几个糖能兼用甘蔗新品系性状表现

对7个优良的甘蔗新品系作为糖能兼用蔗进行研究.结果表明：闽糖92-142蔗茎产量最高,公顷产量为140.145t、公顷含糖量20.321t,分别比对照增产22.55%、增糖19.9%,具丰产高糖等特点,可作为糖能兼用蔗加以推广应用.闽蔗92-222、闽蔗97-191、闽蔗97-193等远缘杂交后代品系具高分蘖率、有效茎数多、高纤维分等特点,可考虑作为能源专用蔗加以开发利用.     

强宿根抗旱甘蔗新品种云蔗03-194的选育

云蔗03-194,亲系:新台糖25×粤糖97-20,中大茎,中早熟,丰产、高糖,自然脱叶,宿根性好,抗旱性和抗倒性强。云蔗03-194在国家区试中蔗茎产量101.4t/hm2,甘蔗糖分14.40%,含糖量14.68t/hm2;在云南临沧、德宏、保山、红河等主产蔗区旱地生产示范中蔗茎产量117.6 t/hm2,甘蔗糖分15.23%,含糖量17.43t/hm2;该品种适应于云南、广西、广东、福建等蔗区肥力中等以上的蔗区种植,在燥热蔗区种植优势更为明显。     

云南野生甘蔗血缘杂交组合的同异分析

利用同异分析法对含有云南野生甘蔗亲本的32个杂交组合进行综合评价,结果表明,同异分析评价为优秀的是德蔗93-88×云瑞03-393、云蔗99-155×CP74-383、云瑞99-546×德蔗93-94、德蔗93-88×云瑞99-151、闽糖90-1022×云瑞04-186、云蔗99-155×L75-20、德蔗93-94×云瑞03-393和粤糖93-159×云瑞03-417;较优的组合是德蔗93-88×云瑞01-87、德蔗93-88×云蔗99-155、云蔗99-155×德蔗93-94、德蔗93-94×云瑞03-80、云蔗99-155×粤糖93-159、德蔗93-88×云瑞99-546、CP65-357×云瑞03-917、德蔗93-88×云瑞01-109、德蔗93-88×云瑞03-117、闽糖90-1022×云瑞03-392和闽糖90-1022×云瑞99-546,在今后的杂交育种中可以重点利用。     

早熟高糖甘蔗新品种云蔗081609的选育

云蔗081609亲系为云蔗94-343×粤糖00-236,中大茎,早熟、高产、高糖,抗旱性强,宿根性强,5级中抗黑穗病,高抗花叶病,属耐贮性品种。在预备品比、品比和生态试验中,云蔗081609平均蔗产量97.06 t/hm2,全期(11月至翌年2月)甘蔗平均糖分15.88%,平均含糖量15.48 t/hm2;在云南省甘蔗区域化试验中,云蔗081609平均蔗产量108.59 t/hm2,全期(11月至翌年3月)甘蔗平均糖分15.70%,平均含糖量15.98 t/hm2。该品种适宜在水田、坝地、旱坡地、台地种植,在水肥条件好的田坝地种植增产增收效果更佳。     

中大茎高产甘蔗新品种闽糖96-6016的选育

闽糖96-6016系福建省农业科学院甘蔗研究所从闽糖70-611×闽选703(Co1001)组合中选育出的一个甘蔗新品种。多年多点试验结果表明,闽糖96-6016平均蔗茎产量133.19t/hm2,分别比对照种闽糖70-611(CK1)、新台糖10号(CK2)、新台糖16号(CK3)增产12.5%、42.1%和22.6%;11～1月份平均蔗糖分(绝对值)14.10%;公顷含糖量18.768 t,分别比对照种闽糖70-611、新台糖10号、新台糖16号增糖15.7%、42.1%、14.4%。闽糖96-6016是一个中大茎、丰产高糖、农艺性状优良、适应性广的甘蔗新良种。     

甘蔗新品种(系)品比试验初报

通过对甘蔗新品种(系)云蔗89-157、云蔗89-07、云蔗89-351、内江96-157、甜城14、福农91-4710、闽糖86-2121、新台糖26、桂糖16及桂糖17共10个品种(系),与当家种选蔗50(对照)进行品比试验,结果表明:云蔗89-157、云蔗89-07、内江96-157、甜城14、福农91-4710、闽糖86-2121、新台糖26、桂糖16品种(系)在产量上均高于对照种选蔗50并达到极显著水平,云蔗89-351和桂糖17在产量上较对照选蔗50没有显著优势;甜城14、内江96-157、桂糖16号、云蔗89--157、新台糖26、云蔗89-07等6个品种(系)在蔗糖分上也明显高于对照种选蔗50,是宿根性表现较好的引入品种(系),可以考虑进行较大范围的品种比较试验和区域性试验.闽糖86-2121和福农91-4710的产量显著高于对照种,但是蔗糖分较对照选蔗50偏低,仍需进一步观察试验.云蔗89-351和桂糖17蔗糖分并不突出,可考虑退出下一步的试验.     

甘蔗新品种闽糖92-142、闽糖92-505中试试验表现

闽糖92-142与闽糖92-505系福建省农业科学院甘蔗研究所分别从杂交组合桂糖57-624×湛蔗74-141、选15×CP73-1574中选育而成的甘蔗新品种。2005年中试结果表明,闽糖92-142公顷蔗茎产量132.228t、11～1月蔗糖分为14.92%,公顷含糖量为19.725t,比福建省主栽品种闽糖70-611增产22.47%、蔗糖分提高0.29个百分点、含糖量提高25.41%,比新台糖10号增产32.60%、含糖量提高31.66%。该品种具丰产高糖、抗逆性强等特点。闽糖92-505平均蔗茎产量125.841t/hm2,11～1月份平均蔗糖分达15.93%,含糖量为20.049t/hm2,分别比闽糖70-611增产16.55%,蔗糖分提高1.30个百分点、增糖27.47%;比新台糖10号增产26.19%、蔗糖分提高0.91个百分点、增糖33.82%,是一个具高产高糖、中早熟、适应性广的甘蔗新品种。经t测验,闽糖92-142与闽糖92-505的蔗茎产量与两对照相比,增产均达显著水平。     

抗旱甘蔗新品种云蔗072800的选育

云蔗072800亲系湛蔗92-126×CP88-1762,中大茎,中晚熟,高产、中糖,抗旱性强,高抗甘蔗黑穗病,中抗甘蔗花叶病。在云南省甘蔗区域化试验和生产示范试验中,云蔗072800平均蔗产量104.03t/hm~2,全期(11月至翌年3月)甘蔗平均糖分14.13%,含糖量14.51t/hm~2。该品种适应于临沧、红河、德宏等肥力中等以上蔗区种植,在燥热蔗区种植产量、糖分优势更为明显。     

甘蔗优异种质资源及其在育种上的利用研究

搜集并保育了500 份甘蔗种质资源。对甘蔗野生种的割手密、中国种竹蔗、热带种与地方果蔗和栽培品种进行研究评价, 从中筛选出一批优异的种质资源供创新利用。每年有优异种质60～80个供作亲本,在亚热带地区通过光周期诱导开花,使有性杂交获得成功。尤其是成功地诱导果蔗和竹蔗的开花和延迟野生蔗开花并进行远缘杂交,创造了新血缘的甘蔗新种质, 培育出特高糖的闽糖91/221、高生物产量的闽蔗92/117、综合性状优异的闽糖92/225 及一些优良的育种中间材料。     

甘蔗宿根性研究Ⅱ.甘蔗种性宿根影响因子与其宿根性的关系

采用大田生产模式种植,以来自同一亲本组合(粤糖97-20×ROC25)杂交后代分离产生的强宿根甘蔗品(种)系(‘云蔗06-407’、‘云蔗06-415’)和弱宿根甘蔗品(种)系(‘云蔗06-408’、‘云蔗06-416’)为材料,强宿根甘蔗品种‘新台糖22号’及宿根性一般的甘蔗品种‘新台糖10号’为对照,探讨由甘蔗种性决定的宿根影响因子与甘蔗宿根性的关系。结果表明,强宿根甘蔗较弱宿根甘蔗新植蔗蔗芽萌发速度快,萌发数多,且分蘖率高,形成的有效茎数多;强宿根甘蔗宿根发株数多,形成的有效数多于新植蔗,产量较新植蔗高。这些影响甘蔗宿根性的因子与甘蔗品种的种性密切相关。     

Comparative Assessment of the Efficacy of Various Nitrogen Fertilizers

Summary

The efficiency of N fertilizers is usually poor; often less than 50% of the applied N is taken up by the crop. This review focuses on various N fertilizers with respect to the significance of different N loss pathways, namely (i) ammonia volatilization, (ii) dinitrogen and nitrogen oxide emissions, and (iii) nitrate leaching. Further, the significance of biological N immobilization, ammonium fixation and, finally, the impact of nitrate vs. ammonium uptake on crop yield are also discussed. The reviewed literature shows that N fertilizers may differ markedly in their susceptibility to losses. There is, however, considerable scope to improve N efficiency of each N source by proper N management practices.     

Studies on natural repellents against potato tuber moth (Phthorimaea operculella Zeller) in country stores

Summary The effects of the leaves of five plant species, one from each of the generaAmbrosia, Anemone, Eupatorium, Eucalyptus andLantana, on potato tuber moth were investigated under indigenous storage conditions at the Central Potato Research Station, Shillong (1800 m above sea level). Their action was compared with that of a biological insecticide (spores ofBacillus thuringiensis), a chemical insecticide (carbaryl), and an untreated control. The data collected after six months storage on tuber damage, sprout damage and the rotting indicated that the leaves ofLantana aculeata provided most protection to the tubers, reducing damage from over 70% in the check to below 5%, and sprout damage from over 45% to below 3%. Next best wasEucalyptus globulus followed byB. thuringiensis. They may be used on tubers stored for table use or for seed as they had no adverse effect on germination or on the yield of a subsequent crop.     

Novel food and non-food uses for sorghum and millets

Sorghum and millets have considerable potential in foods and beverages. As they are gluten-free they are suitable for coeliacs. Sorghum is also a potentially important source of nutraceuticals such antioxidant phenolics and cholesterol-lowering waxes. Cakes, cookies, pasta, a parboiled rice-like product and snack foods have been successfully produced from sorghum and, in some cases, millets. Wheat-free sorghum or millet bread remains the main challenge. Additives such as native and pre-gelatinised starches, hydrocolloids, fat, egg and rye pentosans improve bread quality. However, specific volumes are lower than those for wheat bread or gluten-free breads based on pure starches, and in many cases, breads tend to stale faster. Lager and stout beers with sorghum are brewed commercially. Sorghum's high-starch gelatinisation temperature and low beta-amylase activity remain problems with regard to complete substitution of barley malt with sorghum malt . The role of the sorghum endosperm matrix protein and cell wall components in limiting extract is a research focus. Brewing with millets is still at an experimental stage. Sorghum could be important for bioethanol and other bio-industrial products. Bioethanol research has focused on improving the economics of the process through cultivar selection, method development for low-quality grain and pre-processing to recover valuable by-products. Potential by-products such as the kafirin prolamin proteins and the pericarp wax have potential as bioplastic films and coatings for foods, primarily due to their hydrophobicity.     

In vitro antimicrobial activity of different accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. from Uruguay

Summary The in vitro antimicrobial activity of extracts from accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. collected in the south of Uruguay was investigated against five microorganisms including the pathogenRalstonia solanacearum. A total of 30 extracts corresponding to organic and aqueous extracts were studied. Interestingly, most of the positive results for growth inhibition were againstR. solanacearum. The extracts were also analyzed for the presence of glycoalkaloids and lectins. Six of the ten aqueous extracts showed lectin presence and a wide variation in the type and amounts of glycoalkaloids, was found. Results indicate that there is no clear relationship between the antimicrobial activity against the five microorganisms screened and the presence or amounts of lectins and glycoalkaloids, traditionally regarded as possible antimicrobial metabolites in theSolanum genus, which indicates the presence of as yet unidentified antimicrobial compounds.     

Extreme resistance to infection by potato virus X in genotypes of wild tuber-bearingSolanum species

Summary Clones derived from thirty-one different accessions (nineteen of Argentine origin) belonging to eightSolanum species were screened for resistance to infection by potato virus X strain cp (PVX cp) by mechanical inoculation of plantlets that had been micropropagated in vitro. Estimates of PVX multiplication obtained by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay and slot blot nucleic acid hybridization allowed the identification of resistant clones derived from five accessions belonging toS. commersonii S. oplocense, S. sparsipilum andS. tuberosum andigena. Resistant genotypes supported PVX concentrations 5 to 15 times smaller than did the susceptible control cultivar Spunta. Graft inoculation test confirmed the presence of extreme resistance similar to that conferred by the ‘immunity’ gene X¹ (also called RX_act).     

Cyanobacteria Secondary Metabolites as Biotechnological Ingredients in Natural Anti-Aging Cosmetics: Potential to Overcome Hyperpigmentation,Loss of Skin Density and UV Radiation-Deleterious Effects

The loss of density and elasticity, the appearance of wrinkles and hyperpigmentation are among the first noticeable signs of skin aging. Beyond UV radiation and oxidative stress, matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) assume a preponderant role in the process, since their deregulation results in the degradation of most extracellular matrix components. In this survey, four cyanobacteria strains were explored for their capacity to produce secondary metabolites with biotechnological potential for use in anti-aging formulations. Leptolyngbya boryana LEGE 15486 and Cephalothrix lacustris LEGE 15493 from freshwater ecosystems, and Leptolyngbya cf. ectocarpi LEGE 11479 and Nodosilinea nodulosa LEGE 06104 from marine habitats were sequentially extracted with acetone and water, and extracts were analyzed for their toxicity in cell lines with key roles in the skin context (HaCAT, 3T3L1, and hCMEC). The non-toxic extracts were chemically characterized in terms of proteins, carotenoids, phenols, and chlorophyll a, and their anti-aging potential was explored through their ability to scavenge the physiological free radical superoxide anion radical (O₂^•−), to reduce the activity of the MMPs elastase and hyaluronidase, to inhibit tyrosinase and thus avoid melanin production, and to block UV-B radiation (sun protection factor, SPF). Leptolyngbya species stood out for anti-aging purposes: L. boryana LEGE 15486 presented a remarkable SPF of 19 (at 200 µg/mL), being among the best species regarding O₂^•− scavenging, (IC₅₀ = 99.50 µg/mL) and also being able to inhibit tyrosinase (IC₂₅ = 784 µg/mL), proving to be promising against UV-induced skin-aging; L. ectocarpi LEGE 11479 was more efficient in inhibiting MMPs (hyaluronidase, IC₅₀ = 863 µg/mL; elastase, IC₅₀ = 391 µg/mL), thus being the choice to retard dermal density loss. Principal component analysis (PCA) of the data allowed the grouping of extracts into three groups, according to their chemical composition; the correlation of carotenoids and chlorophyll a with MMPs activity (p < 0.01), O₂^•− scavenging with phenolic compounds (p < 0.01), and phycocyanin and allophycocyanin with SPF, pointing to these compounds in particular as responsible for UV-B blockage. This original survey explores, for the first time, the biotechnological potential of these cyanobacteria strains in the field of skin aging, demonstrating the promising, innovative, and multifactorial nature of these microorganisms.     

Marine Pharmacology in 2009–2011: Marine Compounds with Antibacterial,Antidiabetic, Antifungal,Anti-Inflammatory,Antiprotozoal, Antituberculosis,and Antiviral Activities; Affecting the Immune and Nervous Systems,and other Miscellaneous Mechanisms of Action ?

The peer-reviewed marine pharmacology literature from 2009 to 2011 is presented in this review, following the format used in the 1998–2008 reviews of this series. The pharmacology of structurally-characterized compounds isolated from marine animals, algae, fungi and bacteria is discussed in a comprehensive manner. Antibacterial, antifungal, antiprotozoal, antituberculosis, and antiviral pharmacological activities were reported for 102 marine natural products. Additionally, 60 marine compounds were observed to affect the immune and nervous system as well as possess antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory effects. Finally, 68 marine metabolites were shown to interact with a variety of receptors and molecular targets, and thus will probably contribute to multiple pharmacological classes upon further mechanism of action studies. Marine pharmacology during 2009–2011 remained a global enterprise, with researchers from 35 countries, and the United States, contributing to the preclinical pharmacology of 262 marine compounds which are part of the preclinical pharmaceutical pipeline. Continued pharmacological research with marine natural products will contribute to enhance the marine pharmaceutical clinical pipeline, which in 2013 consisted of 17 marine natural products, analogs or derivatives targeting a limited number of disease categories.     

Recent Modifications of Chitosan for Adsorption Applications: A Critical and Systematic Review

Chitosan is considered to be one of the most promising and applicable materials in adsorption applications. The existence of amino and hydroxyl groups in its molecules contributes to many possible adsorption interactions between chitosan and pollutants (dyes, metals, ions, phenols, pharmaceuticals/drugs, pesticides, herbicides, etc.). These functional groups can help in establishing positions for modification. Based on the learning from previously published works in literature, researchers have achieved a modification of chitosan with a number of different functional groups. This work summarizes the published works of the last three years (2012–2014) regarding the modification reactions of chitosans (grafting, cross-linking, etc.) and their application to adsorption of different environmental pollutants (in liquid-phase).