褐藻酸降解茵诱发海带病烂的组织细胞学观察

用褐藻酸降解菌对海带进行人为感染,经培养使其产生烂斑,通过组织显微切片观察表明1、褐藻酸降解菌首先侵入内皮层,然后再逐渐侵入到外皮层、髓部和表皮,最终导致海带病烂.2、感染后内皮层伤害最重,其次是外皮层和髓部,表皮的伤害最轻.3、浸染海带内皮层的细胞中,有大量颗粒状储藏物质,其直径范围在1.5～4.0μm之间,平均直径为2.7 μm.形状为椭圆或圆形.     

褐藻酸降解菌引起海带内皮层细胞储藏颗粒变化的初步研究

实验对正常海带用褐藻酸降解菌进行了人工感染，经培养使其产生烂斑，通过组织显微切片进行比较观察，发现褐藻酸降解菌首先侵入内皮层，然后再逐渐侵入到外皮层、髓部，最终导致海带病烂。切片中发现在侵染海带切片内皮层的细胞中，有大量储藏颗粒，形成椭圆或圆形。其直径范围在1．5－4．0μm之间，平均直径为2．7μm。该颗粒主要存在内皮层，从其产生到消亡的过程分析，与褐藻酸降解菌的侵入有关，并作为营养起到促进菌增殖的作用。     

褐藻酸降解菌感染下海带活性氧产生的研究

以海带为材料，选用5株感染能力较强的褐藻酸降解菌作为致病菌，研究了活性氧（ROS）在海带抗褐藻酸降解菌感染中的产生及其作用。结果表明：（1）海带在褐藻酸降解菌感染下活性氧的产生具有普遍性。（2）活性氧的大量产生只发生在褐藻酸降解菌感染的早期阶段，随着感染时间的不断延长，活性氧的产生速率逐渐降低。说明活性氧的产生是海带在褐藻酸降解感染早期启动的反应特征之一。     

活性氧在海带抗褐藻酸降解菌感染中不同时期的抗氧化能力

以海带为材料,研究了活性氧(ROS)在褐藻酸降解菌感染中的产生及其作用.结果表明①褐藻酸降解菌感染引起海带活性氧的大量产生,且海带No.1活性氧的产生速率始终明显大于海带901(P<0.05).②在褐藻酸降解菌感染的早期阶段,海带维持着较高的抗氧化能力和对褐藻酸降解菌感染较高的抗性,而且海带的抗感染能力与活性氧产生速率呈一定的正相关性;2个品系相比,海带No.1的抗性又明显大于海带901(P<0.01).③在褐藻酸降解菌感染的后期,海带的抗氧化能力显著降低,膜脂过氧化和脱酯化伤害作用加剧,同时对褐藻酸降解菌感染的抗性显著降低,海带的抗感染能力与活性氧产生速率呈一定的负相关性,其中海带 No.1活性氧的产生速率、膜脂过氧化作用和脱酯化作用都远远高于海带901;相反,海带No.1对褐藻酸降解菌的抗性明显低于海带901(P<0.05).指示在感染的早期阶段,活性氧的产生在海带抵抗褐藻酸降解菌的感染中起着重要作用;而在后期阶段,活性氧的产生又大大降低了海带对褐藻酸降解菌感染的抗性.海带在感染的早期维持较高水平的抗氧化能力,而在感染的后期抗氧化能力显著下降是活性氧表现出双重作用的重要原因之一.     

海带对褐藻酸降解菌的抗性与其抗氧化能力的相关性分析

采用生物化学的方法测试 2个品系的海带 (Laminariajaponica)对褐藻酸降解菌抗性的差异性 ,并对其抗氧化能力进行研究 ,旨为海带烂病的防治提供生物学基础依据。结果表明 ,1)海带荣城 1号对褐藻酸降解菌的抗性远高于海带 90 1;2 )海带荣城 1号细胞内 2种抗氧化酶 -超氧化物歧化酶 (SOD)和过氧化物酶 (POD)的活性明显高于海带 90 1;而另一种抗氧化酶—过氧化氢酶 (CAT)的活性与海带 90 1相比没有明显的差别 ;3 )海带荣城 1号的脂溶性抗氧化能力同样明显高于海带 90 1。说明海带的抗氧化能力与其对褐藻酸降解菌的抗性有一定的相关性。     

褐藻酸降解菌对海带配子体克隆的作用及其药物防治研究

通过回染实验，确认褐藻酸降解菌是海带配子体克隆病害的主要致病菌；观察了对其海带配子体克隆细胞侵染的现象，并研究了抗生素对海带配子体克隆细胞和褐藻酸降解菌的作用，发现0．5－100mg/L青霉素对配子体克隆细胞的生长有一定促进作用，实验范围内各浓度青霉素对褐藻酸降解菌均有较好的抑菌效果，且抑菌效果随浓度的提高而加强。其中100mg/L青霉素10d内可将褐藻酸降解菌浓度降低到初始浓度的1／20以下，可作为海带配子体克隆保存中有效的抑菌药物。     

褐藻酸降解菌感染对海带抗氧化酶活性的影响

利用生物化学的方法，研究了海带被褐藻酸降解菌感染过程中的抗氧化酶活性的变化。结果表明，⑴在褐藻酸降解菌感染的初期，海带细胞内超氧化物岐化酶（SOD）和过氧化氢酶（CAT）的活性急剧升高，随着感染的进行，二者的活性逐渐下降。⑵抗坏血酸过氧化物酶（APX)的活性在感染的初期变化不明显，而在感染的后期活性有所增加。⑶在整个感染的过程中，谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶（GPX）的活性的变化无规律性，没有表现出明显的升降变化。说明这四种酶在海带抵抗褐藻酸降解菌感染的过程中所起作用大小和作用的时期有所差异。     

大型海藻的细菌降解试验

研究了褐藻酸降解菌的筛选及利用其降解海带和裙带菜的方法及适宜条件。结果表明,褐藻酸降解菌更易降解嫩海藻,其降解能力与菌液或酶液的pH、盐度有很大的关系,先培养细菌离心后降解海藻、培养细菌后不离心降解海藻、培养细菌与降解海藻同时进行这三种方式对海藻都有降解能力,但效率依次降低。     

褐藻酸降解菌的筛选及其生长条件

采用安藤芳明选择性培养基从自然发病明显的海带幼苗上分离出8株褐藻酸降解菌。研究表明，8株菌能够不同程度地降解褐藻酸钠，菌株A1和A2表现出较强的降解能力，接种1d后液体培养基即变清。温度是该菌大量繁殖的决定性因子，其生长的最适温度为20℃，最适pH7.5。褐藻酸钠质量分数为0.5％-0.6％时，不同氮源和碳源对菌体生长的影响不同，其中有机氮和铵态氮有利于菌体生长，尿素和硝酸钠抑制菌体生长；只有在培养基中含有褐藻酸钠时，菌体才能正常生长。     

粘帚霉对几种水生生物有害菌的抑制作用测定

采用对峙培养法测定了粘帚霉16株菌株对嗜水气单胞菌、耶耳森菌、鳗弧菌、褐藻酸降解菌-MA10和褐藻酸降解菌-MB16的作用。试验结果表明,粘帚霉中NCH-3-1、YJS-3-2、GJ-1-1、SS-1-1、SHW-2-1、SHW-1-1、BD-2-2 7株菌株对供试的5种有害菌表现出较强的抑制作用。     

海带孢子体、配子体时期附生菌群落结构的比较

为探究海带(Saccharina japonica)生活史孢子体、配子体不同阶段的附生菌群落结构的差异,采用Illumina测序技术,分析了种海带(S1)、配子体(S2)、幼孢子体(S3)和大孢子体(S4)这4个不同阶段的藻体上附生菌16S rRNA序列,研究其附生菌群落结构。结果显示,4个阶段共识别出23门156属共244个操作分类单元(OTU)。从门分类上来说,变形菌门(Proteobacteria)在海带各阶段中均表现出较高的丰度,在S1、S2、S3和S4藻体样本中相对丰度分别达53.0%、94.3%、77.2%和36.7%,蓝细菌门(Cyanobacteria)只在S4藻体样本中表现出较高的丰度,为43.8%;从属分类上来说,假交替单胞菌属(Pseudoalteromonas)在各样本间差异较大,S2、S3和S4样本中相对丰度分别为65.00%、44.88%和25.57%,但在S1样本中仅为0.18%。各样品间附生菌群落结构差异较大,S1与S4样本相邻聚为一支,S2与S3样本为另一支。S2样本的菌群种类单一且分布不均匀,S1、S3与S4样本细菌种类丰富,但S4样本中菌群间的丰度差异较大。海带的苗种繁育阶段(S2和S3)存在褐藻酸降解菌丰度增加的趋势,孢子体阶段(S4)则具有高丰度的共生型蓝细菌。     

Influence of alginic acid and fucoidan on the immune responses of head kidney leukocytes in cod

The present study investigated the immunomodulatory activities of alginic acid and fucoidan, both derived from brown seaweeds, on selected cellular immune responses and antibacterial activity of head kidney (HK) leukocytes of cod, Gadus morhua. Primary cultures of HK leukocytes were incubated with either 10 or 100 μg ml⁻¹ of the substances and the effects on respiratory burst, cellular proliferation, acid and alkaline phosphatase activity and cellular myeloperoxidase were measured at 3- and 24-h post-incubation. The antibacterial activity of the supernatants collected from the cell cultures incubated with 100 μg ml⁻¹ of the substances were tested against Vibrio anguillarum and Aeromonas salmonicida. Respiratory burst was significantly elevated in cells incubated with either alginic acid or fucoidan in a dose-dependent manner. Incubation with a higher dose of alginic acid and fucoidan resulted in lower cellular proliferation at 3- and 24-h, respectively. Both acid and alkaline phosphatase activities of HK leukocytes were not significantly modulated, except for a slight elevation of acid phosphatase in cells incubated with 100 μg ml⁻¹ of alginic acid for 24-h. Fucoidan, but not alginic acid significantly increased cellular myeloperoxidase activity at a concentration of 100 μg ml⁻¹. The growth of the bacteria in both the treated and control supernatants was significantly lower than what was observed in the bacterial culture medium. However, the supernatants from the treated cells had significantly higher bacterial growth compared with supernatants of the control cells. Taken together, these results showed that at the tested concentrations, both alginic acid and fucoidan are able to differentially stimulate some cellular immune responses of cod HK leukocytes in vitro and the respiratory burst activity was significantly stimulated by these brown algal derivatives. These substances could be tested as potential immunostimulants in future in vivo studies.     

人工感染嗜水气单胞菌对日本鳗鲡血清酶活力的影响

为了解日本鳗鲡(Anguilla japonica)受嗜水气单胞菌(Aeromonas hydrophila)感染后血清酶活力的变化规律,将日本鳗鲡分为感染组和对照组,每组30尾,腹腔分别注射0.1 mL浓度为3×106CFU/mL的菌液和等量灭菌生理盐水。在注射后0、1、5、9、13、17、21、25、29、33 d从两组各取3尾日本鳗鲡,尾静脉取血,测定其酸性磷酸酶(ACP)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、一氧化氮合酶(NOS)活力的变化规律。结果显示:注射嗜水气单胞菌一段时间后,实验组鳗鲡的ACP和SOD的活力都显著高于对照组,且都在21 d时达到最高值,随后逐渐下降。结果表明:嗜水气单胞菌感染后,日本鳗鲡能够通过提高血清中ACP和SOD活力来提高机体对嗜水气单胞菌的免疫力,而对一氧化氮合酶的活力没有显著影响。     

Cellulose digestion by common Japanese freshwater clam Corbicula japonica

ABSTRACT:   Cellulose digestion by Corbicula japonica was investigated according to the hypothesis that without any symbiotic aid, this organism can utilize cellulose as a carbon source. Enzymatic studies revealed the complete cellulase activity of this species, and molecular cloning resulted in the isolation of cDNA with an ORF encoding a 596-amino-acid protein that shares significant homology with abalone and termite cellulases with an amino acid identity of 52.2% and 50.5%, respectively. The isolated cellulase had a carbohydrate-binding module at the N-terminal region that was also reportedly present in abalone cellulase, and its mRNA were specifically expressed in the digestive gland. These findings strongly support the assumption that C. japonica has an endogenous cellulose, as well as abalones and termites. It is further believed that C. japonica plays an important roll in decomposing cellulose, and consequently contributes to the carbon-cycle in the aquatic environment, as termites do in terrestrial forests.     

Morphopathological features of a severe ulcerative disease outbreak associated with Tenacibaculum maritimum in cultivated sole, Solea senegalensis (L.)

This study describes morphopathologic changes in naturally infected farmed Senegalese sole affected by tenacibaculosis caused by Tenacibaculum maritimum. Macroscopic observation, in addition to light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy, was used to study the lesions. Main lesions were characterized by complete loss of epidermis and dermis, as well as extensive necrosis of muscle layers. Mild-to-moderate inflammatory response with the presence of macrophages was noted around hyaline degenerated muscle cells. Gram-negative filamentous bacteria could be detected only at the dermis. Under scanning electron microscopy, filamentous bacteria located over the scales without epithelium could be observed. These findings together with the isolation and PCR detection of the bacteria in kidney and skin tissues suggest that once the bacteria reach the dermis, probably through eroded epidermis, they are able to proliferate and produce enzymes that are responsible for the damage in the underlying tissues.