芥菜型油菜与白菜种间杂种的获得与鉴定

以芸薹属植物芥菜型油菜和白菜为研究对象，对其进行常规正反杂交后子房的离体培养，通过离体子房培养获得的杂种种子经MS培养基诱导成苗，获得了芥菜型油菜与白菜的杂种F1代植株，表现出杂种优势；通过细胞学的方法，鉴定了杂种F1幼蕾体的细胞染色体数为2n=28，为母本芥菜型油菜（2n=36）和父本白菜（2n=20）的单倍体染色体数之和；芥菜型油菜与白菜常规杂交后，经离体子房培养获得了“胚性芽”，确立了植物胚挽救的另一种形式。     

黑芥与诸葛菜远缘杂交研究

以黑芥和诸葛菜为亲本,进行远缘杂交,通过子房培养成功地获得了属间杂种,并对杂种进行了形态学和分子鉴定。结果表明,以黑芥为母本,诸葛菜为父本的正交组合获得了1株真杂种,结籽率为0．72％,而以诸葛菜为母本,黑芥为父本的反交组合没获得杂种;取授粉后第7天的子房离体培养效果较好;以MS为基本培养基并附加一定量的植物激素2mg／L6-BA和0.2mg／LNAA培养子房效果较好。杂种一代植株呈现中间型,一些性状介于两亲本之间,一些性状倾向于母本。花粉育性观察表明,杂种一代表现为完全的雄性不育。SSR鉴定结果表明,形态上有变异的1株杂种为真杂种。     

苦瓜未授粉子房的胚状体诱导

苦瓜常规育种获得纯合株系耗时长、成本高,通过离体雌核培养途径获得单倍体可加速苦瓜育种进程。为建立苦瓜未授粉子房离体培养再生体系,本研究利用苦瓜未授粉子房为外植体,研究基因型、接种方式、激素配比、胚囊发育时期、预培养处理对胚状体诱导效果的影响。结果表明:MS+6-BA 0.5 mg/L+NAA1.00 mg/L+2,4-D 1.0 mg/L+TDZ 0.04 mg/L培养基胚状体的诱导率最高,为19.60%;在8个苦瓜品种中,2个植株生长势强的品种‘桂农科3号’和‘泰国山’苦瓜胚状体诱导率较高,适合作为离体雌核诱导的实验材料;开花当天的子房去除表皮后横切成2 mm的薄片可有效降低愈伤组织的形成,提高胚状体的诱导率;在黑暗和33℃条件下热激3 d有利于子房的转绿和出胚。本研究对苦瓜未授粉子房的胚状体诱导关键因子进行优化,为创制苦瓜单倍体育种材料提供帮助。     

甘蓝未受精子房离体培养体系的建立

利用供试的甘蓝CMS材料对影响甘蓝未受精子房离体培养诱导的主要因素（包括外植体的基因型、外植体发育时期、外源激素类型及浓度、高温预处理温度及时间、灭菌所用次氯酸钠浓度及时间等）进行研究,旨在对各种处理条件下诱导率情况进行分析。通过单因素、多因素等试验方法筛选出能够诱导成苗的未受精子房离体培养体系,明确甘蓝未受精子房离体培养发育途径。结果表明：基因型RM的诱导效果最好;当外植体处于花初期时最易诱导成功;诱导未受精子房产生愈伤组织的适宜培养基MS+0.5 mg/L 6-BA+ 2.0 mg/L 2,4-D+ 0.1 mg/L NAA,愈伤组织及雌核发育胚总诱导率可达28.57%;诱导愈伤组织分化不定芽的适宜培养基为MS+ 0.1 mg/L NAA+ 0.2 mg/L 6-BA+ 0.05mg/L TDZ,不定芽分化频率可达57.12%;将不定芽转移至1/2MS+ 0.1 mg/L NAA培养基中可诱导生根,发育成完整植株;33℃高温诱导1 天的平均芽点数及芽点诱导率均最高,分别为2.85 和100%;次氯酸钠浓度为2%、处理时间为15 min时,平均芽点数和芽点诱导率均最高,分别为2.93和97%。     

克服甘薯种间五倍体杂种生殖障碍的研究

甘薯与源于甘薯近缘野生种三浅裂野牵牛（I.trifida,4x）的种间五倍体杂种杂交，结实率通常很低，严重影响种间五倍体杂种在甘薯育种中的应用。为获得上述杂交的大量后代而进行的研究表明，在甘薯种间五倍体杂种的正交组合（甘薯为母本）中，采用蒙导授粉可以克服受精前障碍而显著提高结实率；植物生长调节剂对促进花粉管生长及克服胚败育的作用较小，故改善结实性的效果不理想，但可以延长子房寿命，与蒙导授粉结合使用，能进一步提高蒙导授粉的结实率；蒙导授粉后15d的胚珠离体培养，     

甘蓝未受精子房离体培养及再生植株倍性的鉴定

甘蓝通过未受精子房离体培养诱导获得的再生植株,对再生植株的倍性进行有效的鉴定是将其进一步应用于优良品种选育的基础。本研究利用3种基因型的甘蓝材料(PMQM、QMF、RMQM)培育再生植株,优化甘蓝未受精子房离体培养体系,并通过形态学鉴定法、根尖染色体计数法、流式细胞仪鉴定法对组培植株进行倍性鉴定。结果表明:在0.4 mg/L ZT的分化培养基中,3种基因型材料的愈伤组织分化率明显高于1.0 mg/L 6-BA培养基中的组培苗,其中基因型RMQM的分化效果最好;最终确定诱导愈伤组织分化不定芽的最适培养基配方为MS+0.4 mg/L ZT+2.0 mg/L 2,4-D+0.1 mg/L NAA,且通过3种鉴定方法,得出再生植株倍性:单倍体3.4%,双倍体49.8%,四倍体15.9%,嵌合体35.3%。     

大花萱草‘黄油花’和‘粉秀客’杂交子代的鉴定与核型分析

为获得具有优良观赏性状的萱草新品种,以大花萱草‘黄油花’(H.‘Gleber’s Top Gream’)为母本,‘粉秀客’( H.‘Pink silk ruffle’)为父本进行杂交,获得了一些发生性状分离的杂交后代,对后代株系中性状较稳定的4个株系综合利用形态学观察和核型分析进行了杂种鉴定。结果表明：杂交后代遗传了父母本的形态学特征;双亲及其4个杂交后代均为二倍体(2n=2x=22),后代核型特征多介于父母本之间,以2B型为主。从形态学、细胞学方面证明杂交后代整合了亲本的遗传物质和表型特征,确定为真杂种,为利用大花萱草选育新品种提供了新的种质材料。     

铁皮石斛与钩状石斛杂交及种子无菌播种快繁研究

以铁皮石斛和钩状石斛为研究对象,通过人工辅助杂交获得杂交种子,诱导种子离体萌发,开展无菌播种技术研究.结果表明,铁皮石斛与钩状石斛杂交容易成功,杂交坐果率可达到80％;适宜的种子萌发培养基为MS+ 6-BA 1.0 mg/L+NAA 0.1 mg/L,培养30 d时的萌发率为89.7％;培养基MS+6-BA 1.5 mg/L+ NAA0.1 mg/L+香蕉100 g/L+ AC 1.0 mg/L对原球茎的增殖最好;培养基MS+ 6-BA 1.5 mg/L+ NAA 0.1mg/L+马铃薯200 g/L+ AC 1.0 g/L对原球茎的分化最好;壮苗生根培养基配方为1/2 MS+ NAA 0.6 mg/L+香蕉100 g/L+AC 1.0 g/L,植株生长健壮,生根率100％,移栽成活率达95％以上.     

大花萱草‘黄油花’和‘粉秀客’杂交后代的鉴定与核型分析

为获得具有优良观赏性状的萱草新品种,以大花萱草‘黄油花’(H.‘Gleber’s Top Gream’)为母本,‘粉秀客’(H.‘Pink silk ruffle’)为父本进行杂交,获得了一些杂交后代,从中选出性状较稳定的4个杂交后代,综合利用形态学观察和核型分析进行了杂种鉴定。结果表明:4个杂交后代均遗传了父母本的形态学特征;双亲及其4个杂交后代均为二倍体(2n=2x=22),后代核型特征多介于父母本之间,以2B型为主。从形态学、细胞学方面证明杂交后代整合了亲本的遗传物质和表型特征,确定为真杂种,为利用大花萱草选育新品种提供了新的种质材料。     

黄花牛耳朵离体叶片不定芽的诱导及植株再生

以黄花牛耳朵的(Primulina lutea Yan LiuY.G.Wei)叶片为外植体,通过不定芽的诱导、增殖培养、生根培养等步骤建立其离体再生体系。结果表明,诱导黄花牛耳朵不定芽产生的最佳培养基为MS+6-BA 4.5 mg/L+NAA 0.03 mg/L,诱导率为93.67%,在此诱导培养基上获得的不定芽多;不定芽增殖的最佳培养基为MS+KT 3.0 mg/L+IBA 1.0 mg/L,增殖系数为9.82,在此增殖培养基上获得的不定芽长势好、健壮;不定芽生根的最佳培养基为1/2 MS+IBA 0.3 mg/L,生根率为94.67%,生根时间最短。本研究以黄化牛耳朵的叶片为外植体,通过不定芽诱导途径成功获得了其再生植株,建立了离体培养体系。     

Interspecific hybridization of Brassica napus and B. juncea through ovary,ovule and embryo culture

Summary Employing in vitro culture of ovaries, ovules and embryos, interspecific hybrids have been obtained amongst two important oilseed crops, Brassica napus x B. juncea and their reciprocal. The test-tube hybrid plants have been transferred to the field, and reared to maturity. The F₁ seeds obtained from the hybrid ovaries showed normal germination, and the hybrid plants exhibited a range of variation of characters.     

Interspecific hybridization inBrassica juncea × Brassica hirta using embryo rescue

Summary Interspecific hybrids have been obtained in an otherwise incompatible cross betweenBrassica juncea × Brassica hirta through the in vitro culture of hybrid ovules and ovaries. The best response was observed from ovules and ovaries cultured 10–15 and 5–7 days after pollination respectively on a basal medium supplemented with indoleacetic acid, kinetin and casein hydrolysate. In some cases the basal cut end of the ovaries proliferated to form callus and shoots. The in vitro-derived hybrid seeds varied in their colour, size and shape, and the F₁ plants in the field showed a large diversity in their morphological traits. The hybrids were sterile, and had an intermediate number of chromosomes (2n=30).     

甘蓝型油菜与花椰菜种间杂种子房离体培养研究初报

甘蓝型油菜与花椰菜种间杂种子房离体培养研究初报     

Hybridization in Brassica juncea × Brassica campestris through ovary culture

Summary Ovary culture has been employed for the production of interspecific hybrids of a partially compatible cross of Brassica juncea (2n=36) × Brassica campestris (2n=20). Five to seven days old ovaries cultured on White's medium supplemented with casein hydrolysate (300 mg/l) and sucrose (5%) produced more seeds than any other media tried, but seed development was better on media fortified with plant hormones. The seed yield was better in B. juncea × B. campestris than their reciprocal cross. The plants obtained from ovary-derived seeds were transferred to the field; they were intermediate in some morphological characters and chromosome number (2n=28) as compared to their parents. The flower buds generally did not open and had poorly developed anthers with mostly sterile pollen. The pod size/setting was very much reduced, but healthy seeds were obtained.     

Study on Hybridation and Aseptic Seeding as Well as Rapid Propogation of Demdrobium officinale and Dendrobium aduncum

[Objective]To study the system of aseptic seeding and rapid propogationtin of hybrid seeds of Demdrobium officinale and Dendrobium aduncum [Methods] Demdrobium officinale and Dendrobium aduncum were the objects of research,and their hybrid seeds were gained by artificially auxiliary hybridation. The seeds were induced to germinate in vitro,and study on the technology of aseptic seeding was finished. [Results]Successful hybridation of Demdrobium officinale and Dendrobium aduncum could be easily realized,and hybrid fruit-bearing rate could reach 80%; the suitable culture medium for seeds was: MS +1. 0 mg/L 6-BA +0. 1 mg/L NAA,the germination rate after 30 d of cultivation was 89. 7%; appropriate culture medium for proliferation of protocorm was: MS + 1. 5 mg /L 6-BA + 0. 1 mg /L NAA + 100 g /L banana + 1. 0 mg /L AC; appropriate culture medium for differentiation of protocorm was: MS + 1. 5 mg /L 6-BA + 0. 1 mg /L NAA + 200 g /L potato + 1. 0 g /L AC; the formula of culture medium for strenghening the seedlinge and nurturing the rooting was: 1 /2 MS + 0. 6 mg /L NAA +100 g /L banana + 1. 0 g /L AC,the plant grew robustly,the rooting percentage was 100%,and the survival rate of transplanting was higher than 95%. [Conclusions]This method ascertains the optimum culture media formula in the whole regeneration process and all phases from seed germination to acclimatization and transplantation,so fine solidation is laid for its germplasm innovation and industrialized seedling production.     

芸芥(Eruca sativa Mill.)与芸薹属(Brassica L.) 3个油用种的远缘杂交

采用芸芥(Eruca sativa Mill.)与芸薹属3个油用种（Brassica napus, Brassica juncea, Brassica rapa）进行杂交，共授粉15 990朵花，获得1 257个角果，711粒杂交种子，结角率为7.86%，亲和指数0.045。经形态学鉴定，无论芸芥作母本还是芸薹属的三个油用种作母本，F1植株均为偏母植株。杂交所获得角果的角粒数很低，许多角果     

水稻籼稻杂种人工种子制备的研究

从二个水稻籼粳杂种幼穗来源的愈伤组织上,分化出大量不定芽。在2,4-D0.2mg/L、BAP2mg/L的MS培养基上,亚优2号不定芽增殖率可达3.5。无菌条件下,以不定芽作材料制备的人工种子发芽率最高可达60.0％,最低也可达15.0％。使用麦芽糖代替蔗糖,以及用较大的不定芽都可提高人工种子发芽率。     

几种重金属离子对小白菜种子萌发及生理活性的影响

本试验研究了镍(Ni^2 )、镉(Cd^2 )、铜(Cu^2 )、锌(Zn^2 )、铬(Cr^3 )、银(Ag^ )、铅(Pb^2 )7种重金属离子对小白菜种子萌发和萌动种子细胞膜透性的影响。结果表明，0．5、5mg／L浓度下Zn^2 、Ag^ 、Pb^2 略促进萌发，Cu^2 在50mg／L浓度下极显著地抑制萌发，500mg／L浓度下各离子均显著抑制萌发。0．5mg／L低浓度处理时，Zn^23 和Ni^2 促进小白菜幼芽伸长。随浓度增加，重金属离子均引起小白菜细胞膜透性逐渐增加，但幼芽长度降低。发芽率与细胞膜透性间存在一定的相关关系。综合考虑，Zn^2 对小白菜种子萌发毒性相对较小，Cr^3 毒害最大，Cu^2 毒害仅次于Cr^3 ，500mg／L处理浓度下以Ag^ 毒害最大。     

外来入侵物种金钟藤的水抽取物对菜薹种子萌发的影响

金钟藤是一种新近在广州地区被发现的局部危害作用相当巨大的外来入侵植物.本研究以金钟藤根、茎、叶的不同浓度的水抽取物处理菜薹种子,分析不同处理对菜薹种子萌发的影响.结果表明,金钟藤根、茎、叶水抽取物在实验所采用的任何浓度下均抑制菜心种子的萌发,浓度越高,抑制作用越强;在相同浓度下,金钟藤比用于对照外来植物薇甘菊抑制菜薹种子萌发的能力强;金钟藤不同器官的水抽取物的抑制强弱表现为叶〉茎〉根.     

Establishment of reliable methods of in vitro pollen germination and pollen preservation of Brassica rapa (syn. B. campestris)

A simple and reliable method for evaluating the viability of Brassica pollen was established in which the in vitro germination rate of pollen was adopted as the index of the viability of pollen grains. Pollen grains were preincubated in an atmosphere in which the relative humidity (RH) was fixed to 52% or 66% at 20 °C for 5 hours. They were cultured for 16 hours at 25 °C in a liquid Kwack's medium (1964) supplemented with 20% sucrose, and the pH was adjusted to 8.0. They were then observed under a microscope and the number of germinating and unchanged pollen grains were counted. The germination rate of pollen was improved and stabilized by preincubation and the use of a high pH medium. More than 90% of the freshly harvested pollen grains of Brassica rapa (syn. B. campestris) germinated constantly in these conditions Undehisced anthers were collected from flowers at anthesis and dehydrated by incubation at 20 °C for 16–24 hours in an atmosphere where the RH was fixed to 15% or 32%. They were put into a plastic vial and preserved in a freezer at -20 °C. The germination percentage of the preserved pollen was scored at intervals during preservation. The germination rate of the pollen grains preserved at -20°C for 1 year was higher than 50% and the pollen proved to be efficient for seed set. Most of the seeds germinated normally. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.