西南桦在镇海的生长表现及发展潜力

三树种种植比较结果显示,西南桦在我场也就是低山丘陵地有较大发展潜力,6.5年生平均高11.6m,平均径12.9cm,年均生长量分别为1.78m和1.98cm,最大径级达到21cm,生长迅速值得经营和发展。肯氏南洋杉和贝壳杉生长慢,其生长量只有西南桦的1/2上下,发展潜力小,不值得作为用材林经营,而作为庭园绿化和美化树种则较好。     

降香黄檀、大果紫檀和檀香在桂东地区引种栽培试验

在桂东地区引种栽培降香黄檀(Dalbergia odorifera T.Chen)、大果紫檀(Pterocarpus macrocarpus Kurz)和檀香(Santalum album L.),评价3个树种适生性,从而为其在桂东地区种植提供理论依据。研究结果表明:(1)降香黄檀在桂东南低山丘陵地区种植年均胸径生长量0.95cm,年均树高生长量0.61cm;在房前屋后(菜园地)种植年均胸径生长量1.9cm,年均树高生长量0.71m;降香黄檀在桂东南地区生长表现良好。(2)降香黄檀嫁接苗年均胸径生长量0.64cm,树高年均生长量0.4cm,分枝数1.6,均显著低于实生苗。降香黄檀实生苗生长效果更佳,但嫁接苗分枝数相对较少。(3)大果紫檀在桂东南藤县种植年均胸径生长量0.53cm,树高年均生长量0.4cm,生长较慢,在藤县以北地区不适宜种植。(4)檀香在桂东南低山丘陵种植伴生树种保存率不高,生长不佳,但在海拔略低的场部闲置地生长良好,檀香适合在桂东南庭院和"四旁"种植。     

西南桦和南洋杉科树种在镇海的引种栽培效果

三树种生长比较结果显示,西南桦在镇海林场即低山丘陵地有较大发展潜力,6.5 a生平均树高11.6 m,平均胸径12.9 cm,年均生长量分别为1.78 m,1.98 cm,最大径阶达到21 cm,生长迅速,值得经营和发展。肯氏南洋杉和贝壳杉生长慢,其生长量只有西南桦的50%左右,发展潜力小,不宜作为用材林经营,而作为庭园绿化和美化树种则较好。     

粤东沿海深水区红树林造林试验

为探索适宜粤东地区潮间带深水区红树林造林树种,选择5个树种,在不同水位浸淹下(退潮裸露、退潮水深0～20 cm和退潮水深20～40 cm)进行了1年的造林试验。结果表明,5个树种对水位条件的敏感度强,随着退潮水位的加深,5个树种的保存率和年生长量逐渐降低;桐花和白骨壤的保存率高、生长快、长势较好,是适宜粤东地区潮间带深水区的优良红树林树种,秋茄、木榄和红海榄在退潮裸露区域可以正常生长,而在深水位地区则不宜种植;垫高种植,能明显提高红树林幼树的保存率,促进其生长。     

平潭岛岩质海岸带裸露山体植被恢复模式与成效分析

通过对平潭岛岩质海岸带裸露山体采取多种方式进行植被恢复试验,结果表明:各树种的保存率均较高,除迎风坡台湾相思和夹竹桃的保存率为85%和88.33%外,其他树种的保存率均达到了94%以上。主要乔木树种侧风坡的生长量均显著大于迎风坡;除迎风坡及风障外的木麻黄和台湾相思受风沙危害,有部分长势较差,出现基干干枯之外,其他树种60%以上均长势优良;肯氏南洋杉受风害影响最小,其次为台湾相思、木麻黄和夹竹桃。风障对造林树种的生长起到了很好的保护效果,风障内的木麻黄保存率、地径和树高生长均显著高于风障外。     

9个阔叶树种在桂中地区的适应性调查与分析

为筛选适合广西桂中地区种植的阔叶树,选择9个阔叶树种在桂中地区开展种植试验研究,4年生时测定其树高、胸径、冠幅、保存率等生长指标.结果表明:不同树种的保存率存在显著性差异,黑金丝柚木、交趾黄檀、鸡翅木和黑木相思4种树种的保存率较高,对试验区的环境适应能力较强;小叶红豆、灰木莲保存率较低,适应能力较差.不同树种的树高、胸径、冠幅、保存率存在极显著性差异,通过系统聚类分析,可分为3个类群,A类群包含大花序桉、黑木相思和鸡翅木,生长较为迅速;B类群包含交趾黄檀、大果紫檀、白桂木、灰木莲和黑金丝柚木,生长速度中等;C类群包含小叶红豆,生长较为缓慢.综合评价:黑木相思生长速度快、保存率高、适应性强,适合在桂中地区推广种植;小叶红豆生长速度较慢、适应性较差,不宜大面积推广种植.     

9个阔叶树种在桂中地区的适应性调查与分析

为筛选适合广西桂中地区种植的阔叶树,选择9个阔叶树种在桂中地区开展种植试验研究,4年生时测定其树高、胸径、冠幅、保存率等生长指标.结果表明:不同树种的保存率存在显著性差异,黑金丝柚木、交趾黄檀、鸡翅木和黑木相思4种树种的保存率较高,对试验区的环境适应能力较强;小叶红豆、灰木莲保存率较低,适应能力较差.不同树种的树高、胸径、冠幅、保存率存在极显著性差异,通过系统聚类分析,可分为3个类群,A类群包含大花序桉、黑木相思和鸡翅木,生长较为迅速;B类群包含交趾黄檀、大果紫檀、白桂木、灰木莲和黑金丝柚木,生长速度中等;C类群包含小叶红豆,生长较为缓慢.综合评价:黑木相思生长速度快、保存率高、适应性强,适合在桂中地区推广种植;小叶红豆生长速度较慢、适应性较差,不宜大面积推广种植.     

泉州森林公园石栗引种初步研究

为丰富闽南沿海森林公园树种,提高树种生物多样性和景观效果,在泉州森林公园开展了石栗引种试验,结果表明:石栗种植保存率高,对闽南沿海丘陵山地的适应性比较强,而且石栗生长较快,特别是丛植和群植生长量较大。石栗对土壤肥力的消耗比天竺桂小或对土壤肥力有一定的改良作用。试验结果为石栗在闽南沿海山地引种推广提供依据。     

对太行山造林树种选择的意见

<正> 加速绿化太行山,必须认真研究一系列经济有效、切实可行的造林技术措施,其中选择适当的树种是关系到提高造林成活率、加速林木生长,以及充分发挥森林的防护效益和经济收益的关键措施之一。 从太行山气候、地形、土壤条件看大致可分为三种类型区:低山丘陵(<800米)片麻岩区,低山丘陵石灰岩区,中山区(>800米,包括部分亚高山区)。这三种类型的立地条件及适宜造林树种都有差别。     

4种阔叶树在从化生态景观林带中的早期生长表现

2005年在广东省广从公路从化温泉段两侧营建生态景观林带,种植山杜英（Elaeocarpus sylvestris）、黎蒴（Castanopsis fissa）、枫香（Liquidambar formosana）和凤凰木（Delonix regia）4种阔叶树。造林后调查树种保存率、高生长、胸径生长和树冠生长。结果表明：2a生时,枫香、山杜英、凤凰木的造林保存率均超过96％,黎蒴相对较低,为94．4％;3a生时,3个生长性状在树种间与种植坡位间均存在显著差异。树种生长快慢次序为黎蒴〉山杜英〉枫香〉凤凰木,生长最快的在山坡下部,其次是山坡中部,最慢是山坡上部。黎蒴、山杜英和枫香主干清晰,树形和叶色美观,是适宜的景观树种;凤凰木丛生现象突出,树形不佳,不宜种植在山地。     

不同基质配比和贮种时长对贝壳杉容器育苗的影响

以珍贵树种贝壳杉(Agathis dammara)种子为试验材料,选用红心土、泥炭土、钙镁磷肥为基质,研究了不同贮种时长、不同基质配比对贝壳杉出苗率和容器苗生长量的影响。结果表明:贮种时长对贝壳杉种子出苗率有显著影响,随采随播能大幅提高出苗率;不同基质配比对贝壳杉苗高、地径、高径比、主根长和≥5 cmⅠ级侧根数有显著影响,除≥5 cmⅠ级侧根数外,其他各项指标差异均达到极显著性水平。考虑到既要方便搬运又能提高造林成活率,39%红心土+60%泥炭土+1%钙镁磷肥的基质配比更适合培育贝壳杉容器苗。     

贝壳杉苗期施肥效应的研究

采用正交试验设计L9（3^4）,通过植物生长所需要的大量营养元素N、P、K三因素三水平及其不同配比的施肥试验,分析了各元素及其水平对贝壳杉苗高和地径生长的影响,确定了贝壳杉（Agathis dam-mara）苗期生长的最佳施肥方案。结果表明,施肥1～8个月不同处理间都呈极显著差异,低水平的营养元素对促进贝壳杉苗高和地径的生长好于高水平,以N1P1K1处理即每株施尿素2.2 g、钙镁磷肥16.6 g、氯化钾1.7 g效果最好,且与其它处理呈极显著差异。对贝壳杉苗高和地径生长的影响,都是N〉P〉K。     

What can tree plantations do for forest birds in fragmented forest landscapes? A case study in southern Brazil

Despite the fact that tree plantations are not able to completely replace the ecological function of natural forests, the present study proposes to evaluate for which bird species or avian groups tree plantations act as habitat in fragmented landscape in southern Brazil. We compared the richness and abundance of bird species in a natural forest to adjacent plantations of Araucaria, a native tree species and of pine, an exotic plant in South America. Moreover, we evaluated the impact of tree plantations on richness of avian groups with different levels of dependence on forest habitat, feeding habits and foraging strata as well as on threatened species. The fixed 100 m radius point-counts method was used. A total of 114 bird species were recorded in all areas. Of those, 93 occurred in natural forest, 87 in Araucaria plantations and 81 in pine plantations. These results indicate that richness and abundance were lower in the pine plantations than in the natural forest and in the Araucaria plantations. Araucaria plantations can be used by a high number of bird species and their richness was not significantly lower than that observed in the adjacent natural forest. Our results suggest that Araucaria plantations could act as habitat for a large number of bird species, especially for forest-dependents species, insectivores, frugivores and species at different threat categories.     

Herbivory, pathogens, and epiphylls in Araucaria Forest and ecologically-managed tree monocultures

Over the last centuries, natural forests have been replaced by extensive and homogeneous tree monocultures that cause strong impacts on ecological interactions and ecosystem processes. We expect, however, that ecologically-sustainable management practices can help to mitigate these effects. This study investigates how the replacement of Araucaria Forest by ecologically-managed tree monocultures affects leaf damage patterns produced by external chewers, internal chewers, leaf miners, galling insects, and pathogens, as well as the incidence of epiphylls. The study was performed in the São Francisco de Paula National Forest (southern Brazil) on 12 1-ha plots of Araucaria Forest and ecologically managed plantations of Araucaria, Pinus and Eucalyptus. Overall, 9955 leaves of the understory community (up to 1 m tall) were sampled and analyzed. The mean and the frequency distribution pattern of leaf damage were very similar between Araucaria Forest and all three tree monocultures. Also, there was no difference between habitats in the percentage of leaves attacked by different feeding guilds of insect herbivores and by pathogens. Araucaria Forest had a higher percentage of leaves with epiphylls than Eucalyptus plantation, probably due to its shadier and moister microclimate. Ecologically managed tree monocultures sustain a wide variety of herbivorous insects, pathogens and epiphylls which helps the maintenance of key ecological interactions and the functioning of the ecosystem.     

Allelopathic effects of Araucaria angustifolia needle extracts in the growth of Lactuca sativa seeds

Araucaria forest, named due to the high abundance of Araucaria angustifolia, occurs mainly in the southern Brazilian highlands, and the abundance of A. angustifolia in the forest is a current forest issue. The present study aimed at evaluating a potential allelopathic effect of A. angustifolia needle extracts that could mediate plant successional dynamics in the Araucaria forests. Senescent araucaria needles from A. angustifolia were evaluated for their allelopathic potential on Lactuca sativa through an in vitro study. The effect was evaluated by determining the germination of seeds, length of seedling and germination rate. The allelopathic potential of the A. angustifolia was confirmed for the highest doses tested (187.5 and 250?mg of the extracts). The potential allelochemical compounds identified were ent-kaurene and phyllocladene. In conclusion, A. angustifolia showed a potential allelophatic effect that may play an important role in successional dynamics of Araucaria forests.     

Early growth and survival of 49 tropical tree species across sites differing in soil fertility and rainfall in Panama

Reforestation in the tropics takes place across a wide variety of edaphic and climatic conditions. Reforestation trials have demonstrated that edaphic conditions may have a strong effect on species growth and survival. However it is unclear how the relative importance of soil conditions influences species survival and growth under varying amounts of rainfall and lengths of dry season.Two-year growth and mortality of 49 tree species were evaluated in four sites across Panama, representing a soil fertility-rainfall matrix. Despite strong contrasts in environmental conditions, 65% of individual species did not show consistent differences in growth between high- and low-fertility sites or between wet and dry sites. However, early growth and survival were more strongly affected by soil fertility than by rainfall patterns for the second-largest group; 30% of the species grew significantly better in both high-fertility sites than in both low-fertility sites, compared to 6% in both wet sites vs. both dry sites. In the two high-fertility sites, growth of 47% and 69% of the species was better than their across-site means. On the other hand, 55% and 73% of the species grew significantly slower than their across-site averages in the two low-fertility sites.Survival did not appear to be associated to either soil fertility or rainfall. In each site, only a few species had a significantly higher or lower within-site survival than across-site survival.Diversifying the choice of tree species increases the options for reforestation strategies that match species characteristics to local site conditions and to the objectives and management possibilities of landholders. Testing the performance of potential species under different site conditions in screening trials is paramount, both to inform selection from among the vast diversity of tree species in the tropics that show good growth and survival under different local site conditions and to filter out unsuitable species and avoid early failure of the reforestation effort.     

Simplified inference about dominance in forest stands

In a series of papers, Binkley and coauthors suggested dominance curves as a framework for understanding growth dominance and resource use efficiency in forest stands. Constructing a dominance curve requires three major supporting components: an appropriate allometric equation for biomass, sufficient data to characterize the size distribution of trees in the stand, and data on growth from a sufficient number of trees to characterize the relationship between tree size and growth across the entire size distribution. These components are not always available. Here, I propose a simplified approach to inference that can be used to diagnoze positive, neutral, and reverse dominance when the conditions for constructing a full dominance curve cannot be met. I illustrate the approach with published data from an old-growth kauri (Agathis australis) stand, which shows clear evidence of reverse dominance.     

异叶南洋杉人工林木材生材性质研究

为合理利用异叶南洋杉人工林木材,通过排水法、质量法和数值法对异叶南洋杉人工林的生材性质展开研究,结果表明,异叶南洋杉人工林木材树皮体积百分率、质量百分率、生材密度、基本密度和生材含水率的平均值分别为11.39%、13.78%、0.842 g/cm³、0.394 g/cm³和121.43%。随异叶南洋杉树高的增加,树皮体积百分率和质量百分率总体呈增大趋势;生材密度和基本密度总体呈下降趋势;生材含水率总体呈先升高后降低的趋势。以期为异叶南洋杉人工林木材的合理利用提供数据支持和理论支撑。