Chalcidoid parasitoids of Chromatomyia horticola (Gour.) (Dip. Agromyzidae) in Sivas Province, Turkey

Chromatomyia horticola (Goureau, 1851) (Diptera Agromyzidae) is a polyphagous species and very common worldwide. In this study, parasitoids of Chromatomyia horticola were investigated on various plants during 2003 in the Sivas province. Infested leaves were sampled weekly and kept in the laboratory to observe and count emerging leafminers and parasitoid adults. Eight parasitoid species were reared belonging to Eulophidae and Pteromalidae (Chalcidoidea). Diglyphus iseae (Walker), Pediobius metallicus (Nees) and Diglyphus pachyneurus Graham represent the predominant parasitoid species. Among the parasitoids reared, Aprostocetus flavifrons (Walker), Merismus sp., and Chrysocharis crassiscapus (Thomson) have been newly recorded in Turkey and Aprostocetus flavifrons, Chrysocharis crassiscapus, Diglyphus pachyneurus Graham, and Merismus sp. were recorded for the first time from C. horticola.     

New parasitoids of<Emphasis Type="Italic"> Saperda populnea</Emphasis> (L.) (Col. Cerambycidae) in Bulgaria

The parasitoid complex of Saperda populnea (L.) (Col., Cerambycidae) was studied during the period 2002–2003 at different sites in Bulgaria. Galls containing cerambycid larvae were collected on branches of aspen (Populus tremula L.), goat willow (Salix caprea L.) and hybrid poplars and were studied under laboratory conditions. As a result, four new species for the parasitoid complex of S. populnea in Bulgaria were recorded: Dolichomitus tuberculatus (Geoffroy), Xylophrurus lancifer (Gravenhorst), Gelis ornatulus (Thomson) (Hym., Ichneumonidae) and Dendrocerus serricornis (Boheman) (Hym., Megaspilidae). D. serricornis and G. ornatulus are new species for Bulgarian fauna. D. tuberculatus and X. lancifer were found as primary parasitoids, and G. ornatulus and D. serricornis as hyperparasitoids. The primary parasitoids developed solitarily in the host larvae. D. serricornis was reared gregariously from a puparium of Billaea irrorata (Meig.) (Dipt., Tachinidae). The host of G. ornatulus was not identified, but the hyperparasitid could be connected with Iphiaulax impostor (Scop.) (Hym., Braconidae). The mortality of S. populnea caused by the parasitoids was 2.0–6.3%.     

Studies on the parasitoids of Gelechia senticetella (Stgr.) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) in Bulgaria

The parasitoids of Gelechia senticetella (Stgr.) (Lepid.: Gelechiidae), a pest of Juniperus excelsa M.?B., were studied in the “Tissata” reserve in Bulgaria. They were reared in laboratory conditions from pest larvae and pupae collected in 1991, 1992 and 2000. As a result of this study, 16 species of parasitoids of G. senticetella were recorded: Habrobracon stabilis Wesm., Hormius moniliatus (Nees), Phanerotoma tritoma Marsh. (Hym.: Braconidae), Diadegma consumptor (Grav.), Liotryphon cydiae (Perk.), Scambus pomorum (Ratz.), Scambus foliae (Cush.), Pimpla turionellae (L.), Eudelus simillimus (Tasch.), Mesochorus sp. (Hym.: Ichneumonidae), Sympiesis acalle Walk., Aprostocetus sp. (Hym.: Eulophidae), Eupelmus urozonus Dalm. (Hym.: Eupelmidae), Copidosoma thompsoni Merc. (Hym.: Encyrtidae), Calliprymna bisetosa Grah., and Mesopolobus sp. (Hym.: Pteromalidae). H. stabilis and P. tritoma were discovered as new species for the fauna of Bulgaria. Three species (E. simillimus, Mesochorus sp. and Aprostocetus sp.) are hyperparasitoids, and the remaining species are primary parasitoids. Most of the parasitoid species attack the larvae of G. senticetella and kill the hosts before pupation. In the studied parasitoid complex, D. consumptor and H. moniliatus were the dominant species. In 1991, the level of total parasitism of the host in the “Tissata” reserve was 24.3?%, in 1992 – 57.9?% and in 2000 – 12.7?%. D. consumptor was the most important parasitoid destroying 26.6?% of the pest larvae in 1992.     

Importation, colonization and establishment of Coccophagus cowperi Gir. (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae) on Saissetia coffeae (Walk.)(Homoptera: Coccidae) in Egypt

The hemispherical soft scale, Saissetia coffeae (Walker) (Homoptera: Coccidae), is one of the most important pests attacking olive trees in Egypt. During the period 2001–2003, a total of about 300,000 individuals of the parasitoid Coccophagus cowperi Girault (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae), obtained from India, was released at 35 sites for the biological control of S.coffeae on olive trees in Egypt. The maximum parasitism rates reached 53 and 62%, while average parasitism rates were 17.2 and 30.8% in the Marsy Mattrouh and El-Arish locations, respectively. These results indicate establishment of this parasitoid on this important economic plant in Egypt.     

Parasitoids of<Emphasis Type="Italic"> Ips typographus</Emphasis> (Col., Scolytidae), their frequency and composition in uncontrolled and controlled infested spruce forest in Bavaria

In the Bavarian Forest national park, the spruce bark beetle Ips typographus (Col., Scolytidae) has caused an uncontrolled mass propagation for more than 10 years. To find out if the population of parasitoid species, which can develop in an uncontrolled natural forest, is able to restrict spruce bark beetle gradation, we investigated the parasitoid fauna, their abundance and frequency in the central part of the park (no control), in the protection area and the enlargement area of the park and in a productive forest where the spruce bark beetle is strictly controlled. In 2002 and 2003, the species Coeloides bostrichorum, Roptrocerus xylophagorum/mirus, Rhopalicus tutela, Tomicobia seitneri and Dendrosoter eupterus were identified. C. bostrichorum was the most numerous species before Roptrocerus sp. and Rh. tutela. T. seitneri and D. eupterus were not as numerous. The order of frequency differed. Roptrocerus sp. was the most frequent parasitoid wasp in both years, and Rh. tutela and even T. seitneri were more frequent than C. bostrichorum. C. bostrichorum and Rh. tutela were found to be protandrous, whereas Roptrocerus sp. males and females had different sequences of appearance in different forest types. The average percentages of parasitism increased with time of exposure and was highest in the second generation. We found astonishingly high parasitization rates at sites where attacked trees are regularly removed.     

Insects reared from stems and branches of goat willow (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Salix caprea</Emphasis> L.) in Bulgaria

Seven xylophagous insect species were established in stems and branches of Salix caprea L. during the period 1998–2003 in Bulgaria: Agrilus lineola lineola Redtenbacher (Coleoptera: Buprestidae), Aromia moschata (Linnaeus), Oberea oculata (Linnaeus), Saperda populnea (Linnaeus), Saperda similis Laicharting (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae), Synanthedon formicaeformis (Esper) (Lepidoptera: Sesiidae) and Rhabdophaga clavifex (Kieffer) (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae). From them, six parasitoid species were reared: Dolichomitus mesocentrus (Gravenhorst), Dolichomitus populneus (Ratzeburg) (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae), Stephanus serrator (Fabricius) (Hymenoptera: Stephanidae), Aprostocetus metra (Walker), Euderus caudatus (Thomson) (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) and Billaea irrorata (Meigen) (Diptera: Tachinidae). D. populneus, E. caudatus and B. irrorata were connected with S. populnea; D. mesocentrus and S. serrator with S. similis; and A. metra with R. clavifex. Two parasitoids (A. metra and E. caudatus) had not previously been reported for the fauna of Bulgaria. The parasitoid–host relationships D. mesocentrus–S. similis and S. serrator –S. similis were established for the first time in this study.     

Study on the parasitoids ofPissodes nitidus Roel

A systematic observation and intensive study on the parasitoids ofPissodes nitidus were made in Langxiang and Xin'qing Forestry Bureau in Xiaoing'an Mountain area in 1996–1999, including the diagnosis, life history, biological characteristics ofEurytoma sp. and parasitoid complex ofPissodes nitidus. There were about 70 species of parasitoids onPissodes nitidus, including Eurytomidae, Ichneumonidae and Braconidae etc. Among them,Eurytoma sp. is a dominant species and a braconid,Ipobracon sp. is a subdominant species, and they play an important role in controlling the pest. Biography: HU Chun-xiang (1955-), male, Associate professor in Forest Resources and Environment Collage of Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, P. R. China Responsible editor: Chai Ruihai     

Parasitic Ichneumonoidea on the horse chestnut leaf miner, Cameraria ohridella (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae) in Slovakia

Parasitic Hymenoptera from the suprafamily Ichneumonoidea attacking the horse chestnut leafminer Cameraria ohridella Deschka & Dimic (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae) were studied in southwest Slovakia during 2000 and 2001. The search for such species resulted in the determination of eight ichneumonid species, Gelis agilis (Fabricius), Itoplectis alternans (Gravenhorst), I. clavicornis (Thompson), I. maculator (Fabricius), Scambus annulatus (Kiss), S. brevicornis (Gravenhorst), Zatypota percontatoria (Müller), Adelognathus sp. and a braconid Colastes braconius Haliday. The most abundant species was S. annulatus. All these species recorded are polyphagous and often facultative hyperparasitoids, except C. braconius, which departs from this norm in not being hyperparasitic. The presence of more diversified native parasitoids and hyperparasitoids from the Ichneumonoidea predicate a slow successive adaptation of the parasitoid fauna to the invasive host, Cameraria ohridella.     

New parasitoids of Paraphytomyza populi (Kltb.) (Diptera, Agromyzidae) in Bulgaria

The parasitoid complex of Paraphytomyza populi (Kltb.) (Diptera: Agromyzidae) was studied in Sofia, Bulgaria in 1997. Poplar leaves with P. populi larvae and pupae were collected from poplar stump shoots and examined in a laboratory. As a result, eleven parasitoid species were established: Chorebus albipes (Haliday) (Hymenoptera, Braconidae), Pediobius metallicus (Nees), Danuviella subplana Erdos, Chrysocharis nephereus (Walker), Chrysocharis pubicornis (Zetterstedt), Diglyphus crassinervis Erdos, Diglyphus isaea (Walker), Diglyphus albiscapus Erdos, Cirrospilus diallus Walker, Cirrospilus pictus (Nees) (Hymenoptera, Eulophidae) and Elasmus sp. (Hymenoptera, Elasmidae). Six species (D. crassinervis, D. isaea, D. albiscapus, C. diallus, C. pictus and Elasmus sp.) have been recorded as new parasitoids of P. populi. The genus Danuviella was found for the first time in Bulgaria. Five species (C. albipes, P. metallicus, D. subplana, D. crassinervis and D. albiscapus) are new records for the fauna of the country. The total mortality of P. populi caused by parasitoids was 19.1?% and 49.0?% for the overwintering and the summer generations, respectively. P. metallicus was the most important in reducing the pest number.     

Species composition, structure and impact of larval parasitoids of poplar twig borer,Gypsonoma aceriana (Dup.) (Lepidoptera, Tortricidae), on poplar ornamental trees in Sofia

Studies on the species composition and structure of parasitoid complex of poplar twig borer,Gypsonoma aceriana (Dup.), on poplar ornamental trees in Sofia and their role in reducing the number of this pest have been conducted during the period 1990–1997. Six larval parasitoids—Bracon variator Nees,Orgilus obscurator (Nees),Microdus tumidulus Nees,Apanteles erevanicus Tob. (Braconidae),Pristomerus rufiabdominalis Ucida andPristomerus vulnerator (Panz.) (Ichneumonidae) were identified. Most numerous wereM. tumidulus (41.0%),A. erevanicus (30.6%) andP. rufiabdominalis (19.1%).A. erevanicus andM. tumidulus were dominating during the different years. The parasitoids ofG. aceriana were solitary, asB. variator is an ektoparasite, and the rest—endoparasites. They attack young host larvae and emerge at the end of the pupal stage. The life cycle of parasitoids, that have double generation, are well synchronised with the pest development. This was expressed in the high levels of parasitism, which in some cases reached 61.5%, and as a whole for the different generations they were 5.9–44.4%.A. erevanicus andM. tumidulus were the most important in reducing the number of the pest.     

New Chalcidoidea (Hymenoptera) parasitoids of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Dasineura saliciperda</Emphasis> (Dufour) (Diptera,Cecidomyiidae) in Bulgaria

Abstract The parasitoid complex of Dasineura saliciperda (Dufour) (Diptera, Cecidomyiidae) on Salix fragilis L. was studied in 1997 and 2002 in two localities in Bulgaria. As a result, 5 species from 3 families of Chalcidoidea (Hymenoptera) were reared from pest galls: Eurytoma afra Boheman, Eurytoma salicis Walker (Eurytomidae), Torymus microcerus (Walker) (Torymidae), Gastrancistrus sp. and Mesopolobus sp. (Pteromalidae). E. afra and T. microcerus are new species for the fauna of Bulgaria, and E. salicis – a new parasitoid of the host. Total parasitism of D. saliciperda in the studied years ranged between 44.1 and 53.5 %. E. afra was the most important, destroying 21.9-53.5 % of the pest.     

Bioecological characteristics of Bracon intercessor Nees (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) as a parasitoid of the poplar clearwing moth, Paranthrene tabaniformis (Rott.) (Lepidoptera: Sesiidae) in Bulgaria

The major bioecological characteristics of Bracon intercessor Nees (Hymenoptera: Braconidae), a parasitoid of the poplar clearwing moth, Paranthrene tabaniformis (Rott.) (Lepidoptera: Sesiidae), were studied from 1987 to 2003. Poplar shoots infested with P. tabaniformis larvae were collected in 11 localities in Bulgaria and examined in the laboratory, and infestations were also studied in the field. B. intercessor was recorded in seven localities and was found to be a gregarious external larval parasitoid of P. tabaniformis. Two generations of the parasitoid developed on the host. The first (summer) generation was associated with early and mid-stage (up to third instar) host larvae, and the second (overwintering) generation with third- to fifth-instar larvae. The average number of parasitoid individuals feeding on a host was 4.5 and 12.4 in summer and overwintering generations, respectively. The maximum number recorded was 25 individuals per host in the overwintering generation. B. intercessor overwintered as a mature larva on the host and completed its development in early spring. The adults from the overwintering generation appeared in April, about 1 month prior to emergence of P. tabaniformis. The life cycle of B. intercessor was not in close synchrony with the development of P. tabaniformis in the spring, but the parasitoid adults which fed on honey-sugar solution lived for up to 31 days (males) and 86 days (females), respectively. This suggests that, in the field, B. intercessor females eclosing in the spring could survive until the host larvae appear if nectar is available. Adults of the summer generation emerge from July to September when sufficient suitable host larvae are available. B. intercessor was responsible for 1.5% of the average mortality of the P. tabaniformis overwintering larvae. The host mortality caused by the summer generation of the parasitoid ranged from 3.2% to 5.8%.     

Studies on population frequency of insects and mites causing galls on the leaves of the European aspen<Emphasis Type="Italic"> Populus tremula</Emphasis> L. in southern Poland

Species composition of galls on the leaves of Populus tremula L. was studied in 2002–2003 in two localities: the Ojców National Park and the Andrychów Forest District. A total of 2,199 galls were found, 1,522 of which were found in 2003. The galls were caused by ten insect or mite species. The species composition of the galls was similar in these two consecutive years. Phyllocoptes populi (Nalepa) was the most abundant species in both areas in 2003. The index of occurrence frequency (F) value was highest in the case of P. populi, namely 0.280 in the Ojców NP (2003), and lowest , i.e. 0.00002, for Trichiocampus grandis (Lepeletier) at both sites in 2003, and for Contarinia petioli (Kieffer) in the Ojców National Park in 2002. The highest value for Agrells index of species co-occurrence , i.e. 0.944, was found for Harmandia cavernosa (Rübsaamen) and H. tremulae (Winnertz) (Ojców NP, 2002), and the lowest (0.050) for T. grandis and H. globuli (Rübsaamen) (Ojców NP, 2003).     

Effects of repeated and delayed exposure to codling moth eggs on reproduction of Trichogramma cacoeciae and T. principium (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) females

Laboratory experiments were conducted to evaluate the influence of repeated and delayed exposure to fresh codling moth eggs on the parasitism of Trichogramma cacoeciae Marchal and T. principium Sug. et Sor. The percentage survival of T. cacoeciae and T. principium females significantly declined as the number of exposure times increased (or as the females became older). The highest mean number of parasitized eggs and F₁ progeny were recorded during the first day of exposure, after which they declined. However, the percentage mortality of parasitized eggs of T. cacoeciae and T. principium was negatively correlated with repeated exposure. When the exposure of T. cacoeciae and T. principium females to host eggs was delayed for 3 days after emergence, the percentage of oviposited females was not affected; however, the mean number of parasitized eggs, F₁ individuals and the percentage mortality declined significantly. The current study provided essential information necessary to determine the optimal timing of parasitoid releases to increase the efficiency of T. cacoeciae and T. principium against codling moth.     

Biological control of<Emphasis Type="Italic"> Bemisia tabaci</Emphasis> Biotype “B” (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae) by introduction,release and establishment of<Emphasis Type="Italic"> Eretmocerus hayati</Emphasis> (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae)

For the biological control Bemisia tabaci (Genn.) Biotype B (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae) , about 200,700 individuals of the imported parasitoid Eretmocerus hayati Zolnerowich and Rose (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae) were released during 2000 and 2002 on different host plants in Egypt. The average parasitism rates in different governorates on Lantana camara, Gossypium barbadence (cotton), Helianthus annus (soybean) and Solanum melongena (eggplant) were 10.3 and 14%, 16 and 11.4%, 12.9 and 8.7%, 18 and 13% during 2001 and 2002, respectively. The population of E. hayati correlated significantly with the buildup of the whitefly population in all three governorates, which indicated the establishment of the E. hayati parasitoid on these economically important crops in Egypt.     

Introduced <Emphasis Type="Italic">Eucalyptus</Emphasis> psyllids in Brazil

In the last 10 years, four species of psyllid were detected in Brazil on eucalypts: Ctenarytaina spatulata in 1994, Blastopsylla occidentalis in 1997, Ctenarytaina eucalypti in 1998 and Glycaspis brimblecombei in 2003. The latter two are serious pests in several countries. In Brazil, G. brimblecombei caused significant damage to the eucalypt plantations in the first years of its introduction. Now this pest is under control due to the programmes of integrated pest management, where the parasitoid is the principal control agent. The four eucalypt psyllid species introduced into Brazil are presented with information on distribution, hosts, biology and control.     

Study on biological and ecological characteristics ofIps subelongatus Motsch

Ips subelongatus Motschulsky were raised indoors and in the field using fresh baits for study of biological and ecological characteristics during 1992–1994. The life cycle of the pest in Lishu County, Jilin Province was described. The study results indicated that temperature was a main factor affecting the development ofIps subelongatus. The initial temperature for development of egg, larva, pupa and adult was 6.1, 8.0, 10.3 and 9.8°C, respectively. To complete one-generation needs, respectively, 48 d at temperature of 18°C, 39 d at 20°C and 33 d at 22°C. The pest has different number of generations in different area as a result of temperature change. In Jilin Province, it generally has three generations, except that some individuals have 2 generations. The nature enemies for this pest areThanasinus substriatus, Tomimicobia seitneri Ruschk,Coeliodes sp. etc. Foundation item: This paper is part of key subject of the Ministry of Forestry (formerly)—The Systematic Control Technique ofIps subelongatus Motschulsky. Biography: G{upao} Chang-qi (1952-), male, research fellow in Jilin Forestry Academy. Responsibe editor: Chai Ruihai     

The potential use of different predatory bug species in the biological control of<Emphasis Type="Italic"> Frankliniella occidentalis</Emphasis> (Pergande) (Thysanoptera: Thripidae)

In the present study, the suitability of different predatory bug species, such as Dicyphus tamaninii Wagner, Macrolophus pygmaeus (Rambur), Orius albidipennis Reuter, Orius majusculus Reuter and Orius sauteri Poppius, for the biological control of Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande) (Thysanoptera: Thripidae), were investigated. Development of the predatory bug species, their reproduction as well as their daily and total prey consumption over a 18-day period with F. occidentalis larvae or various stages of Tetranychus urticae Koch (Acari: Tetranychidae) individuals as prey species were studied during the experiments in the laboratory. In further experiments, the efficiency of D. tamaninii, M. pygmaeus, O. albidipennis and O. majusculus in controlling F. occidentalis under glasshouse conditions was investigated. Results showed that all the predators could develop under the experimental conditions with either F. occidentalis larvae or different stages of T. urticae as prey. When F. occidentalis larvae were offered as prey, the shortest duration of development was observed for O. albidipennis with a mean of 17.7 days, while D. tamaninii took the longest to develop with a mean of 36.3 days. With different stages of T. urticae as prey, the duration of development ranged from 19.3 days in O. albidipennis to 42.9 days in M. pygmaeus. Mean daily fecundity ranged from 0.8 eggs/female for O. majusculus to 2.2 eggs/female for O. sauteri with F. occidentalis larvae as prey and from 0.6, O. majusculus, to 2.3 eggs/female/day, O. sauteri, when different stages of T. urticae were offered as prey. Over the 18-day reproduction period, O. sauteri was the most fecund predatory species, laying a mean total of 31.6 and 31.3 eggs/female with F. occidentalis and T. urticae as prey, respectively. Daily consumption from F. occidentalis larvae ranged between 5.5 individuals consumed per day by O. majusculus and 29.1, by O. sauteri. When different stages of T. urticae were offered as prey, maximal consumption was observed in D. tamaninii with a mean of 29.0 individuals/day, while O. albidipennis consumed the least with an average of 8.1 preys/day. Over the 18-day prey consumption period, D. tamaninii consumed the highest mean number of 422.8 F. occidentalis larvae, while O. majusculus only consumed 98.8 larvae. Also, D. tamaninii had the maximum consumption of different stages of T. urticae with a mean of 522.4, while M. pygmaeus and O. albidipennis consumed the least, with an average of 146.1 and 146.0, respectively. The predatory bugs D. tamaninii, M. pygmaeus, O. albidipennis and O. majusculus significantly reduced the density of F. occidentalis on hybrids of Euphorbia milii, Serissa foetida and Saintpaulia ionantha in the glasshouse, which confirms their efficiency against this pest on different hosts under controlled climatic conditions.     

Parasitoids associated with Monochamus galloprovincialis (Oliv.) (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) within the pine wilt nematode-affected zone in Portugal

Until recently, the pine sawyer Monochamus galloprovincialis (Olivier) (Coleoptera; Cerambycidae) was considered a secondary forest pest in Portugal. Its pest status changed when it was found to be the main vector of the recently introduced pine wood nematode (PWN) Bursaphelenchus xylophilus (Steiner and Bührer) Nickle (Nematoda; Aphelenchoididae). A survey in three locations within the PWN-affected zone was conducted in order to identify parasitoids associated with immature stages of the beetle and to evaluate their importance. No parasitoid was found associated with the insect eggs whereas 10% of the larvae were found parasitised by three Braconidae. Cyanopterus flavator Fabricius was the most numerous species; Iphiaulax impostor (Scopoli) and Coeloides sordidator Ratzeburg were the other species present. A review of the parasitoids associated with Monochamus in Europe, eastern Asia and North America was made, and the possibility of using the local species in future biological control programmes in Portugal is briefly discussed.     

Insect inhabitants of old larval galleries of<Emphasis Type="Italic"> Saperda populnea</Emphasis> (L.) (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) in Bulgaria

The complex of insect inhabitants of old larval galleries of Saperda populnea (L.) (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) was studied during the period 2000–2003 in 18 localities in Bulgaria. As a result, 32 insect species were reared from old S. populnea galls: Metopoplax origani (Kolenati) (Heteroptera: Lygaeidae), Malachius sp. (Coleoptera: Malachiidae), Agrilus pratensis pratensis (Ratzeburg) (Coleoptera: Buprestidae), Xylocleptes bispinus (Duftschmidt) (Coleoptera: Scolytidae), Crossocerus cetratus (Shuckard), Crossocerus megacephalus (Rossi), Crossocerus nigritus (Lepeletier & Brullé), Crossocerus acanthophorus (Kohl), Passaloecus brevilabris Wolf, Passaloecus gracilis (Curtis), Psenulus schencki (Tournier), Solierella compedita compedita (Piccioli), Trypoxylon figulus figulus (Linnaeus), Trypoxylon fronticorne fronticorne Gussakovskij (Hymenoptera: Crabronidae), Cleptes schmidti Linsenmaiser, Trichrysis cyanea (Linnaeus) (Hymenoptera: Chrysididae), Clistopyga incitator (Fabricius), Ctenochira sanguinatoria (Ratzeburg), Liotryphon crassisetus (Thomson), Nemeritis fallax (Gravenhorst), Mesochorus georgievi Schwenke, Campoletis sp. (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae), Charmon extensor (Linnaeus) (Hymenoptera: Braconidae), Eupelmus urozonus Dalman (Hymenoptera: Eupelmidae), Perilampus aeneus (Rossius) (Hymenoptera: Perilampidae), Trichiocampus grandis (Lepeletier) (Hymenoptera: Tenthredinidae), Janus luteipes (Lepeletier) (Hymenoptera: Cephidae), Cydia corollana (Hübner) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae), Fiebrigella brevibucca (Duda) (Diptera: Chloropidae), Eustolomyia hilaris (Fallén) (Diptera: Anthomyiidae), Senotaina sp. (Diptera: Sarcophagidae) and Heringia vitripennis (Meigen) (Diptera: Syrphidae). Amongst them, 27 species were established as new inhabitants of old S. populnea galls. Five species (C. schmidti, N. fallax, M. georgievi, P. aeneus and J. luteipes) were recorded for the first time in Bulgaria. The dwellers of old S. populnea galls belong to the following ecological groups: insects using galls as a place to develop (3 species); insects nidificating in empty galls (10 species); insects using old galls as a pupating place (1 species); insects using empty galls as overwintering shelters (3 species); predators and parasites of primary dwellers of empty galls (13 species); or insects with uncertain ecological status (2 species).