基于ITS序列的曼陀罗属植物的分类学研究

根据曼陀罗属核糖体基因转录间隔区(ITS)序列设计通用引物,得到33个不同来源的曼陀罗属植物的ITS序列,并以小天仙子(Hyoscyamus bohemicus)为外群,应用遗传距离与系统树分析法对曼陀罗属植物之间的分类进行了初步探讨。结果表明:在供试样品中,紫花曼陀罗(Datura tatula)和曼陀罗(Daturastramonium)的ITS序列完全相同;多刺曼陀罗(Datura ferox)、栎叶曼陀罗(Datura quercifolia)和曼陀罗(Datura stramonium)之间的亲缘关系很近;紫花曼陀曼(Datura tatula)、曼陀罗(Datura stramonium)、无刺曼陀罗(Datura inermis)和光滑曼陀罗(Datura laevis)4个种间不存在遗传距离;传统分类中曼陀罗属的Dutra亚属内除光曼陀罗(Datura leichhardtii)和异色曼陀罗(Datura discolor)在ITS序列表现为比较独立的2个种外,其他各种间的亲缘关系也较近;在ITS序列上湿地曼陀罗(Datura ceratocaula)与曼陀罗(Daturastramonium...     

几种曼陀罗植株识别及种子鉴定研究

对杂草调查中发现的3种曼陀罗植株进行了形态特征描述和对比,并将进境大豆中截获的粗刺曼陀罗与其他曼陀罗在种子大小、形状、种皮颜色、种子表面纹饰及种脐形状等方面进行了分析比较,总结出曼陀罗的野外识别特征以及曼陀罗种子可作为鉴别依据的特征。     

阿根廷大豆中曼陀罗含量超标事件对我国大豆贸易及产业发展的影响

2007年6月南通出入境检验检疫局首次发现进境阿根廷大豆中曼陀罗籽(Datura spp.)含量超过了我国<植物油料卫生标准>规定的限量标准.此后,广东、天津、江苏等检验检疫局又先后多次检出阿根廷大豆中曼陀罗籽含量超标.进境阿根廷大豆中频频出现曼陀罗籽含量超标的事件对我国大豆贸易及产业发展产生了重大影响.本文将对阿根廷大豆中曼陀罗含量超标事件进行回顾,并分析其对我国大豆贸易及产业发展产生的影响.     

有害杂草曼陀罗属及其种子分类特征

本文简述了曼陀罗属的分类。针对国外大豆中有毒和有害杂草曼陀罗属种子鉴定易发生混淆的问题,在形态学特征上加以了描述和区分,对阿根廷大豆中的曼陀罗种子作了较为详细的描述,为准确鉴定曼陀罗属种子提供参考依据。     

番茄细菌性斑点病病原菌鉴定

 1998~1999年在吉林省、辽宁省、黑龙江省等地的大棚番茄上发现一种番茄病害,并从其病叶、病茎杆上分离得到了23个细菌菌株。接种番茄幼苗上,发病症状与自然发病症状完全一致,并从接种病株上重新分离到此病原细菌。各菌株致病力无明显的差异。经革兰氏染色反应、菌体形态、培养性状、生理生化反应、G+C mol%等鉴定,确认该病原菌为丁香假单胞杆菌番茄致病变种(Pseudomonas syringae pv.tomato(Okabe)Young,Dye&Wilkie)。该病菌引起番茄细菌性斑点病(又称叶斑病)。病菌除侵染番茄外,尚能侵染茄子、辣椒、龙葵、白花曼陀罗和毛曼陀罗。该病害尚属我国大陆首次报道。     

海南检验检疫局从进境高粱中截获18种杂草

2014年9月,海南出入境检验检疫局从一批来自澳大利亚的高粱中截获18种杂草,其中有刺蒺藜草（Cenchrus echinatus）、黑高粱（Sorghum almum）、南美苍耳（Xanthium cavanillesii）、法国野燕麦（Avena ludoviciana）4种检疫性杂草,小苜蓿（Medicago minima）、反枝苋（Amaranthus retroflexus）、链荚豆（Alysicarpus vaginalis）、蓟罂粟（Argemone mexicana）、多刺曼陀罗（Datura ferox）等14种非检疫性杂草。黑高粱、南美苍耳为海南口岸首次截获,海南口岸首次截获的杂草共计6种。     

57种南药植物粗提物对螺旋粉虱杀虫活性初步研究

测试了57种南药植物粗提物对螺旋粉虱成虫的杀虫活性.结果表明,在5 mg/mL浓度下,57种南药植物粗提物对螺旋粉虱成虫表现出较好的触杀活性.其中长春花、艾纳香、刺篱木、薄荷、广藿香、曼陀罗6种南药植物粗提物对成虫的触杀活性在60％以上,活性最好的是长春花粗提物,对成虫的触杀活性为67.3％.毒力测定结果表明:薄荷粗提物对成虫的EC50值最小,为3.308 9 mg/mL.因此薄荷对螺旋粉虱表现出较好的抑制活性,具有进一步研究开发的价值.     

刺糖多孢菌bldD基因过表达对多杀菌素合成及其孢子形成的影响

bld D基因是链霉菌中的全局性调控基因,调节菌体的形态分化与次级代谢产物的合成。本研究采用重叠延伸PCR将bld D基因置于红霉素强启动子(Perm E)的控制下克隆至大肠杆菌-链霉菌穿梭载体p UC-spn上,构建重组载体p UC-spn-Perm E-bld D;通过接合转移将其导入刺糖多孢菌中,获得遗传性能稳定的重组菌株S.spinosa-Bld D。平板培养观察发现,在BHI和TSB平板上,重组菌株的孢子形成受到明显抑制。摇瓶发酵结果显示,重组菌株多杀菌素产量相比对照菌株提高了1.35倍。因此,bld D基因的过量表达在一定程度上抑制刺糖多孢菌的孢子形成,并有效促进多杀菌素的生物合成,为研究其他正调控基因的过量表达促进多杀菌素的生物合成奠定了重要基础。     

一种桑褐刺蛾的核型多角体病毒病

桑褐刺蛾(Setora postornata Hampson)属鳞翅目刺蛾科。其幼虫为害栗、柿、核桃、梨、白杨和石榴等多种植物的叶。1982年秋,在泰安市下港公社上港和黄前一带发现桑褐刺蛾幼虫自然患病死亡,野外自然感病率高达70%以上。经分离鉴定是一种核型多角体病毒感染所致。本文着重报道该株病毒的分离和形态观察结果。     

氢氧同位素测量差异及误差来源分析

水中氢氧稳定同位素(D、18O)是示踪水分过程的重要方法,但不同设备D、18O测量结果一致性有待探索.基于内蒙古乌拉特荒漠草原的同批植被、土壤样本,经抽提获得水样后,分别使用两种同位素仪(LGR和PICARRO)测量氢氧同位素.结果表明:1)LGR测量精度更高;2)D的两组测量结果差异不显著(R2= 0.98)、一致性...     

Evaluation of variability in Striga aspera, Striga hermonthica and their hybrids using morphological characters and random amplified polymorphic DNA markers

Striga aspera and Striga hermonthica are recognized as separate species, but their close morphological similarity causes difficulty in distinguishing between them in areas where they coexist in Africa. In this study, crosses between the species were made using randomly selected morphologically typical parental plants collected from different locations in Nigeria. Genetic analysis of both species and their reciprocal F₁ hybrids were determined using cluster analysis of DNA profiles derived from genetic polymorphism (RAPD)-polymerase chain reaction (PCR) markers. Principal component and hierarchical cluster analyses were used to separate parental and hybrid populations based on 13 morphological characteristics. Morphological data from wild samples of both species were compared with the hand-pollinated parental, F₁ and F₂ hybrids, and back-crosses. Results showed that S. aspera and S. hermonthica were genetically and morphologically distinct. Morphological and genetic analyses revealed two major clusters: a S. aspera cluster and a S. hermonthica cluster. Genetically, the F₁ hybrids showed closer affinity to their maternal parents, while morphologically, the F₁ hybrids formed distinct clusters intermediate to the parents. Most F₂ plants and back-crosses were morphologically similar to S. hermonthica . Comparative morphological analysis of wild and hand-pollinated populations showed some samples from the wild clustered with the hybrids, suggesting that hybrids may exist in nature.     

Genetic and morphologic diversity of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Echinochloa crus-galli</Emphasis> populations from different origins

Echinochloa crus-galli (L.) P. Beauv. (barnyardgrass) is an annual weed that is native to Asia and found throughout the world. The broad ecological tolerance and competitive ability of E. crus-galli makes it the most important weed species in rice. Genetic studies of plants are becoming increasingly common because reliable information is necessary to better understand population dynamics, occurrence of herbicide resistance, and demographic data. Echinochloa crus-galli populations from 34 different locations in Turkey were compared with respect to morphological differences and genetic variation. For morphological variation, five seeds of each population were sown in pots and grown in a screenhouse using a randomized block design. Morphological parameters such as germination speed, flowering time, leaf area, plant height, spikelet length, above-ground biomass, root dry weight and number of seeds were measured. Distinct differences among populations with respect to hierarchical cluster analysis were observed. Genetic variations among populations were performed using random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) markers. The seven RAPD primers amplified 55 bands whose molecular weight varied between 200 and 4000 bp. The percentage of polymorphic bands was 74.54%. Results showed high morphological and genetic variability among individual genotypes within geographic locations. Phenotypic and genetic variability among E. crus-galli populations would be influenced by agricultural practices, crop characteristics, geographic location and herbicide pressure. Differences between weed populations may affect response to chemical or biological control.     

中国甘肃东北部地区东方蜜蜂(Apis cerana)形态学研究

本研究采集甘肃东北部地区泾川蜂场、庄浪蜂场和平凉蜂场的东方蜜蜂Apis cerana43群,采样点地貌包括山地、丘陵和平原。运用蜜蜂形态学研究方法对东方蜜蜂40个形态特征指标进行测量分析。运用SPSS13.0对蜜蜂形态数据进行方差分析、主成分分析、聚类分析及环境因子相关性分析。研究结果表明:甘肃东北部地区不同采样点东方蜜蜂形态特征指标存在显著差异,而且与环境因素显著相关。     

The relationship between species within the Xiphinema americanum-group (Nematoda: Dorylaimida)1

Principal components and hierarchical cluster analysis based on morphometric characters of the type populations of the 39 species attributed to the Xiphinema americanum-group confirmed the occurrence of five subgroups. The use of a single character is generally insufficient to characterize a species because of the wide intra-population and intra-specific variations. Hierarchical cluster analysis, although impractical for species/population identification, appears useful in the study of the relationships between species or groups of species.     

Effects of shade on reproduction and some morphological characteristics oi Abutilon theophrasti Medicos, Datura stramonium L. and Sorghum halepense L. Pers.

Relations between availability of light and reproductive activity in several of the most damaging summer weeds (Abutilon theophrasti Medicus, Datura stramonium L., Sorghum halepense L. Pers.) were studied, in order to investigate seed production capacity of these weed species in the unfavourable conditions occurring under a crop canopy simulated by shade cloths. Decrease in seed production under shading appeared to be due to a decrease in the number of fruits per plant, while the quantity of seed per fruit proved to be fairly stable. Biomass partitioning within the plant reduced the percentage of dry matter accumulated in reproductive organs, leading to a marked decrease in the harvest index. Further-more, shading caused a species-dependent delay in onset of the flowering and ripening stages. In Datura stramonium shading led to a greater de-crease in seed production and, consequently, in the harvest index than in the other species examined. Finally, laboratory tests demonstrated that the percentage of dormant seeds remained unmodified in all species examined. Effet de l'ombragesur la reproduction et quelques caracteristiques morphologiques de Abutilon theophrasti Medicus, Datura stramonium E. et Sorghum halepense L. Pers. Les relations entre la fourniture de lumière et l'activité reproductrice de quelques unes des mauvaises herbes les plus importantes (Abutilon tiieophrasti Medicus, Datura stramonium L., Sorghum halepense L. Pers.) ont étéétudiées en vue de déterminer leur capacitéà produire des graines dans les conditions défavorables qui prévalent sous les couverts végétaux. La diminution de la production de graines était due à une diminution du nombre de fruit par plante, alors que la quantité de graines par fruits restait à peu près stable. La distribution de la biomasse dans la plante conduisait à une diminution du pour-centage de matière seche accumulée dans les organes reproducteurs, ce qui se traduisait par une diminution de l'indice de récolte. De plus, l'ombrage causait un retard (variable selon l'espece) du début de la floraison et de la maturation. Chez Datura stramonium, l'ombrage conduisait à la réduction la plus importante de la production de graines (et par conséquent de l'indice de récolte). Enfin, des tests en laboratoire ont montré que le pourcentage de graines dormantes n'était modifie chez aucune des espèces testées. Einfluß von Beschattung auf Vermehrung und morphologische Eigenschaften von Abutilon theophrasti Medicus, Datura stramonium E. und Sorghum halepense (E.) Pers. An einigen sommerannuellen Unkräutem (Abutilon theophrasti Medicus, Datura stramonium L. und Sorghum halepense (L.) Pers.) wurde die Beziehung zwischen der Lichtverfügbarkeit und der Samenproduktion dieser Arten unter den ungünstigen Bedingungen der Beschattung in einem Kulturpflanzenbestand, die durch Beschattungsgewebe simuliert wurde, untersucht. Die Abnahme der Samenproduktion bei Beschattung ist durch die geringere Fruchtzahl pro Pflanze bedingt; die Samenzahl pro Frucht erwies sich als ziemlich stabil. Die Biomasseverteilung in den Pflanzen führte zu einer Abnahme der Trockenmasse der Reproduktionsorgane und damit zu einem deutlich kleineren Ertragsindex. Außerdem wurden durch die Beschattung der Blühbeginn und das Reifestadium verzögert. Bei Datura stramonitim war die Abnahme der Samenbildung und somit des Ertragsindex stärker als bei den anderen Arten. Der Anteil dormanter Samen blieb bei alien Arten durch die Beschattung einbeeinflußt.     

Morphological and genetic variability of local Echinochloa accessions and the link with herbicide sensitivity

Echinochloa crus‐galli and Echinochloa muricata are common weeds in Belgian maize fields. Both species are morphologically difficult to distinguish and exhibit high morphological variability. Their response to herbicides varies from field to field. This study investigated whether the considerable morphological polymorphism found among Belgian Echinochloa accessions has a genetic background and whether it is consistently associated with differences in sensitivity to maize herbicides. For this purpose, accessions of E. crus‐galli and E. muricata were compared for morphological and genetic resemblance and tested for herbicide sensitivity. All accessions were planted in the field to examine the morphological traits. A cluster analysis was conducted to assess them for morphological diversity. DNA of leaf material was used for amplified fragment length polymorphism analysis to cluster the accessions genetically. Dose–response pot experiments were conducted in the glasshouse to assess the effectiveness of an acetolactate synthase (nicosulfuron), acetyl‐CoA carboxylase (cycloxydim) and 4‐hydroxyphenyl phosphate dioxygenase (topramezone) inhibiting herbicide. The genetic and morphological clusters were compared with the effective doses obtained from the dose–response bioassays. Morphological variation significantly correlated with genetic variation, but the relation with herbicide sensitivity was weak. Spikelet size and biomass characteristics are reliable discriminating characteristics for (sub)species classification. Intraspecies identification does not seem essential for optimisation of chemical control of E. crus‐galli and E. muricata in the field.     

Correlation of soil properties and fruit size of Callgonum mongolicum and related species

Correlations of soil properties and fruit size of Calligonum mongolicum Turcz.and related species were analyzed.The results showed that the particle size characteristics of soils for growing Calligonum mongolicum and related species were similar,and the soils belonged to sandyones.The organic matter contents of soils were low (averaging 1.772 to 3.054 g/kg),and the total salt content of soils was low too (averaging 0.471 g/kg).The pH values indicated that the soils were alkaline,varying from pH 7.65 to 10.25.The results of Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and hierarchical cluster showed that 9 habitats could be divided into 6 types according to salt contents and pH values.Fruit sizes of different populations and the soil properties had significant linear correlations (P<0.000).It was concluded that the differences in fruit sizes among the populations of Calligonum mongolicum and related species were related to soil variability,especially the nutrient contents of soils,and fruit size can not be considered as a taxonomic index of Calligonum mongolicum and related species.     

Control of Datura stramonium L. with oxadiazon under simulated spray and furrow irrigation

Cotton, soybeans and the weed species Datura stramonium L. were grown in the glasshouse under simulated spray and furrow irrigation. Oxadiazon at different rates was applied as a pre-emergence treatment. The number of Datura, was decreased by higher rates of oxadiazon under spray irrigation but not with sub-irrigation. Control at 4 kg/ha with spray irrigation was 75% but less than 15% with sub-irrigation. Soybeans were less tolerant to oxadiazon than cotton but phytotoxicity was evident in both crops at 4 kg/ha. La lutte contre le Datura stramonium L. avec l'oxadiazon sous irrigation simulée par aspersion ou par submersion. Du coton, des sojas et une espèce de mauvaise herbe: Datura stramonium L., ont été cultivés en serre, sous irrigation simulée par aspersion ou par submersion. L'oxadiazon a été appliqué h différents taux en traitement de prévlevée. Le nombre de Datura a été diminué parles doses les plus élevées d'oxadiazon sous irrigation par aspersion mais pas par submersion. L'efBcacité herbicide à,4 kg/ha a été de 57% avec l'irrigation par aspersion mais moins de 15% avec l'irrigation par submersion. Les sojas se sont montrés moins résistants à l'oxadiazon que le coton, mais la phytotoxicitéétait évidente dans ces deux cultures à 4 kg/ha. Die Bekämpfung von Datura stramonium L. mit Oxadiazon unter simulierter Beregnung und Furchenbewässerung Baumwolle, Sojabohnen und das Unkraut Datura stramonium L. wurden unter simulierter Beregnung und Furchenbewasserung im Gewachshaus gezogen. Oxadiazon wurde mit verschiedenen Aufwandmengen im Vorauflauf angewendet. Bei hoheren Aufwandmengen ging die Anzahl von Datura bei Beregnung zuruck, nicht aber bei UntergrundbewSsser-ung. Bei 4 kg/ha und Beregnung betrug die Bekampfung 75 %, bei UntergrundbewSsserung aber weniger als 15%. Die Sojabohnen waren gegenuber Oxadiazon weniger tolerant als Baumwolle, aber bei beiden Kulturpflanzen trat bei 4 kg/ha Phytotoxizitat auf.