芦柑接入桔小实蝇的低温杀虫处理试验

利用低温处理方法，可以杀死接入芦柑鲜果中桔小实蝇Bactrocera(Bactrocera)dorsalis Hendel的卵和幼虫。经试验，3龄幼虫对低温处理的忍耐力比卵和1-2龄幼虫都强，且在1.7-1.9℃的处理温度下处理12天后死亡率达100%。人工接入64925头和自然产卵果300个培养获得6258头的3龄幼虫在1.7-1.9℃温度下处理12天，所有幼虫全部死亡。果实损伤测定试验表明，在此处理条件下，对芦柑鲜果不会造成损害。     

中国番木瓜出口蒸热杀虫处理研究

中国番木瓜出口蒸热杀虫处理研究,包括海南产日升番木瓜鲜果内橘小实蝇(Bactrocera dorsalis(Hendel))和瓜实蝇(B.cucurbitae(Coquillett))的卵和不同龄期幼虫忍耐力比较试验,番木瓜小规模、大规模蒸热杀虫试验,以及蒸热处理对番木瓜品质的影响等。结果显示,番木瓜鲜果内2种实蝇的耐热力由强至弱的发育期依次为3龄幼虫→2龄幼虫→1龄幼虫→卵;其中,橘小实蝇的耐热力大于瓜实蝇,以橘小实蝇3龄幼虫的耐热力最强;完全杀灭番木瓜鲜果内2种实蝇的卵和幼虫(死亡率100%)的蒸热处理条件是番木瓜在蒸热室相对湿度60%～70%、约经3～3.5 h果心温度缓慢升温至41℃时,使用饱和热蒸汽(相对湿度90%～95%)25 min内快速升温至47℃后水淋冷却至常温。国产番木瓜小规模、大规模蒸热杀虫处理进一步确认和验证,在上述蒸热处理条件下,鲜果内总计数量分别为10 000头和32 000头最具耐热力的供试橘小实蝇3龄幼虫全部被杀灭,超过美国采用的机率9(Probit 9)检疫安全水平(99.9968%死亡率),完全可确保检疫安全。同时,蒸热处理后第7天的番木瓜鲜果与对照鲜果品质(包括色泽、口感,以及还原糖、蔗糖、总糖、总酸、维生素C和可溶性固形物的含量)的比较测定数据表明,除维生素C的含量有微量损失外,基本可保持鲜果的品质不变。     

荔枝蒸热和低温综合杀虫处理试验

采用蒸热和低温综合处理方法,可以杀死接入荔枝鲜果中的桔小实蝇(Bactrocera dorsalis(Hendel))的卵和幼虫。经测定,31h卵期的卵较1-3龄幼虫对处理具忍耐力。在蒸热果实中心温度升至46.5℃时,保持10min,然后再将果实移至2℃下冷处理40h,可将接入荔枝果实中的113031粒31h卵期的卵以及供成虫自由产卵果1800个所获得的卵完全杀死。在此处理条件下,对荔枝鲜果进行的果实品质测定结果表明,处理果与未处理的对照果实没有明显的差异。应用这一处理技术,首批鲜荔枝已成功出口日本。     

辐照对桔小实蝇幼虫黑化反应与血细胞的影响

本文将黑化反应和血细胞总数(THC)计数两种检测方法用于桔小实蝇幼虫辐照处理后活性检测研究中。黑化研究结果表明:桔小实蝇幼虫经辐照,在-18℃,15 min处死后,室温条件下30 min内黑化程度不明显,但是用作对照的1龄幼虫从1.5 h开始、2龄幼虫从2 h开始、3龄幼虫从2.5 h开始虫体显著变黑,而经辐照的虫体变黑的时间比对照样至少延迟.0.5 h,且辐照剂量越大,黑化反应出现的时间越晚。表明辐照会抑制幼虫黑化,黑化反应可用于快速检测实蝇幼虫是否经过辐照。血细胞总数计数研究结果表明辐照处理的桔小实蝇幼虫血细胞总数显著减少,且同一辐照剂量下,龄期越高,血细胞总数越多。利用上述两种方法可定性判定桔小实蝇幼虫是否经过辐照处理。     

辐照对桔小实蝇幼虫酶活性及虫体黑化的影响

为研究辐照实蝇的鉴别方法,采用10~160Gy辐照桔小实蝇卵和不同日龄幼虫后,分别测定单条幼虫体内的酚氧化酶(PPO)、乙酰胆碱酯酶(ACh E)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)的OD值,并观察虫体黑化情况。结果表明:80 Gy以上剂量辐照桔小实蝇卵、不同日龄幼虫后,能显著降低7日龄幼虫体内PPO、SOD的OD值;80 Gy以上剂量辐照桔小实蝇24 h卵和1日龄幼虫后,能显著降低其7日龄幼虫体内ACh E的OD值;因此通过测定SOD、PPP、ACh E酶活性变化,可以作为判定桔小实蝇是否经过检疫辐照处理的依据。最低以40 Gy辐照桔小实蝇卵、1日龄、2日龄幼虫后,其7日龄幼虫虫体不能黑化,而对照虫体黑化,因此观察虫体黑化亦可作为判定桔小实蝇辐照与否的依据。     

蒸气热处理侵染荔枝的昆士兰实蝇卵和幼虫的初步研究

本文阐述了利用昆士兰实蝇人工侵染荔枝的实验方法及采用蒸气热处理实蝇获得的对卵及各龄幼虫热致死效应的初步结果。将两次重复获得的数据用微机作概率分析表明：老龄卵、１龄幼虫和３龄幼虫的ＬＴ５０分别为４５．９５℃、４１．２５℃和３２．８５℃；即侵染荔枝的昆士兰实蝇老龄卵对蒸气热忍耐力最强，３龄幼虫最敏感。     

短时极端高温对亚洲玉米螟卵、初孵幼虫和成虫的影响

为探明短时极端高温对亚洲玉米螟Ostrinia furnacalis(Guenée)的影响,采用耐热能力测定方法,研究了亚洲玉米螟经6 h高温处理后的半数致死温度(LT50)、存活率以及不同高温下的半数致死时间(Lt50)。结果表明,经6 h高温处理后,亚洲玉米螟卵、初孵幼虫和成虫的LT50分别为40.24~40.44、38.59和42.84~44.54℃;当卵、初孵幼虫、1日龄和3日龄成虫分别在37、35、41和37℃时,其存活率与对照均无显著差异,而分别在39、37、43和39℃时,其存活率显著低于对照,卵、初孵幼虫、1日龄和3日龄成虫的短时高温阈值分别为37~39、35~37、41~43和37~39℃;当温度高于高温阈值时,卵、初孵幼虫和成虫的Lt50分别为0.38~6.31、0.22~8.35和3.80~24.15h,且雄成虫的Lt50小于雌成虫。研究表明,短时极端高温对亚洲玉米螟的存活率具有显著影响。     

荔枝蒸热和冷藏综合杀虫检疫处理试验

用蒸热和冷藏综合处理的方法，可杀死接入荔枝鲜果中桔小实蝇的卵和幼虫。经测定，３１ｈ卵期的卵较１￣３龄幼虫对处理更具忍耐力，在蒸热果实中心温度升对４６．５℃时，保持１０ｍｉｎ，然后再奖果实移至２℃温度下贮藏４０ｈ，可将接入荔枝果实中的１１３０３１粒３１ｈ卵期的卵以及供成虫自由产卵果１８００个所获得的卵完全杀死。此外，在与上述相同的杀虫处理条件下，对荔枝鲜果进行果实品质的测定，试验结果表明，与未处理的     

热水处理芒果杀灭果实中的桔小实蝇

用热水处理芒果，杀灭感染在芒果果实中的桔小实蝇检疫处理，方法是将受感染的果实，投入４０℃的热水中预热２０ｍｉｎ，然后将水温升到４６℃，待果实中心温度到达４６℃时，继续浸泡１０ｍｉｎ，可完全杀死感染在芒果中的桔小实蝇，杀虫效果１００％，从所需浸泡时间的资料作概率分析，杀虫率可达到９９，９９６８％的概率９要求，这一热水杀虫处理条件，经测定对芒果果实无损害，据此，用热水处理的方法，可作为检疫处理的有效措     

龟纹瓢虫对草地贪夜蛾卵和低龄幼虫的捕食作用

为明确龟纹瓢虫Propylaea japonica对草地贪夜蛾Spodoptera frugiperda的控害潜力,在(25±1)℃、L∥D=16 h//8 h、RH (60±5)%的条件下研究了龟纹瓢虫雌、雄成虫和4龄幼虫对草地贪夜蛾卵、1龄和2龄幼虫的捕食能力。结果表明,龟纹瓢虫4龄幼虫和雌、雄成虫对草地贪夜蛾卵、1龄和2龄幼虫的捕食反应均符合HollingⅡ模型。龟纹瓢虫雌、雄成虫和4龄幼虫对草地贪夜蛾卵的日最大捕食量分别为204.6、110.9粒和124.7粒,瞬时攻击率分别为1.125、1.658和1.429,处理时间分别为0.004 9、0.009 0 d和0.008 0 d;对草地贪夜蛾1龄幼虫的日最大捕食量分别为242.4、265.5头和109.4头,瞬时攻击率分别为1.233、1.038和1.411,处理时间分别为0.004 1、0.003 8 d和0.009 1 d;对草地贪夜蛾2龄幼虫的日最大捕食量分别为41.2、40.3头和27.6头,瞬时攻击率分别为1.386、1.226和1.685,处理时间分别为0.024 3、0.024 8 d和0.036 2 d。雌、雄成虫和4龄幼虫对草地贪夜蛾卵和低龄幼虫的搜寻效应均随着猎物密度的增加而降低。龟纹瓢虫对草地贪夜蛾卵和1龄幼虫的捕食量高于2龄幼虫。结果表明龟纹瓢虫对草地贪夜蛾卵和低龄幼虫具有较好的控制作用,为利用龟纹瓢虫控制草地贪夜蛾提供了理论依据。     

褐飞虱不同虫态的耐热性比较

温度是昆虫生长发育的重要影响因子之一。本研究以室内25℃、L∥D=16h∥8h、80%RH条件下终年饲养的褐飞虱1日龄初孵若虫、10日龄高龄(4~5龄)若虫、羽化1日龄短翅型和长翅型雌雄成虫为研究对象,采用持续升温和恒温相结合的方法,研究比较了褐飞虱各虫态耐热性。研究结果表明:长翅雄成虫对温度变化的适应能力较弱,耐热性差;短翅型雌成虫耐热性强;成虫的耐热性强于若虫。开展对昆虫的耐热性研究可为害虫的预测预报和防治提供重要的理论依据。     

Host responses to fungal penetration in Evysiphe graminis f.sp. hordei infections in barley

Resistance mechanisms restricting penetration and establishment were investigated in an incompatible interaction using an avirulent race CC/3 (BMV 1 + 4) of Erysiphe graminis f.sp hordei on barley cv. Athos (BMR 2 + 5) and a compatible interaction using the universal susceptible cv. Golden Promise (BMR 0). In both interactions: (i) auto-fluorescence of the host cell wall occurred adjacent to the primary germ tube tip after 4 h, and by 10 h near to the appressorial germ tube; (ii) strongly fluorescing papillae developed after 12 h, being frequently associated with failed penetrations; and (iii) only 30% of the attempted penetrations from appressorial lobes resulted in an incipient haustorium at 16 h. Hypersensitive reactions occurred in cells with an incipient haustorium in 30% of appressorial penetrations on Athos, but only in 4% of those on Golden Promise. Twenty per cent of hypersensitively reacting cells in Athos appeared dead by 14 h using trypan blue (membrane exclusion test), compared with 5% for neutral red, suggesting that plasma membrane damage is an early event in the hypersensitive response. Haustorial death was associated with host cell death, but did not precede it; appressorial death occurred 2-4 h after that of the host cell.     

The selective effect of heat treatment on the microflora of a greenhouse soil

Detailed information about the heat tolerance of soil micro-organisms, both pathogens and their nonpathogenic antagonists, is needed for the practice of soil pasteurization.A device for testing the thermal death point of micro-organisms in soil is described.The selective effect of heat treatment on the total numbers of bacteria, actinomycetes and fungi of a greenhouse soil (loam) was estimated. Of these groups the fungi proved to be the most sensitive to heat treatment. The heat tolerance of the species of this group was examined in more detail. In comparing the thermal death points of fourteen pathogenic fungi with those of the saprophytic fungal flora many species of the latter proved to be more heat-tolerant.Samenvatting In verband met de toenemende belangstelling voor pasteurisatie van kasgrond is een grondige kennis omtrent de afstervingstemperaturen van de bodemorganismen-zowel pathogenen als hun niet-pathogene antagonisten-noodzakelijk. In een voor dit doel geconstrueerd apparaat werd vochtige lucht van verschillende temperaturen door kleine hoeveelheden kasgrond geblazen. Daarna werd de grond geanalyseerd op de overlevende microflora. De schimmels bleken als groep verhitting minder goed te kunnen doorstaan dan de bacteriën en de actinomyceten. Vooral de Oömyceten waren zeer gevoelig. Zeer tolerant waren enkele donkersporige Deuteromyceten en diePenicillium-enAspergillus-soorten, welke een perfecte vorm hebben. De als antagonisten van pathogenen beroemdeTrichoderma-soorten bleken weinig tolerant.De afstervingstemperaturen van veertien pathogene schimmels bleken lager te liggen dan die van veel saprofyten.     

Effects of parasitic plant Cistanche deserticola on chlorophyll a fluorescence and nutrient accumulation of host plant Haloxylon ammodendron in the Taklimakan Desert

The parasitic plant Cistanche deserticola attaches to Haloxylon ammodendron, a perennial shrub with high tolerance to salinity and drought. However, little was known about the parasite-host relation between the two species. Effects of the parasite on chlorophyll a fluorescence and nutrient accumulation in the host plant (H. ammodendron) were investigated in the Taklimakan Desert. Some photosynthetic parameters of both host and non-host H. ammodendron plants were measured by in vivo chlorophyll a fluorescence technology in the field. The assimilating branches of host and non-host plants were collected and nutrient and inorganic ion contents were analyzed. The results from field experiments showed that the infection of C. deserticola reduced the non-photochemical quenching of the variable chlorophyll fluorescence (NPQ) and the potential maximum quantum yield for primary photochemistry (F v /F m ) of the host. Compared with non-host plants, the host H. ammodendron had low nutrient, low inorganic ion contents (Na + and K + ) and low K + /Na + ratios in the assimilating branches. It suggested that C. deserticola infection reduced the nutrient acquisition and caused damage to the photoprotection through thermal dissipation of the energy of the photosystem II in the host, resulting in a decrease in the tolerance to salinity and high radiation. It was concluded that the attachment of the parasite plant (C. deserticola) had negative effects on the growth of its host.     

Seed germination of the invasive species Piper aduncum as influenced by high temperature and water stress

Piper aduncum is a common woody weed throughout the tropics and a successful invader in many areas. As this species most often dominates roadsides and forest margins, and these habitats frequently experience extreme changes in temperature and water availability, it is important to understand how the seeds adapt to these stresses. This study investigated the effect of high temperatures and water stress, continuous, periodic or transient, on P. aduncum seed germination before or after imbibition. It was found that P. aduncum seeds exhibited only intermediate tolerance and did not germinate at temperatures above 35°C or water potentials below ?0.6 MPa. However, this species is well adapted to local conditions, with fruit ripening in the rainy season, seed desiccation tolerance to eRH 8%, rapid germination under wet conditions, higher temperature tolerance than the maximum ground temperature, germination of most seeds after 60 h continuous heat treatment or daily periodic heat treatments up to 5 h at 40°C and insensitivity to 12 h heat treatment at 40°C during the whole germination process. The intermediate tolerance to high temperature and water stress of P. aduncum, in combination with local environmental conditions in Xishuangbanna, makes P. aduncum an intermediate invader in this area.     

Calibration and evaluation of an electronic sensor for rainfall kinetic energy

ABSTRACT A novel sensor for measuring the kinetic energy of impacting raindrops, developed based on a soil-mass erosion sensor, was tested in the laboratory, with a rain simulator, and in the field. Drop impactions on the sensor-consisting of a piezoelectric crystal and associated electronics-produce an electrical charge that equals a fixed amount of energy. Calibration of the sensor was done in the laboratory using water drops of known diameter impacting with known velocity, and thus, with known kinetic energy. The relationship between pulse-count output of the sensor minus the background pulse counts when no drops were impacting (O; per min) and kinetic energy flux density (i.e., power [P; mJ cm(-2) min(-1)]) was found to be described by the formula P; = (0.204 + 0.065 . O)(0.67). The measurement threshold was 0.34 mJ cm(-2) min(-1). Using the sensor, generated rains with intensities of 23 to 48 mm/h were found to have powers of 0.4 to 2.2 mJ cm(-2) min(-1). In 2 years of field testing, 85 individual rain episodes were monitored, with mean intensities ranging from 0.1 to 42 mm/h. These rains had mean powers ranging from 0 to 5 mJ cm(-2) min(-1), and the highest power for a 5-min sampling period was 10 mJ cm(-2) min(-1). Both power and intensity varied greatly over time within rain episodes, and there was considerable variation in power at any given rain intensity, emphasizing the importance of measuring rather than simply predicting power. Although there was no known true power measurements for the generated or natural rains, estimates were realistic based on theoretical calculations, assuming that the gamma distribution represents raindrop sizes. The sensor is important in assessing the risk of rain splash dispersal of plant pathogens.     

The influence of different treatments causing emigration of nitidulid beetles

Experiments were carried out to investigate the influence of different modified atmospheres, low pressures alone, methyl bromide (MB) alone, and MB in combination with CO₂ or low pressure, in causing nitidulid beetles to emigrate from infested dried fruit for which dates served as a model. All the treatments at 4 h and 16 h exposure and at 26°C, had a marked influence in causing insects to abandon the infested fruit. The most effective treatments at the two exposures were pressures of 50 mm Hg, and 1.4% O₂ in air, both of which caused over 87% of the initial insect populations to emigrate from the fruit. At 4 h exposure, 2.8% O₂ was less effective than 100 mm Hg or MB. At 16 h exposure, MB+CO₂ was third in effectiveness and 100 mm Hg was one of the least effective treatments.     

Heat treatment of plant propagation material for the control of fire blight

The thermal sensitivity of Erwinia amylovora was determined at 45° C and 50°C. In vitro assays with eight differetit strains showed that thermal death times did not exceed 70min at 45° C and 50min at 50° C (95% confidence interval). Heat treatments of naturally infected apple and pear shoots were performed using a moist and a dry heat procedure. When shoots were wrapped in wet cotton cloths (wet heat) and maintained in an incubator, no bacterial growth could be detected after an incubation of 5 h at 45° C. When shoots were sealed in polyethylene bags and immersed in water (dry heat), no Erwinia amytovora could be isolated after an immersion of 3 h at 45° C. Incubation at 50°C for 1 –2h in either condition did not eradicate the pathogen entirely. The failure rate of grafts using budwoods treated at the effective time-temperature combinations did not exceed 25%.
The present investigations showed that the use of thermotherapy techniques for controlling Erwinia amylovora in propagation material of apple and pear might be possible.     

大豆品种(系)对豆秆黑潜蝇的抗性研究

在1985—1990年,对584个大豆品种(系)进行了抗蝇性研究。经初筛、复筛,最后筛选出4个抗性较好的品种,以豫豆2号抗性最好。并测定了大豆品种(系)对豆秆黑潜蝇的扰生性、耐害性。分析了17种氨基酸与抗性的关系;对大豆不同品种主茎进行切片检查发现,髓部直径与主茎直径比值(X_1)、木质部厚度与主茎直径比值(X_2)与侵入虫量(Y)关系密切。其多元回归方程为:log■=1.3499+0.1694X_1-2.0719X_2     

不同玉米自交系幼苗对水分胁迫的响应及其耐旱性评价

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