⅲ increased by 3.68% and 4.10% respectively compared with group Ⅰ,the difference was significant (P<0.05),and the difference between groups Ⅱ and Ⅲ was not significant (P>0.05).In mid-lactation,the average daily milk production of groups Ⅱ and Ⅲ increased by 7.53% and 10.66% respectively compared with group Ⅰ (P<0.05),and the difference between groups Ⅱ and Ⅲ was not significant (P>0.05).In the later stage,the average daily milk production of groups Ⅱ and Ⅲ increased by 7.06% and 5.16% respectively compared with group Ⅰ (P<0.05),and the difference between group Ⅱ and Ⅲ was not significant (P>0.05).In conclusion,both compound enzymes and compound enzyme probiotics preparations could improve the in vitro DMD and CPD of the diet and the milk production of dairy cows in different periods to a certain extent.Among them,the compound enzyme preparation had a better effect on increasing milk production of dairy cows in the late lactation,while the compound enzyme probiotics preparation has a better effect on increasing milk production in mid-lactating dairy cows.     

Effect of Amino Acid Balance Diet on Production Performance,Serum Biochemical Indexes and Economic Benefits in Dairy Cows

This experiment was conducted to study the effect of amino acid balance diet on production performance,serum biochemical indexes and economic benefits in dariy cows.36 healthy Holstein cows in the early lactation period were selected,the average number of lactation (DIM) was (39.69±12.48) d,the average parity was 3.02±0.64.Principle of experiments using single factor randomized experimental design accroding to age,milk yield,parity identical same or similar,the 36 Holstein cows were assigned by random block design to 3 groups,and each group were 12 cows.The control group cows were fed with TMR diets only adding rumen-protected methionine (HMBi);Diets of group 1 and 2 were on the basis of control group,respectively adding two kinds of rumen-protected lysine levels in order to balance the amino acid in diet.The results showed as follows:① Compared with control group,the feeding conversion ratio in groups 1 and 2 were increased by 10.60% and 11.26% (P>0.05),respectively,while the dry matter intake had no significantly changed (P>0.05),the 4% average daily milk yield in groups 1 and 2 were significantly increased by 8.65% and 10.58% (P<0.05),respectively,and the milk fat and milk protein yield in groups 1 and 2 were significantly or extremely significantly increased (P<0.05;P<0.01),respectively.Adding amino acid balance diet had no significantly effects on reproductive performance and health conditions in dariy cows (P>0.05).② When feeding the amino acid balance diets for 60 days,the contents of GLU and TAA in serum of dairy cows were significantly increased (P<0.05),while the BUN content was significantly decreased (P<0.05).③ Compared with control group,the economic benefits of groups 1 and 2 were increased by 15.09 and 16.36 yuan/(head·d).The results indicated that feeding the amino acid balance diets could significantly improve production performance of dairy cows,and there was a tendency to improve metabolic conditions.     

氨基酸平衡日粮对奶牛生产性能、血清生化指标及经济效益的影响

试验旨在研究氨基酸平衡日粮对奶牛生产性能、血清生化指标及经济效益的影响。选择36头体况良好的泌乳初期的健康荷斯坦奶牛,平均泌乳天数(DIM)为(39.69±12.48) d、平均胎次为(3.02±0.64)胎。采用单因素随机试验设计,按年龄、产奶量、胎次相同或相近的原则,将36头荷斯坦奶牛区组配对后随机分为3组,每组12头奶牛,其中对照组奶牛饲喂仅添加有瘤胃保护性蛋氨酸(HMBi)的TMR日粮;试验1、2组日粮在对照组的基础上分别添加2种水平的瘤胃保护性赖氨酸,以平衡日粮中的氨基酸。结果表明,①与对照组相比,试验1、2组奶牛饲料转化率分别提高10.60%和11.26%(P>0.05),而干物质采食量没有显著变化(P>0.05),平均每日4%校正乳产量分别显著提高了8.65%和10.58%(P<0.05),并可显著或极显著增加乳脂和乳蛋白产量(P<0.05;P<0.01);饲喂氨基酸平衡日粮对奶牛繁殖性能、健康状况无显著影响(P>0.05)。②饲喂氨基酸平衡日粮60 d时,奶牛血清中葡萄糖、总氨基酸含量显著升高(P<0.05),尿素氮含量显著降低(P<0.05)。③与对照组相比,试验1、2组奶牛经济效益分别增加了15.09和16.36元/(头·d)。综上所述,饲喂氨基酸平衡日粮能显著提高奶牛的生产性能,具有改善奶牛代谢状况的趋势。     

Locomotion Score and Its Impacts on Production Performance and Blood Routine Indexes in Chinese Holstein

To investigate the influencing factors of locomotion score (LS) and its impacts on production performance and blood routine index in Holstein,body condition score (BCS),LS and DHI (dairy herd improvement) of 1 486 lactating cows from two dairy farms,and the blood routine indexes of 101 lactating cows from one farm in Beijing were measured.The fixed model was used to analyze the impacts of herd,parity and lactation stage on LS,and the impacts of LS and BCS on daily milk yield,somatic cell score,milk composition and blood routine indexes in dairy cows.The results showed that both parity and lactation stage had significant impacts on LS.The LS increased with the increase of parit,the LS increased by 0.71 from first lactation to fifth and above lactation.The LS of cow in lactation stage Ⅲ(100-199 d) and Ⅵ (after 350 d) were significantly higher than cow in stage Ⅱ (45-99 d)(P<0.05),and both were higher than 2.The LS had no significant impacts on daily milk yield,milk composition and somatic cell score (P>0.05).However,the milk yield of the cow with LS≥4 was the lowest,and a decrease of 2.29 kg was found compared with the cow with LS=1.Among the various blood routine indexes,LS had significant impacts on red blood cell count,hemoglobin content,mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration and lymphocyte count (P<0.05),and had no significant impacts on white blood cell count (P>0.05).With the increase of LS,the red blood cell count,hemoglobin content,mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration and lymphocyte count of cows decreased with different extents.There were some problems on the body immunity and hematopoiesis of cows with poor LS.In dairy farm,regular evaluation of LS could be used to find the management problems of feet and legs,which had a great significance to reduce the loss of production performance and early culling caused by hoof disease.     

中国荷斯坦牛步态评分及其对生产性能和血常规指标的影响

为探究荷斯坦牛步态评分（locomotion score,LS）影响因素及其对生产性能和血常规指标的影响,本研究收集测定了北京地区2个规模化牧场1 486头泌乳牛的体况评分（body condition score,BCS）、LS和DHI（dairy herd improvement）数据,并测定了101头泌乳牛的血常规指标。采用固定模型分析了牧场、胎次和泌乳阶段对LS的影响,以及LS和BCS等因素对日产奶量、体细胞评分、乳成分和血常规指标的影响。结果表明,试验牛的胎次和泌乳阶段均对LS有极显著影响,LS随胎次的升高而增加,从1胎至5胎及以上,LS升高了0.71分;泌乳阶段Ⅲ（100~199 d）、Ⅵ（350 d以后）的LS均显著高于阶段Ⅱ（45~99 d）（P<0.05）,且均高于2分。LS对日产奶量、乳成分和体细胞评分均无显著影响（P>0.05）,但LS≥4分的奶牛日产奶量最低,较LS=1分的奶牛日产奶量降低了2.29 kg。各项血常规指标中,LS对奶牛红细胞数、血红蛋白含量、红细胞平均血红蛋白浓度、淋巴细胞数均有显著影响（P<0.05）,而对白细胞数无显著影响（P>0.05）。随LS升高,奶牛红细胞数、淋巴细胞数、血红蛋白含量和红细胞平均血红蛋白浓度均表现出不同程度的降低。LS较差的奶牛,其机体的免疫力和造血功能会受到不同程度的影响。在规模化牧场中,定期评估牛群的LS能及时发现牛群肢蹄管理的问题,对减少因肢蹄问题引起的生产性能损失和过早淘汰等具有重要意义。     

过瘤胃胆碱和有机铬对围产期奶牛免疫及抗氧化功能的影响

【目的】试验通过研究饲粮中添加过瘤胃胆碱和有机铬对围产期奶牛免疫及抗氧化功能的影响,旨在为过瘤胃胆碱和有机铬在围产期奶牛饲粮中的科学应用提供理论依据。【方法】选取40头健康、经产（平均胎次1~2）的中国荷斯坦奶牛,随机分为4组（每组10头牛）：对照组（T_O）,基础饲粮;胆碱组（T_C）,基础饲粮＋30 g/d过瘤胃胆碱;有机铬组（T_A）,基础饲粮＋8 g/d蛋氨酸铬;混合组（T_CA）,基础饲粮＋30 g/d过瘤胃胆碱＋8 g/d蛋氨酸铬。试验处理从产前20 d至产后20 d,记录奶牛产后4周内日均产奶量,分别于产前第20、10天和产犊日、产后第10、20天,于晨饲前采集血样,测定血清抗氧化（谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶（GSH-Px）、过氧化氢酶（CAT）和超氧化物歧化酶（SOD））及免疫（白介素-1（IL-1）、白介素-6（IL-6）和肿瘤坏死因子（TNF-α））功能指标。【结果】与对照组相比,3个试验组奶牛产后4周内日均产奶量均显著提高（P<0.05）;产前各组奶牛血清GSH-Px、CAT含量无显著差异（P>0.05）,但试验组奶牛血清SOD含量显著降低（P<0.05）;产犊日至产后第10天,胆碱组和有机铬组奶牛血清GSH-Px、CAT和SOD含量均显著高于对照组（P<0.05）;产后第20天,胆碱组血清GSH-Px、CAT含量均显著低于高于对照组、有机铬组和混合组,而血清SOD含量却显著降低（P<0.05）;整个试验周期内,胆碱组奶牛血清IL-1含量显著低于对照组及有机铬组和混合组（P<0.05）,IL-6和TNF-α含量却显著提高（P<0.05）。【结论】综上所述,本试验条件下,饲粮中单独添加30 g/d过瘤胃胆碱或8 g/d有机铬可明显降低围产期奶牛机体氧化应激水平,提高产奶量和机体免疫力,改善奶牛健康状况,联合添加过瘤胃胆碱和有机铬与单独添加效果差异不明显。     

短期添加高水平亚麻籽对奶牛生产性能、牛奶脂肪酸组成和瘤胃发酵的影响

本试验旨在研究短期添加高水平亚麻籽对奶牛生产性能、牛奶脂肪酸组成和瘤胃发酵的影响。选取健康、体重相近的荷斯坦牛奶牛30头,随机分为3组,每组10头。分别饲喂牧场基础饲粮（CK组）、添加3 000 g/d （13.01% DM）完整亚麻籽饲粮（WF组）和添加3 000 g/d （13.01% DM）粉碎亚麻籽饲粮（GF组）。试验周期为7周,第1周为环境适应期,第2~6周为饲粮适应期,第7周为试验期,记录试验期日采食量和产奶量,于试验最后1天采集奶样和瘤胃液样品,利用气相色谱-质谱联用（GC-MS）测定乳和瘤胃液中脂肪酸组成。结果表明：①与CK组相比,添加3 000 g/d亚麻籽对奶牛干物质采食量和产奶量均无显著影响（P>0.05）,GF组乳脂率和乳蛋白率较CK组有降低的趋势（0.05<P<0.1）。②WF和GF组乳中α-亚麻酸（ALA）和ω-3多不饱和脂肪酸（ω-3 PUFA）的产量较CK组均显著提高（P<0.05）,且GF组ALA和ω-3 PUFA的产量显著高于WF组（P<0.05）。③WF组瘤胃pH显著低于CK和GF组（P<0.05）,氨态氮（NH₃-N）浓度显著高于CK和GF组（P<0.05）。综上所述,饲粮中短期添加高水平完整亚麻籽和粉碎亚麻籽均不影响奶牛干物质采食量和产奶量,但提高了乳中ALA含量,GF组提高效果较WF组更明显。添加高水平粉碎亚麻籽有降低乳蛋白率和乳脂率的趋势,高水平完整亚麻籽影响了奶牛瘤胃内环境。在实际生产中,应控制亚麻籽的添加量及其饲喂形式,在提高乳中ALA含量的同时,减少亚麻籽对瘤胃发酵的影响。     

糊化阴离子盐和过瘤胃氯化胆碱对围产期奶牛生产性能和血液生化指标的影响

本试验旨在研究日粮中添加糊化阴离子盐和过瘤胃氯化胆碱(RPC)对围产期奶牛生产性能和血液生化指标的影响。采用随机分组试验设计,选取20头健康荷斯坦奶牛,按胎次(2~4)、年龄、上一胎次泌乳量和预产期相似原则分为4组,每组5头。对照组饲喂TMR日粮,试验Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ组在饲喂TMR日粮＋200 g糊化阴离子盐基础上分别添加10、20、30 g/(头·d)RPC。预试期7 d,正试期从预产期前21 d饲喂至产犊结束。结果表明:①各试验组产前21 d大部分时间点的干物质采食量(DMI)均显著高于对照组(P< 0.05);各试验组营养物质表观消化率普遍高于对照组,其中添加20、30 g/(头·d)RPC能显著提高粗蛋白质(CP)、中性洗涤纤维(NDF)、酸性洗涤纤维(ADF)的表观消化率(P< 0.05),各试验组钙(Ca)表观消化率均显著高于对照组(P< 0.05),添加30 g/(头·d)RPC能显著提高粗脂肪(EE)表观消化率(P< 0.05)。②各试验组产后90 d内的总泌乳量显著或极显著高于对照组(P< 0.05;P< 0.01);添加20、30 g/(头·d)RPC能显著提高饲料转化率(P< 0.05);添加30 g/(头·d)RPC能显著提高初乳中乳干物质率、乳蛋白率和乳脂率(P< 0.05)。③各试验组血清Ca²⁺含量显著高于对照组(P< 0.05);添加20、30 g/(头·d)RPC能显著提高部分时间点血浆甘油三酯(TG)含量(P< 0.05),显著降低部分时间点血浆总胆固醇(TCHO)、β-羟丁酸(BHBA)和游离脂肪酸(NEFA)的含量(P< 0.05)。综上所述,围产前期添加阴离子盐和PRC能提高奶牛产前干物质采食量和部分营养物质表观消化率,改善围产期血钙和血脂代谢,提高生产性能和饲料转化率,围产期奶牛日粮在添加200 g糊化阴离子盐的基础上,PRC的最适添加量为30 g/(头·d)。     

Effects of Pasting Anionic Salt and RPC on Production Performance and Blood Biochemical Indexes of Perinatal Dairy Cows

This experiment was conducted to study the effects of pasting anionic salt and RPC on production performance and blood biochemical indexes of perinatal dairy cows.Using randomized trial design, 20 healthy Holstein cows which according to the tire time (2 to 4), age, last time lactation quantity and parturition date were chosen.They were divided into four groups, 5 cows per group.The control group was fed TMR diet, Ⅰ, Ⅱ, Ⅲ groups were fed the basal diet +200 g pasting anion salt and supplemented with 10, 20, 30 g/(head·d) RPC, respectively.There were 7 days to pilot test, formal test was from antenatal 21 d to parturition.The results showed that:①DMI of all experimental groups were significantly higher than that of control group during most of antenatal 21 days (P< 0.05);The nutrients apparent digestibility of all experimental groups were generally higher than that of control group;Add 20, 30 g/(head·d) RPC was significantly increased the apparent digestibility of CP, NDF, ADF (P< 0.05);The apparent digestibility of Ca of all experimental groups were significantly higher than that of control group (P< 0.05);Add 30 g/(head·d) RPC was significantly increased the apparent digestibility of EE (P< 0.05).②Among postpartal 90 days, the total milk yield of all experimental groups were significantly or extremely significantly higher than that of control group (P< 0.05;P< 0.01);Add 20, 30 g/(head·d) RPC was significantly enhanced the feed conversion rate (P< 0.05);Add 30 g/(head·d) RPC was improved the percentage of milk dry matter, milk protein and milk fat of colostrum (P< 0.05).③Serum Ca²⁺ concentration of all experimental groups were significantly higher than that of control group (P< 0.05);Add 20, 30 g/(head·d) RPC was significantly increased the part time plasma TG levels (P< 0.05), significantly reduced the part time plasma contents of TCHO, BHBA and NEFA (P< 0.05).In conclusion, among the perinatal period added pasting anionic salt and RPC could improve early prenatal DMI and part nutrients apparent digestibility, improve perinatal blood calcium and blood lipid metabolism, and enhance the production performance and feed conversion rate, based on adding 200 g pasting anion salt among early perinatal, the best add amount of RPC was 30 g/(head·d).     

产前运动对围产期奶牛生理代谢指标的影响

本试验旨在研究产前运动对围产期奶牛生理代谢指标的影响，为围产期奶牛健康管理提供科学指导和理论依据。试验选取年龄相似，体况评分、胎次和预产期相近的经产荷斯坦奶牛24头，随机分为试验组（TRT组）和对照组（CON组），每组12头，统一饲养管理。于预产期前21 d开始，TRT组奶牛每日09：00和16：00以<3 km/h的速度运动1 h，每头奶牛每日总运动量为（4.0±0.2） km/d；CON组自由活动。分别在预产期前21、7 d、分娩当天及产后7、30 d （分别记为－21、－7、0、+7和+30 d），于晨饲前采集血液，测定血浆中非酯化脂肪酸（NEFA）、β-羟基丁酸（BHBA）、葡萄糖（GLU）、甘油三酯（TG）、胆固醇（CHOL）、肌酐（CREA）及尿素（UREA）浓度。结果显示，试验期间，TRT组血浆NEFA、BHBA浓度与CON组相比均呈下降趋势（0.05<P<0.1），－7 d时TRT组NEFA浓度显著低于CON组（P<0.05）；TRT组血浆GLU浓度变化较CON组平稳，在＋30 d极显著高于CON组（P<0.01）；两组血浆TG浓度均在分娩当天急剧下降，产前血浆TG浓度均极显著高于分娩后各时间点（P<0.01），＋30 d时TRT组极显著高于CON组（P<0.01）；血浆UREA、CREA浓度在两组间无显著差异（P>0.05）。综上，以<3 km/h的速度进行运动（4.0 km/d±0.2 km/d），可有效降低围产期奶牛血浆NEFA和BHBA浓度，缓解能量负平衡（NEB）压力。     

不同季节添加复合水溶性维生素对奶牛生产性能、血液生理生化和抗氧化性能的影响

本试验旨在研究复合水溶性维生素对春、夏季奶牛生产性能、血液生理生化指标和抗氧化性能的影响。采用2×2因子随机区组设计,选取胎次、体重相近的健康成年奶牛80头,随机分为4个处理,即Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ组,4组均饲喂基础日粮,Ⅲ、Ⅳ处理在春季补充复合水溶性维生素,Ⅱ、Ⅳ处理组在夏季补充复合水溶性维生素,各组添加量均为0.02%(日粮干物质为基础),预试期7 d,正式期70 d。结果表明:在春季添加复合水溶性维生素极显著提高奶牛的平均日采食量和日产奶量(P<0.01);在夏季显著提高奶牛的平均日采食量(P<0.05),极显著提高日产奶量(P<0.01);均能极显著提高乳脂率(P<0.01),极显著降低体细胞数(P<0.01);均能显著影响淋巴细胞总数(P<0.05)。在夏季补充复合水溶性维生素能极显著增加血清总抗氧化能力、总超氧化物歧化酶(P<0.01),极显著降低乳酸脱氢酶、白蛋白、总蛋白、高密度脂蛋白、低密度脂蛋白和磷酸肌酸激酶含量(P<0.01)。综上所述,复合水溶性维生素可以提高奶牛的生产性能,增强奶牛非特异性免疫,改善奶牛抗氧化性能,减少夏季热应激。     

Effects of Supplemental Complex Water Soluble Vitamin on Production Performance,Blood Biochemical Parameters and Oxidation Resistance of Dairy Cows

The objective of the study was to investigate the effects of supplemental complex water soluble vitamins on production performance, blood biochemical parameters and oxidative resistance of dairy cows in spring and summer.The experiment was designed by 2×2 factorial randomized blocks design.Eighty healthy dairy cows with similar parity and body weight were randomly divided to four groups, with 7 days of adaptation and 70 d experimental phase.The dairy cows in group Ⅲ and Ⅳ were fed a basal diet supplemented with complex water soluble vitamins in spring.The dairy cows in group Ⅱ and Ⅳ were fed a basal diet supplemented with complex water soluble vitamins in summer.The results showed that the ADFI and daily milk yield of dairy cows receiving water soluble vitamin in spring were extremely significantly higher (P<0.01);The ADFI of dairy cows receiving water soluble vitamin was significantly higher in summer (P<0.05) and daily milk yield were extremely significantly higher (P<0.01);The butterfat rate was extremely significantly increased and SCC was extremely significantly decreased in spring and summer (P<0.01);Supplementation of water soluble vitamin was also significantly increased LYM (P<0.05).In summer, T-AOC, T-SOD were extremely significantly increased (P<0.01), and TP, CK, LDH, TP, HDL and ALB were extremely significantly decreased (P<0.01) by water soluble vitamin supplementation than that of control group.In conclusion, complex water soluble vitamins could increase the production performance and non-specific immune function, improve the oxidative resistance and relieved the heat stress of the dairy cows.     

过瘤胃烟酸和胆碱对围产期奶牛泌乳性能和肝脂质代谢的影响

旨在研究日粮中添加过瘤胃保护烟酸(rumen-protected niacin,RPN)和过瘤胃保护胆碱(rumen-protected choline,RPC)对围产期奶牛泌乳性能和肝脂质代谢的影响,为缓解奶牛脂肪肝提供理论依据.本试验选用24头健康、胎次相近的中国荷斯坦围产期奶牛,根据2×2试验设计分为4组,每组6...     

亚临床酮病对泌乳早期奶牛繁殖性能和血液生化指标的影响

试验旨在探究围产期亚临床酮病与泌乳早期奶牛繁殖性能、卵泡发育之间的关系,并检测试验牛血液生化指标的变化。试验在黑龙江某大型集约化牛场开展,根据产后血酮水平确定亚临床酮病组（SCK）和健康组（C）奶牛共60头,根据试验牛产后50 d内发情状况,将SCK组再分为发情组（SCKE,16头）和乏情组（SCKA,14头）,C组也同样分为发情组（CE,25头）和乏情组（CA,5头）。所有试验牛在产后50 d通过直肠检查和B超检查了解子宫复旧及卵泡发育状况,记录繁殖性能数据,并进行血液生化指标分析。结果表明：与健康组发情奶牛相比,亚临床酮病发情奶牛产后首次发情日期推迟约10 d（P<0.05）;产后50 d卵泡直径差异极显著（差值约4 mm）（P<0.01）。亚临床酮病乏情奶牛子宫复旧延迟发生率显著高于健康组发情奶牛（P<0.05）;亚临床酮病奶牛血浆中胰岛素样生长因子-1（IGF-1）含量显著低于健康奶牛（P<0.05）,而泌乳量极显著提高（P<0.01）。与发情奶牛相比,乏情奶牛血浆中甘油三酯（TG）含量显著升高（P<0.05）;葡萄糖（Glu）、胰岛素（Ins）、雌二醇（E₂）、孕酮（P₄）含量显著或极显著降低（P<0.05;P<0.01）。综合以上试验结果,奶牛患亚临床酮病而导致能量代谢指标异常是引起奶牛乏情、产后卵泡发育受阻和繁殖障碍的主要因素,进而导致奶牛繁殖力下降。     

日粮不同钴水平对奶牛泌乳性能、营养物质消化率和血液生化指标的影响

本研究旨在确定日粮中添加不同水平碳酸钴对奶牛泌乳性能、营养物质消化率和血液生化参数的影响。试验选用30头泌乳中期荷斯坦奶牛,随机分为5组,分别饲喂基础日粮（对照组）和试验日粮（4个试验组）,试验日粮为在基础日粮中以碳酸钴（CoCO₃）的形式,分别添加钴0.15、0.30、0.75和1.50 mg·kg^-1 DM。试验期56 d,其中适应期14 d,正试期42 d。测定每日采食量和产奶量,并采集奶样测定乳成分含量,采集饲料和粪样测定营养物质表观消化率,采集血样测定血液生化指标。结果表明,与对照组相比,日粮中添加不同水平的碳酸钴后,奶牛干物质采食量（DMI）和乳成分含量均无显著差异（P>0.05）。但添加钴0.30和0.75 mg·kg^-1 DM提高了产奶量（P<0.05）;与对照组相比,添加钴0.75 mg·kg^-1 DM组显著提高了酸性洗涤剂纤维（ADF）和粗蛋白（CP）的消化率（P<0.05）。此外,添加钴1.50 mg·kg^-1 DM组的血浆葡萄糖含量和谷草转氨酶（AST）活性降低（P<0.05）,日粮添加钴0.75 mg·kg^-1 DM降低了谷丙转氨酶（ALT）和碱性磷酸酶（ALP）的活性（P<0.05）;红细胞（RBC）、血红蛋白（HGB）含量和红细胞压积（HCT）随日粮碳酸钴水平升高而升高且呈二次曲线变化（P<0.05）。综上,泌乳中期的荷斯坦奶牛日粮Co水平推荐在0.30~0.75 mg·kg^-1 DM,最适添加水平是0.73 mg·kg^-1 DM。     

The Rumen Degradation Characteristics of Whole Sugarcane for Dairy Cows and Its Application in Substituting Alfalfa,Oat Hay and Concentrate in Dairy Cows' Diets

The purpose of this experiment was to investigate the rumen degradation characteristics of whole sugarcane of dairy cows and its effects of using it replacing alfalfa, oat hay and concentrates in dairy cows' diet on the rumen fermentation, nutrient apparent digestibility, blood biochemical indexes and production performance of dairy cows, in order to open up new ways to replace the increasing prices feedstuff such as alfalfa, oat hay and concentrate in dairy cows' diets with whole sugarcane. In experiment one, the in-situ test, namely the rumen nylon bag test was used to investigate the rumen degradation characteristics of various nutrients of whole sugarcane, leymus chinensis and alfalfa. Experiment two was in vivo test,repeat 3 ⅹ 3 Latin square design was conducted and Holstein dairy cows with similar body weight, parities and milk yield and permanent rumen fistula were chosen to investigate the effect of using whole sugarcane replacing 25% or 50% of imported alfalfa from the Unites States in dairy cows' diet on nutrient digestibility, rumen fermentation characteristics and blood biochemical indexes of dairy cows. In experiment three, 60 Holstein dairy cows with similar parity, milk yield and milk in lactation were selected to perform production test, which aimed to explore the effects of using whole sugarcane replacing 30% alfalfa hay, 50% oat hay or 10% concentrate on the production performance, blood biochemical indexes of dairy cows and the economic benefits of dairy farms. The results showed that：1) The effective degradation rates of dry matter (DM) and acid detergent fiber (ADF) of whole sugarcane were significantly higher than leymus chinensis (P<0.05), and the effective degradation rates of neutral detergent fiber (NDF) and organic matter (OM) were significantly higher than leymus chinensis and alfalfa (P<0.05). 2) There was no significant effect on rumen pH, NH₃-N (except 25% group at the 4 h time point) and volatile fatty acid (VFA) concentrations of dairy cows when using 25% and 50% whole sugarcane to replace imported alfalfa from the Unites States in the diet. There was also no significant effect on DMI and digestibility of DM, CP, OM and ADF, while the digestibility of NDF in the 50% group was significantly increased (P<0.05). In 50% group, the content of serum urea nitrogen in 2 and 8 h was significantly lower than 25% group and control group (P<0.05) and there was no significant difference in the blood content of β-hydroxybutyric acid, rumen VFA and total VFA in each group at different time points. 3) After using 50%, 30% and 10% of whole sugarcane to replace oat hay, alfalfa hay and concentrate, respectively, no significant difference was detected in blood glucose, urea nitrogen, β-hydroxybutyric acid, the esterification of fatty acid (NEFA), and milk yield. Besides, combined with milk yield and feed cost, the economic benefits of each cow in the substitution groups increased by 3.28, 7.48 and 1.62 yuan per day. respectively, compared with control group. It can be seen that the whole sugarcane is a kind of high-quality roughage that can be used by dairy cows with high digestibility, and using it to replace 25% or 50% of imported alfalfa from the Unites States in dairy cows' diet does not affect the rumen fermentation characteristics and rumen apparent digestibility of nutrients of dairy cows. And using whole sugarcane replacing 30% alfalfa hay, 50% oat hay or 10% concentrate will not affect the blood biochemical indicators and production performance of dairy cows, and will also increase the economic benefits of the dairy farm.