First report of barley yellow dwarf luteovirus onMiscanthus in the United Kingdom

Barley yellow dwarf luteovirus (BYDV) was detected in field grownMiscanthus sacchariflorus propagated from root cuttings. Inoculation of BYDV toM. sinensis plants grown from seed had an adverse effect on shoot growth and leaf development.     

Characterization of wheatgrass-derived barley yellow dwarf virus resistance in a wheat alien chromosome substitution line

ABSTRACT Wheatgrass (Thinopyrum intermedium) possesses a high level of resistance to barley yellow dwarf virus (BYDV) subgroup I and subgroup II strains. A wheat line (P29), in which the 7D chromosome has been substituted with a group 7 chromosome from T. intermedium, was examined for the level of resistance to two subgroup I and two subgroup II BYDV strains. In P29 plants inoculated with the subgroup I PAV strains, the titer of virus in leaf and stem tissue was typically reduced 42 to 52% when compared with the BYDV-susceptible cv. Abe. P29 and 'Abe' had the same content of PAV in roots. These results and the absence of detectable virus in inoculated T. intermedium plants indicate that the complete resistance to subgroup I possessed by the wheatgrass has not been introgressed into P29. In contrast, P29 was completely resistant throughout the plant to the subgroup II strains, NY-RPV and NY-RMV, demonstrating that the complete resistance to subgroup II in T. intermedium was incorporated into P29. Further analysis of this resistance to NY-RPV showed that NY-RPV can replicate in mesophyll protoplasts of P29 and 'Abe', suggesting that this resistance is not operating at the single-cell level. Molecular marker analysis confirmed that the T. intermedium chromosome present in P29 is a different group 7 wheatgrass chromosome than that present in L1, a wheat line with BYDV resistance properties similar to those of P29.     

青海省小麦种质资源对大麦黄矮病毒的抗性鉴定

为明确青海省不同小麦种质资源对大麦黄矮病毒(Barley yellow dwarf virus,BYDV)的抗性差异,于2014—2015年采用堆测法人工接种鉴定了178份种质资源的抗病性。结果显示,不同小麦种质资源对黄矮病的抗性存在较大差异,甘A100、川766、陕1059、兰麦-2的病情指数依次为14.83、23.60、23.99和24.66,表现出较好的抗病性;病情指数在50.00以上的高感品种有69份,包括尕老汉、白板麦、兴热密穗等,其中白板麦病情指数高达72.35,高于感病对照阿勃;其余种质资源病情指数在25.00~50.00之间,表现为感病;甘A101、甘A99、藏515、藏519、木汉麦、群科大白麦、拉胎板麦、小红麦-2和朗县折达25初期表现感病,后期恢复健康,有一定的耐病性;抗病性不同的种质资源感染BYDV后,对小麦产量的影响差异很大,抗病对照中4产量损失8.96%,耐病品种产量损失在13.64%~19.74%之间,高病品种尕老汉产量损失达41.91%,表明小麦种质资源中抗BYDV的品种极少。     

小麦黄矮病及其抗性育种研究进展

由大麦黄矮病毒(barley yellow dwarf viruses, BYDVs)侵染引起的小麦黄矮病(wheat yellow dwarf disease)是世界小麦上的主要病害之一, 对小麦生产及粮食安全构成了严重威胁。本文综述了BYDVs的生物学特征、分类地位、致病机理及抗性育种等相关研究, 并基于相关研究进展, 提出了进一步扩大抗性基因挖掘、加快优异抗病基因克隆、加强抗病机理研究等方面的建议, 旨在为我国小麦黄矮病抗性育种及科学防治提供一定的参考。     

The incidence of barley yellow dwarf virus isolates in perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne) in south-western Victoria

Barley yellow dwarf virus (BYDV) was detected in perennial ryegrass cultivars examined from three sites in south-western Victoria (Balmoral, Mininera and Hamilton); the frequency of BYDV infection varied with cultivar. PAV-related isolates were prevalent at all sites, but the incidence of MAV- and RPV-related isolates varied with the site and cultivar. The PAV-related isolate was less frequent in cv. Ellett than in cv. Victorian at all sites. The implications for the epidemiology of the disease and its agronomic importance in Victoria are discussed.     

Transgenic potato plants expressing the potato virus X (PVX) coat protein gene developed resistance to the viral infection

The gene coding for potato virus X (PVX) coat protein (CP) was expressed in transgenic potato plants obtained byAgrobacterium tumefaciens transformation. One hundred independent clones were analyzed in challenge experiments for resistance to PVX infection under greenhouse conditions as a preliminary test. From this test, 16 clones with the best resistance results were selected for a small-scale field trial. Clones 54, 60, 73 and 91 demonstrated the best values of resistance to PVX in the field. Statistical analysis of the field trial showed significant differences between means of optical density obtained in ELISA from transgenic clones and non-transformed plants (P<0.05). There was correspondence between resistance to virus infection and expression of the CP gene of PVX virus in the analyzed clones. http://www.phytoparasitica.org posting Jan. 21, 2002. Corresponding author [e-mail: vivian.doreste@cigb.edu.cu].     

Identification of quantitative Loci for tolerance to barley yellow dwarf virus in oat

ABSTRACT Molecular markers linked to quantitative trait loci conditioning tolerance to barley yellow dwarf virus (BYDV) were identified in oat (Avena sativa) using amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) analysis. Near-isogenic and recombinant inbred lines (NILs and RILs, respectively) derived from a cross of Clintland64 (BYDV-sensitive) and IL86-5698 (BYDV-tolerant) were evaluated for their responses to an Illinois isolate of the PAV strain of BYDV. Individual markers identified in the analysis of the NILs explained up to 35% of the variability seen in the tolerance response. Single-point analysis of the marker data from the RIL population identified 24 markers in three linkage groups that were associated with tolerance to BYDV infection at P /= 3.0. These loci explained about 50% total of the variation in BYDV tolerance in multimarker regression analysis in both years. The BYDV tolerance loci A, C, E, and R were mapped to hexaploid oat restriction fragment length polymorphism linkage groups 2, 8, 36, and 5, respectively, by analyzing the segregation of the AFLP markers in the Kanota x Ogle RIL population.     

Occurrence of barley yellow dwarf virus in pastures of western France

As pasture grasses are preponderant in the agriculture of western France, their role as reservoirs of barley yellow dwarf virus (BYDV) and its aphid vectors has been studied from 1984 to 1986. Aphids were observed on most crops of five pasture grass species (brome grass, cocksfoot, tall fescue, Italian and perennial ryegrass) but in very low numbers. Rhopalosiphum padi was the most numerous species. The incidence of BYDV was high, with levels of infection ranging from 6 to 80% depending on the species of pasture grasses. Fescue pastures were highly infected with BYDV, whereas the virus was not detected in cocksfoot pastures. PAV-, RPV-, MAV-like isolates of BYDV were detected in pasture grasses, but RPV- and MAV-like isolates were only detected from ryegrass and brome grass, respectively. The role of these grasses as source of viruliferous aphids infecting cereals is discussed.     

231份麦类种质资源对大麦黄矮病毒的田间抗性鉴定

为明确不同麦类种质资源对大麦黄矮病毒(Barley yellow dwarf viruses,BYDV)的抗性差异,于2015—2016年连续两年采用堆测法在田间人工接种鉴定了231份麦类种质资源的抗病性。结果表明,不同麦类种质资源对BYDV引起的黄矮病的抗性存在较大差异,2015—2016年,克群、加麻白芒麦、墨沙、绿见口和灰木头的平均病情指数分别为20.40、22.28、23.08、22.34和13.08,对黄矮病表现出较好的抗性;团结红壳麦-K、红矮子、定兴寨、旱地小麦、小红狼、榔头麦、峥白毛、金包银、红四楞、赤壳须麦及和穗板麦的平均病情指数分别为74.68、71.62、70.36、68.44、65.17、64.74、63.29、60.97、55.78、56.42和53.21,均大于50.00,表现为高感;其余种质资源的平均病情指数在25.00~50.00之间,表现为感病。此外,长芒芒、冰糖色小麦、苏麦、红皮麦、小红穗和青兰麦初期表现感病,后期可恢复健康,有一定的耐病性。抗病性不同的麦类种质资源感染BYDV后,对产量的影响差异很大,其中抗病资源绿见口的产量损失率最低,为8.87%,耐病资源长芒芒、冰糖色小麦、苏麦、红皮麦、小红穗和青兰麦的产量损失率依次为16.90%、17.40%、15.04%、13.13%、18.94%和11.57%,而感病资源和穗板麦的产量损失率达43.57%。     

大麦黄矮病毒侵染小麦miRNA鉴定和特征分析

 大麦黄矮病毒(barley yellow dwarf viruses,BYDVs)引起的小麦黄矮病严重威胁我国麦类生产,造成严重经济损失。植物中的miRNA调控植物生长发育、信号转导及对外界压力的反应,通过调控植物抗性基因的表达影响植物与病原物的互作。本研究对感染BYDV-GAV 后3 d、7 d及健康对照的‘小偃6号'小麦样品进行miRNA测序,合并去冗余后分别得到99、96、95个已知的miRNA序列和806、809、1 024个新miRNA序列。对这些miRNA进行差异表达分析,BYDV-GAV侵染后3 d和7 d的小麦样品,与对照相比上调表达的miRNA数量分别为3个和7个,下调表达的为14个和12个。将差异表达的miRNA利用psRNATarget进行靶基因预测,共得到1 254个靶标基因。靶基因的KEGG和GO富集分析,进一步明确了其功能及作用通路。对14个病毒病症状相关的靶基因进行定量分析,结果表明随病毒侵染时间的延长,这些靶基因出现差异性表达,显示miRNA参与了寄主与病毒的互作。研究结果有助于揭示BYDV-GAV与寄主小麦的互作机理。     

大麦黄矮病毒侵染小麦miRNA鉴定和特征分析

大麦黄矮病毒(barley yellow dwarf viruses, BYDVs)引起的小麦黄矮病严重威胁我国麦类生产,造成严重经济损失。植物中的miRNA调控植物生长发育、信号转导及对外界压力的反应,通过调控植物抗性基因的表达影响植物与病原物的互作。本研究对感染BYDV-GAV后3 d、7 d及健康对照的‘小偃6号’小麦样品进行miRNA测序,合并去冗余后分别得到99、96、95个已知的miRNA序列和806、809、1 024个新miRNA序列。对这些miRNA进行差异表达分析,BYDV-GAV侵染后3 d和7 d的小麦样品,与对照相比上调表达的miRNA数量分别为3个和7个,下调表达的为14个和12个。将差异表达的miRNA利用psRNATarget进行靶基因预测,共得到1 254个靶标基因。靶基因的KEGG和GO富集分析,进一步明确了其功能及作用通路。对14个病毒病症状相关的靶基因进行定量分析,结果表明随病毒侵染时间的延长,这些靶基因出现差异性表达,显示miRNA参与了寄主与病毒的互作。研究结果有助于揭示BYDV-GAV与寄主小麦的互作机理。     

The occurrence and effects of barley yellow dwarf virus in maize in SW England

During 1975 and 1976 barley yellow dwarf virus was isolated, using the aphid Rhopalosiphum padi (L.) from five maize cultivars in the Exeter area. The isolates produced interveinal flecking, often accompanied by leaf reddening, in the maize cultivar Anjou 210 and several other susceptible cultivars. ln 1976 visual assessment of six commercial maize plantings indicated natural infections ranging from 11 to 14% of plants, whilst infection in a disease observation plot ranged from 0.8 to 27.5%. Population counts for the three aphid vectors Sitobion avenae (F.), Metopolophium dirhodum (W.) and Rhopalosiphum padi (L.), associated with the crop, corresponded closely with the Rothamsted Insect Survey results from Starcross, Devon.
The maize cultivars Anjou 210 and De Kalb 202 were grown in experimental plots with individual rows containing 0, 25, 50, or 100% barley yellow dwarf-infected plants. Infection caused severe stunting of Anjou 210 but had less effect on De Kalb 202. Dry matter yield losses of 50% for Anjou 210 and 27% for De Kalb 202 were recorded; there were also significant changes (p<0.05) in dry matter content, metabolisable energy, digestible crude protein and water soluble carbohydrate.     

Reservoirs of plant virus disease: Occurrence of wheat dwarf virus and barley/cereal yellow dwarf viruses in Sweden

Non-crop plants such as grasses and volunteer plants are an inseparable part of the flora of crop fields and can influence virus incidence in crop plants. The presence of grasses as virus reservoirs can lead to a higher probability of virus incidence in crop plants. However, the role of reservoirs as an inoculum source in agricultural fields has not been well studied for many viral diseases of crops. Grasses have been found to constitute potential reservoirs for cereal-infecting viruses in different parts of the world. This study revealed that cereal-infecting viruses such as wheat dwarf virus (WDV), barley yellow dwarf viruses (BYDVs), and cereal yellow dwarf virus-RPV (CYDV-RPV) can be found among ryegrass growing in or around winter wheat fields. Phylogenetic analysis showed that a WDV isolate from ryegrass was a typical WDV-E isolate that infects wheat. Similarly, a ryegrass isolate of barley yellow dwarf virus-PAV (BYDV-PAV) grouped in a clade together with other BYDV-PAV isolates. Inoculation experiments under greenhouse conditions confirmed that annual ryegrass of various genotypes can be infected with WDV to a very low titre. Moreover, leafhoppers were able to acquire WDV from infected ryegrass plants, despite the low titre, and transmit the virus to wheat, resulting in symptoms. Information from the grass reservoir may contribute to improving strategies for controlling plant virus outbreaks in the field. Knowledge of the likely levels of virus in potential reservoir plants can be used to inform decisions on insect vector control strategies and may help to prevent virus disease outbreaks in the future.     

6种病毒抑制剂对西藏青稞上大麦黄矮病的防治效果

通过田间小区试验,开展了6种病毒抑制剂对西藏青稞上大麦黄矮病防治效果的研究.采用带毒蚜虫人工接种法,于青稞起身拔节期每株接种10～15头带毒麦长管蚜,7 d后灭蚜,灭蚜后3d喷施病毒抑制剂,在成株期出现黄矮病症状后调查病株率、病情指数、防治效果,以及长势和产量.结果表明,6种病毒抑制剂对青稞上大麦黄矮病有不同程度的防治...     

A coat protein transgene from a Scottish isolate of potato mop-top virus mediates strong resistance against Scandinavian isolates which have similar coat protein genes

Resistance tests were made on seedlings of transformed lines of Nicotiana benthamiana which contain a transgene encoding the coat protein (CP) gene of a Scottish isolate of potato mop-top virus (PMTV). This transgene has been reported to confer strong resistance to the PMTV isolate from which the transgene sequence was derived and also to a second Scottish isolate. Plants of lines of the transgenic N. benthamiana were as resistant to two Swedish and two Danish PMTV isolates as to a Scottish isolate, and of five lines tested, greater than 93.5% of transgenic plants were immune. The coat protein gene sequences of these four Scandinavian isolates were very similar to those of the two Scottish isolates. The greatest divergence between the isolates was three amino acid changes and there was less than 2% change in CP gene nucleotide sequence. It is concluded that the PMTV CP transgene used in these experiments could confer resistance against isolates from different geographical areas because it is becoming apparent that the CP genes of PMTV isolates are highly conserved.     

Outbreak of MAV-type barley yellow dwarf virus on wheat in the Garhwal Hills in India

A serious outbreak of barley yellow dwarf luteovirus (BYDV, MAV-type) on wheat in the Garhwal Hills, Central Himalayas, India is reported. This is the first conclusive evidence based on serology for the presence of MAV-BYDV in India.     

植物抗真菌病害基因工程研究进展

在寄主与病原互作的研究中,通过分子生物学与生物技术成功分离和克隆了大量植物防御相关基因,这些基因的表达产物——蛋白、肽或抗菌素直接对病菌有毒害作用或在侵入位点抑制病菌的生长;直接抑制病菌的毒性产物或增强植物结构抗性基因,直接或间接活化植物整体防御反应;增强过敏性坏死反应中与无毒基因互作的抗性基因。将这些基因引入植物,转基因植物显示出对病原真菌明显的抑制作用,在提高植物抗性方面具有广阔的发展前景。