玉米农田生态系统土壤呼吸作用季节动态与碳收支初步估算

从2005年4月底到9月底对玉米农田生态系统的土壤呼吸作用进行了连续观测.结果表明: 2005年玉米生长季土壤呼吸速率均值为3.16 μmol (CO2)·m-2·s-1, 最大值为4.77 μmol (CO2)·m-2·s-1, 出现在7月28日, 最小值为1.31 μmol (CO2)·m-2·s-1, 出现在5月4日.通过建立土壤呼吸速率与玉米根系生物量的回归方程, 对土壤异养呼吸作用占土壤呼吸作用的比例进行间接估算.玉米生长季中, 土壤异养呼吸作用占土壤呼吸作用的比例在36.4%～56.9%之间波动, 均值为45.5%.假定玉米果实和秸秆中的碳在收获期间未从农田中转移走, 2005年整个生长季中玉米农田生态系统的碳收支为-1 127.0 g (C)·m-2, 碳交换速率在0.52～ -18.05 g (C)·m-2·d-1之间波动.玉米生长初期, 玉米农田生态系统表现为碳的弱源; 玉米播种后36 d一直到收获, 玉米农田生态系统表现为碳汇.     

不同施肥处理对黑土土壤呼吸的影响

基于中国科学院海伦生态实验站的长期定位试验,采用静态箱式法研究了玉米生长期间不同施肥处理对黑土土壤呼吸的影响。结果表明,在玉米生长期间,土壤呼吸速率表现出明显的季节性变化,分别在出苗后23、37、50、63、87、110 d出现峰值,其中最大峰值出现在出苗后第87天,其后土壤呼吸速率呈下降趋势,直到玉米收获,而根际呼吸速率的季节性变化规律与土壤呼吸相似,土体呼吸速率则主要受气温变化影响;玉米生长显著影响土壤呼吸,土壤呼吸速率的变化基本与玉米生长规律相一致,随生长而增加,随衰老而减小;施肥对土壤呼吸速率、根际呼吸速率有明显的影响,但对土体呼吸速率影响较小,从整个玉米生长期来看,NPKOM处理的土壤呼吸速率和根际呼吸速率最高,其中NPKOM处理土壤呼吸速率为C 27.5~474 mg m-2h-1,NPK处理和NP处理变化范围相近,分别为C 25.9~339 mg m-2h-1和C 29.5~358 mg m-2h-1,NK处理与CK处理变化范围分别为C 28.4~208 mg m-2h-1和C 22.1~184 mg m-2h-1;施肥对土壤呼吸量和根际呼吸量有显著的影响,表现为NPKOM>NPK>NP>CK>NK;在整个玉米生育期中,土壤呼吸累积量在拔节孕穗期和乳熟期出现两个峰值,表现为双峰曲线的变化规律,而土体呼吸累积量只在拔节孕穗期出现峰值,呈抛物线型,根际呼吸量在苗期最低,乳熟期最高,乳熟期后,根际呼吸量下降。     

模拟降水氮沉降对藏北高寒草甸土壤呼吸的影响

全球范围内大气氮沉降量的升高,增加了陆地生态系统的氮输入,从而影响土壤CO₂的排放。2014年采用生长季（6-8月）喷洒添加定量NH4NO3液体的方式模拟降水氮沉降,参照中国氮沉降分布格局决定氮素添加剂量为40kgN·hm^-2·a^-1（N40）,以喷洒等量清水为对照（CK）。生长季内定期测定植物群落生物量,并利用LI-8100土壤碳通量测量系统,选两个典型晴天进行土壤呼吸速率日动态变化过程测定,同时在6月下旬-9月初定期测定土壤呼吸速率,以探究氮沉降增加对藏北高寒草甸土壤呼吸的影响。结果表明：（1）氮沉降使高寒草甸地上生物量显著增加（P<0.05）。（2）高寒草甸生长季土壤呼吸具有明显的典型日动态变化和生长季变化。典型日动态呈双峰曲线,土壤呼吸速率最大值出现在13：00-14：00和16：00;生长季变化呈单峰曲线,最大值出现在8月,生长季初期和末期土壤呼吸速率较低。（3）氮沉降极显著促进了高寒草甸的土壤呼吸,与对照相比,生长季平均土壤呼吸速率增加66.1%（P<0.001）。（4）土壤呼吸速率与土壤温度、土壤湿度和地上生物量呈极显著正相关关系（P<0.001）。（5）氮沉降对土壤呼吸的温度敏感性无显著影响。研究结果说明在高寒草甸,由于氮沉降导致地上地下生物量增加,从而导致土壤呼吸速率的增加。     

农田土壤呼吸特征及根呼吸贡献的模拟分析

采用静态箱法研究了黄淮海平原典型农田土壤CO2排放通量的日变化、季节变化特征,分析了土壤温度、水分对土壤呼吸的影响;并利用反硝化一分解(DNDC)模型定量化研究了根呼吸对土壤总呼吸的贡献.结果表明,在作物生长季节内棉花地、休闲地和冬小麦/夏玉米地土壤CO2排放均表现出明显的季节变化规律.土壤CO2排放季节变化的总体趋势是夏季高、其他季节低,与对应气温的动态变化基本一致.冬小麦/夏玉米地土壤CO2排放通量高峰值为2324 mg·m-2·h-1,棉花地为1111.9 mg·m-2·h-,休闲地为436.07 mg·m-2·h-1.土壤CO2季节性排放受温度的影响最大,其中与5 cm地温的相关性最好,与土壤湿度的相关性不太明显.同一种种植模式施氮量高的处理CO2平均排放通量大于低的处理.同时根据DNDC模型估算,玉米根际呼吸对土壤呼吸的贡献最大,为91%～95%,棉花和冬小麦根际呼吸比例分别约为70%和80%.施氮不仅影响土壤微生物的呼吸而且还影响到根系呼吸.     

玉米生长中的土壤呼吸及其受氮肥施用的影响

运用盆栽试验研究了玉米生长和施氮水平(N 150 mg kg-1和300 mg kg-1)对土壤呼吸的影响。结果表明种植玉米的土壤呼吸速率(C)的变化范围为19. 6 ~ 762. 1 mg m-2h-1,而裸土为4. 3 ~ 36mg m-2h-1。在玉米生长的条件下,苗期土壤呼吸最低,73%的土壤呼吸分配在拔节孕穗期和成熟期。玉米生长中各阶段根际呼吸对土壤呼吸的贡献在58%~98%,苗期最小。施氮对裸土呼吸速率无显著影响;在玉米生长的条件下,施用高氮的土壤呼吸比施用低氮高28%,且两种施氮水平下土壤呼吸的差异主要发生在生长中后期。玉米生长的条件下土壤呼吸与温度的相关性不显著,而裸土下土壤呼吸速率与气温、表土温度、5 cm土壤温度均呈极显著的相关性;裸土施用高氮下的土壤呼吸与温度的相关性大于低氮。总之,玉米生长和土壤施氮不仅影响土壤呼吸速率和呼吸量,也影响土壤呼吸在各生长阶段的分配,还影响到土壤呼吸与温度的关系。     

紫色水稻土轻组有机质的季节动态研究

以位于重庆市北碚区西南大学试验农场(30°26′N,106°26′E)的紫色水稻土为研究对象,利用重液(NaI,密度1.8 g·cm-3)对土壤中轻组组分进行提取,对土壤中轻组有机质在整个油菜生长季的季节变化情况进行分析与讨论。结果表明:表层(0~30 cm)土壤轻组物质(LF)的含量为2.95%~5.51%,平均值为4.38%;土壤轻组有机碳含量(LFOC)和轻组氮含量(LFN)的变化范围分别为1.44~3.72 g·kg-1和0.08~0.17 g·kg-1,其平均值分别为2.79 g·kg-1和0.14 g·kg-1。LFOC具有明显的季节变化(P<0.05),其含量在油菜生长中期最高,其次是生长后期,而在生长初期最低;LFN的季节变化趋势与LFOC一致,但季节差异性不显著(P>0.05)。轻组有机碳分配比例(LFOC/SOC)的变化范围为9.21%~24.47%,具有明显的季节变化(P<0.05),其变化趋势与LFOC的季节变化一致;而轻组氮的分配比例(LFN/TN)变化范围为4.55%~12.58%,无明显的季节变化。轻组C/N比值季节变化范围为18.52~25.04,平均值为20.66,全土C/N比值的变化范围为9.04~14.36,平均值为11.66,说明轻组有机质的生物可利用性较土壤总有机质高。相关分析表明,轻组有机碳、氮含量分别与根系生物量、根系碳含量、根系氮含量呈极显著(P<0.01)或显著(P<0.05)正相关;回归分析表明,土壤轻组有机碳、氮含量变化的40%~60%可由根系生物量、根系碳氮含量决定,说明根系是调控紫色水稻土轻组有机碳、氮季节变化的主要生态因子。     

色季拉山4种林型土壤呼吸及其影响因子

土壤碳是森林生态系统最大的碳库,是其森林生态系统碳循环的极其重要组分。森林土壤呼吸时陆地生态系统土壤呼吸的重要组成部分,其动态变化对全球碳平衡有着重要的影响,然而目前对藏东南地区森林土壤呼吸的研究还比较薄弱。为探讨不同林型土壤呼吸差异及其影响因子,采用Li-8100便携式土壤呼吸测定仪,研究了藏东南色季拉山4种原始森林生态系统(高山灌丛AS、方枝柏SS、杜鹃RF、急尖长苞冷杉AGSF)的土壤碳动态。结果表明:(1)藏东南色季拉山寒温带森林土壤呼吸具有明显的日变化和季节变化。在日变化方面,CO2的排放通量存在明显的日变化规律,排放通量在白天16:00左右最高,最低值出现在凌晨6:00左右,一天内土壤呼吸作用均呈单峰型曲线变化。季节变化方面,CO2排放的通量的季节变化趋势表现为6月份随着天气转暖和植被生长土壤呼吸作用逐渐增大,7月份气温最高时土壤呼吸作用也达到最大值随后,9月份气温逐渐下降,土壤呼吸作用也逐渐降低。(2)4种森林类型的土壤呼吸速率在植物生长季内与土壤表层(10 cm)土壤温度均呈不同程度的正相关,而与土壤含水量的相关性较弱。土壤温度是决定藏东南色季拉山土壤呼季节变化的主要因子。该研究为明确森林生态系统土壤呼吸变化规律及其影响因素的控制提供参考,同时对估算地区碳平衡、评估区域碳源汇具有重要意义。     

改变碳输入对南亚热带海岸沙地典型天然次生林土壤呼吸的影响

土壤呼吸是陆地生态系统碳循环的一个重要过程,开展环境因子和改变碳输入对土壤呼吸影响的研究具有重要意义.2015年3月-2016年2月,在南亚热带海岸沙地典型天然次生林中设置去除根系、去除凋落物、加倍凋落物和对照4种处理,采用LI-8100连续观测改变碳输入对土壤呼吸的影响.结果表明:改变碳输入没有显著影响l0cm土壤温度和湿度(P＞0.05);不同处理土壤呼吸速率存在明显的季节变化,表现为夏高冬低,最大值出现在5月或者6月,最小值出现在11月或12月;土壤呼吸速率的年均值为加倍凋落物＞对照＞去除根系＞去除凋落物,不同改变碳输入方式均降低了土壤呼吸的Q10值;矿质土壤呼吸、凋落物呼吸和根系呼吸对土壤总呼吸的贡献分别为41.24％、43.29％和15.45％;不同处理土壤呼吸速率分别与土壤温度和湿度呈显著的指数和线性正相关(P＜0.05),双因子模型能解释土壤呼吸变异的45％ ～ 69％;改变碳输入影响土壤可溶性有机碳和微生物生物量碳,不同处理土壤呼吸速率与可溶性有机碳和微生物生物量碳呈正相关.因此,改变碳输入引起土壤易变碳的变化进而影响土壤呼吸.     

不同施肥条件下小麦田土壤呼吸特征研究

土壤呼吸是碳循环中的重要过程,为了解不同施肥措施对土壤呼吸过程的影响,在潮土小麦生长季研究了土壤呼吸特征.结果表明,土壤呼吸具有明显的昼夜变化和季节变化特征;土壤呼吸和土壤温度呈指数变化关系;有机肥和秸秆还田在生长后期显著增加了土壤呼吸速率,而仅仅NPK配施,减小了土壤呼吸速率.     

成都平原水稻—油菜轮作系统油菜季N_2O排放通量的研究

利用静态箱—气相色谱法测定了成都平原2004年11月至2005年5月水稻—油菜轮作系统油菜季N2O排放通量。结果表明,油菜地N2O排放通量在0.018 mg m-2h-1~0.521 mg m-2h-1之间波动,其平均通量为0.168 mg m-2h-。在油菜整个生长周期内,地下5?土壤温度与N2O排放通量之间呈指数函数关系。土壤湿度与N2O排放通量之间呈负相关。油菜地土壤N2O排放受温度、水分等因素协同作用的影响。     

Root and Microbial Contributions to Soil Respiration during a Soybean Growing Season

Soil respiration is an important process for carbon geochemical cycling. Based on our five long‐term fertilizer experiments, soil respiration was measured using pot experiments with or without planting soybean. Soil respiration rates and soybean root biomass were determined at different observation times. Soil respiration rates due to soil microbial activity could be estimated by extrapolating a newly derived regressive equation at zero root biomass. Soil microbial respiration rates in the control were also observed directly, ranging from 16.0 to 42.7 mg carbon (C) m^?2 h^?1. Average soil microbial respiration rates from the regression analyses and direct observations were 32.9 and 27.8 mg C m^?2 h^?1, respectively. The average proportions of soil respiration rates due to the soybean growth were 63.0% using the regressive equation and 69.8% from direct observation. Therefore, the application of these two methods could provide new insight for separating plant root respiration from soil microbial respiration, which is important for estimating their individual contributions to atmospheric carbon dioxide.     

秸秆还田方式和氮肥类型对黄淮海平原夏玉米土壤呼吸的影响

为了研究黄淮海平原不同秸秆还田方式和施氮类型对夏玉米农田生态系统土壤呼吸的影响,于2010年6—10月,采用LI-COR-6400-09土壤气室连接红外线气体分析仪(IRGA)对玉米农田行间掩埋秸秆区的土壤呼吸作用进行了连续测定。结果表明,常规施肥下,玉米生育期内秸秆行间掩埋处理(ISFR)的平均土壤呼吸速率显著高于秸秆移除(NSFR)和秸秆覆盖(SFR)处理(P<0.05)。秸秆行间掩埋配合施用化学氮肥处理中,配施50.4 kg(N).hm 2处理(ISF3)的平均土壤呼吸速率为(178.85±46.60)mg(C).m 2.h 1,显著高于配施33.6 kg(N).hm 2处理(ISF2)的(124.11±23.18)mg(C).m 2.h 1(P<0.05)。秸秆行间掩埋配合施用鸡粪处理中,鸡粪施用量为33.6kg(N).hm 2(ISOM2)处理的平均土壤呼吸速率为(208.08±31.54)mg(C).m 2.h 1,施用16.8 kg(N).hm 2(ISOM1)和50.4 kg(N).hm 2(ISOM3)处理的为(135.07±21.97)mg(C).m 2.h 1、(171.43±43.31)mg(C).m 2.h 1,相比ISOM2处理,ISOM1和ISOM3处理的平均土壤呼吸速率降低了35.09%和17.61%。ISOM2处理玉米季CO2排放累积量为499.39 g(C).m 2,显著高于ISF2处理的297.86 g(C).m 2。秸秆行间掩埋配合施用化学氮肥对土壤呼吸速率的影响小于配合施用鸡粪的影响,配合施用16%总氮的鸡粪,即33.6 kg(N).hm 2时C/N比最适宜土壤微生物的代谢活动。     

Soil respiration in a tropical grassland

Soil respiration throughout an annual cycle was measured at three different stands in a tropical grassland situated at Kurukshetra at 29°58' N lat. and 76°51' E long. Rates of CO₂ evolution were measured by alkali absorption using 13 cm dia × 23 cm aluminium cylinders inserted 10 cm into the ground. Both movable and permanently-fixed cylinders were used. The CO₂ evolution rates for the three stands were: Stand I (dominated by Sesbania bispinosa) 49–358 mg CO₂ m^?2 h^?1; Stand II (mixed grasses) 55–378 mg CO₂m^?2 h^?1; and Stand III (dominated by Desmostachya bipinnata) 55–448 mg CO₂ m^?2 h^?1. A positive significant relation existed between rate of CO₂ evolution and soil water content (r = 0.59?0.740), and between soil respiration and temperature (r = 0.58?0.69). A statistical model developed on the basis of the relationship between CO₂ evolution rates and certain abiotic environmental factors showed 69% comparability between the calculated and observed values of soil respiration. The contribution of root and root-associated microorganisms to total soil respiration was estimated at 42% using the relationship between root biomass and CO₂ output from movable cylinders.     

Partitioning root and microbial contributions to soil respiration in Leymus chinensis populations

Based on the enclosed chamber method, soil respiration measurements of Leymus chinensis populations with four planting densities (30, 60, 90 and 120 plants/0.25 m²) and blank control were made from July 31 to November 24, 2003. In terms of soil respiration rates of L. chinensis populations with four planting densities and their corresponding root biomass, linear regressive equations between soil respiration rates and dry root weights were obtained at different observation times. Thus, soil respiration rates attributed to soil microbial activity could be estimated by extrapolating the regressive equations to zero root biomass. The soil microbial respiration rates of L. chinensis populations during the growing season ranged from 52.08 to 256.35 mg CO₂ m⁻² h⁻¹. Soil microbial respiration rates in blank control plots were also observed directly, ranging from 65.00 to 267.40 mg CO₂ m⁻² h⁻¹. The difference of soil microbial respiration rates between the inferred and the observed methods ranged from −26.09 to 9.35 mg CO₂ m⁻² h⁻¹. Some assumptions associated with these two approaches were not completely valid, which might result in this discrepancy. However, these two methods' application could provide new insights into separating root respiration from soil microbial respiration. The root respiration rates of L. chinensis populations with four planting densities could be estimated based on measured soil respiration rates, soil microbial respiration rates and corresponding mean dry root weight, and the highest values appeared at the early stage, then dropped off rapidly and tended to be constant after September 10. The mean proportions of soil respiration rates of L. chinensis populations attributable to the inferred and the observed root respiration rates were 36.8% (ranging from 9.7 to 52.9%) and 30.0% (ranging from 5.8 to 41.2%), respectively. Although root respiration rates of L. chinensis populations declined rapidly, the proportion of root respiration to soil respiration still increased gradually with the increase of root biomass.     

施磷对麦/玉/豆套作体系土壤磷素变化的影响

小麦/玉米/大豆带状套作是四川省丘陵低山区主要旱地作物生产体系,了解该体系磷养分变化对优化磷肥管理和促进可持续生产有重要意义。本研究通过连续3年(2011—2013年)田间定位试验,设置P0、P1、P2、P3和P4共5个磷(P2O5)水平(玉米带分别为0 kg·hm-2、37.5 kg·hm-2、75 kg·hm-2、112.5 kg·hm-2、150 kg·hm-2,小麦-大豆带分别为0 kg·hm-2、45 kg·hm-2、90 kg·hm-2、135 kg·hm-2、180 kg·hm-2),探讨该体系中土壤全磷、速效磷、水溶性磷的变化规律和速效磷的年际变化。结果表明:在麦/玉/豆套作体系中施磷165 kg(P2O5)·hm-2(玉米带75 kg·hm-2,小麦-大豆带90 kg·hm-2),可以满足体系作物对磷的需求,基本达到磷的表观平衡,维持土壤速效磷含量在20 mg·kg-1左右。3年后5个磷水平下体系耕层土壤(0~20 cm)全磷变化量分别为-0.024 g·kg-1·a-1、-0.016 g·kg-1·a-1、0.016 g·kg-1·a-1、0.11 g·kg-1·a-1、0.15 g·kg-1·a-1,速效磷变化量依次为-1.2 mg·kg-1·a-1、-0.9 mg·kg-1·a-1、0.2 mg·kg-1·a-1、2.0 mg·kg-1·a-1和2.7 mg·kg-1·a-1。通过线性平台函数的模拟,该体系中玉米、小麦、大豆产量的土壤速效磷临界值分别为16.5 mg·kg-1、12.6 mg·kg-1和8.8 mg·kg-1。当土壤全磷含量低于0.55 g·kg-1时,土壤全磷每增加0.1 g·kg-1,土壤速效磷增加1.70 mg·kg-1;当土壤全磷大于0.55 g·kg-1,全磷每增加0.1 g·kg-1,土壤速效磷增加6.49 mg·kg-1。当土壤速效磷含量在40 mg·kg-1以下时,速效磷每增加1 mg·kg-1,水溶性磷增加0.017 mg·kg-1。综上,在麦/玉/豆体系磷肥管理中应该维持土壤全磷含量低于0.55 g·kg-1,同时速效磷含量在20 mg·kg-1左右,这样既可以保证作物产量和系统生产力又不会产生较大的环境威胁。     

稻鸭生态种养系统直播水稻根表和根际土壤营养特性研究

采用田间小区试验对比分析了直播方式下稻鸭生态种养系统和水稻单一种植系统水稻根表和根际土壤的氮、磷、钾和有机碳含量及pH的变化。结果表明:与水稻单一种植系统相比,稻鸭生态种养系统水稻根表和根际pH分别升高4.41%、0.85%,全氮含量分别降低0.11g·kg-1、0.11g·kg-1,全磷和全钾含量变化不明显。水稻根表速效氮和速效钾含量分别增加30.80mg·kg-1、17.93mg·kg-1,速效磷含量降低8.66mg·kg-1;水稻根际速效氮和速效钾含量分别减少15.13mg·kg-1、7.61mg·kg-1,速效磷增加9.66mg·kg-1。稻鸭生态种养系统水稻根表活性有机碳和高活性有机碳分别增加2.17g·kg-1、0.56g·kg-1,全有机碳含量减少0.99g·kg-1;根际土壤全有机碳、活性有机碳和中活性有机碳含量分别减少2.39g·kg-1、2.64g·kg-1、0.72g·kg-1。稻鸭生态种养改变了速效磷、速效钾和活性有机碳在水稻根域土壤的相对富集部位,即速效钾和活性有机碳富集部位主要在根表土壤,速效磷则主要在根际土壤。表明稻鸭生态种养明显改善了水稻根表和根际土壤营养状况,这可能对水稻根系吸收和利用土壤养分具有积极意义。     

Topographic variation in heterotrophic and autotrophic soil respiration in a tropical seasonal forest in Thailand

Soil respiration is a carbon flux that is indispensable for determining carbon balance despite variations over time and space in forest ecosystems. In Kanchanaburi, western Thailand, we measured the soil respiration rates at different slope positions—ridge (plot R), upper slope (plot U), and lower slope (plot L)—on a hill in a seasonal tropical forest [mixed deciduous forest (MDF)] to determine the seasonal and spatial variations in soil respiration on the slope. The heterotrophic (organic layer and soil) and autotrophic (root) respiration was differentiated by trenching. Soil respiration rates showed clear seasonal patterns: high and low rates in rainy and dry seasons respectively, at all plots, and tended to decrease up the slope. Soil respiration rates responded significantly to soil water content in the 0–30?cm layer, but the response patterns differed between the lower slope (plot L) and the upper slope (plots R and U): a linear model could be applied to the lower slope but exponential quadratic models to the upper slope. The annual carbon dioxide (CO₂) efflux from the forest floor was also associated with the slope position and ranged from 1908?gC?m^?2?year^?1 in plot L to 1199?gC?m^?2?year^?1 in plot R. With ascending position from plot L to R, the contribution of autotrophic respiration increased from 19.4 to 36.6% of total soil respiration, while that of the organic layer decreased from 26.2 to 9.4%. Mineral soil contributed to 46.3 to 54.4% of the total soil respiration. Soil water content was the key factor in controlling the soil respiration rate and the contribution of the respiration sources. However, the variable responses of soil respiration to soil water content create a complex distribution of soil respiration at the watershed scale.     

Response of soil respiration to precipitation during the dry season in two typical forest stands in the forest-grassland transition zone of the Loess Plateau

Forest ecosystems on the Loess Plateau are receiving increasing attention for their special importance in carbon fixation and conservation of soil and water in the region. Soil respiration was investigated in two typical forest stands of the forest-grassland transition zone in the region, an exotic black locust (Robinia pseudoacacia) plantation and an indigenous oak (Quercus liaotungensis) forest, in response to rain events (27.7 mm in May 2009 and 19 mm in May 2010) during the early summer dry season. In both ecosystems, precipitation significantly increased soil moisture, decreased soil temperature, and accelerated soil respiration. The peak values of soil respiration were 4.8 and 4.4 μmol CO₂ m⁻² s⁻¹ in the oak plot and the black locust plot, respectively. In the dry period after rainfall, the soil moisture and respiration rate gradually decreased and the soil temperature increased. Soil respiration rate in black locust stand was consistently less than that in oak stand, being consistent with the differences in C, N contents and fine root mass on the forest floor and in soil between the two stands. However, root respiration (R_r) per unit fine root mass and microbial respiration (R_m) per unit the amount of soil organic matter were higher in black locust stand than in oak stand. Respiration by root rhizosphere in black locust stand was the dominant component resulting in total respiration changes, whereas respiration by roots and soil microbes contributed equally in oak stand. Soil respiration in the black locust plantation showed higher sensitivity to precipitation than that in the oak forest.     

Soil respiration and methane flux in adjacent forest,grassland, and cornfield soils in Hokkaido,Japan

Soil respiration and methane flux from adjacent forest, grassland, and cornfield were measured by using the closed chamber method from June to November, 1999 in Shizunai, Hokkaido, Japan, where the soil was an Aquic Humic Udivitrands derived from volcanic ash. The forest soil absorbed methane, at arate ranging from -0.12 to -0.02 mg C m_-2 h_-1, while the grassland soil emitted methane, at a rate ranging from undetectable levels to 0.18 mg C m_-2 h_-1. In the cornfield soil methane flux ranged from -0.01 to 0.04 mg C m_-2 h_-1. The soil respiration rate varied from 3 to 230 mg C m_-2 h_-1, 27 to 372 mg C m_-2 h_-1, and 29 to 156 mg C m_-2 h_-1 for the cornfield, grassland, and forest soils, respectively. Linear regression analysis demonstrated that the methane flux rate was positively correlated with the soil water-filled pore space (WFPS), and negatively correlated with the relative gas diffusion coefficient (D/D _o) and air-filled pore space (AFPS). Soil respiration rates were positively correlated with the soil temperature at all the sites. The Q ₁₀ value was 4.8, 3.3, and 1.9 for the cornfield, grassland, and forest soils, respectively.     

苏南经济快速发展区昆山市土壤铅形态含量及其影响因素

以地处苏南经济快速发展区的江苏省昆山市为典型区,采集水稻土及传统蔬菜地和保护栽培蔬菜地土壤样品126个,采用多元统计回归分析方法,定量研究几种因素对农田土壤各形态铅含量的影响。结果表明:土壤有效态铅平均含量为3.75 mg·kg-1,土壤全铅平均含量为27.42 mg·kg-1,土壤铅的活化率平均为15.64%。土壤各形态铅含量相对大小为残渣态(15.35 mg·kg-1)>有机质结合态(6.68 mg·kg-1)>铁锰氧化物结合态(4.27 mg·kg-1)>碳酸盐结合态(0.76 mg·kg-1)>可交换态(0.36 mg·kg-1),残渣态含量明显高于其他形态,占49.79%。pH是影响可交换态铅含量和铁锰氧化物结合态铅含量的最主要因素,均达极显著负相关水平。全铅含量是影响碳酸盐结合态铅含量和残渣态铅含量的最主要因素,达极显著正相关水平。有机质含量是影响有机质结合态铅含量的最主要因素,达极显著正相关水平。pH也是影响有机质结合态铅含量的重要因素。