Influence of irrigation and organic/inorganic fertilization on chemical quality of almond (Prunus amygdalus cv. Guara)

The chemical quality of almonds variety Guara cultivated in nonirrigated farming (NI) and drip-irrigated farming (DI) conditions with different fertilizing treatments, two organic treatments (T1 and T2) and a mineral treatment (C), all of them with a N-P-K proportion of 1-2-1, is studied. Almonds obtained in irrigated farming showed higher content in sugars and organic acids and a better quality of oil. Among the fertilizing treatments employed, the organic ones have shown the best results related to chemical quality, regardless of the quantity of fertilizer employed (9.5 kg per T1 tree vs 4.5 kg per T2 tree). The organic treatments produced almonds with a higher content of sugar, organic acids and fiber and a similar fat content. These results are interesting from a commercial point of view since the consumers, even under the same conditions of chemical quality, prefer those products cultivated under organic conditions due to their benefits for health and because these practices are environment-friendly.     

施用钾肥对叶菜产量和品质的影响

Over a period of two years, field experiments were conducted on four silty loam soils grown with foliar vegetable crops including Chinese cabbage (Brassica pekinensis Rupr., cv.Lu-Bai 3), autumn greens (B. chinensis L., cv.Piao-Geng-Bai), winter greens (B. var.rosularis Tsen et Lee, cv.You-Dong-Er), and summer greens (B. chinensis L., cv.Zao-Shu 5), respectively. Each experiment included one CK treatment without K, N and P fertilizers applied, and four treatments with from low to high doses, 0~300 kg hm^-2 for Chinese cabbage, 0~150 kg hm^-2 for autumn and winter greens and 0~180 kg hm^-2 for summer greens, of K fertilizers in the form of sulfate of potash (SOP) applied together with N and P fertilizers. One treatment of K fertilizer in the form of muriate of potash (MOP) applied at high levels (150 or 180 kg hm^-2) together with N and P fertilizers was included in the experiments of autumn, winter and summer greens, respectively, in order to compare the effects of SOP and MOP. The market yields of the tested crops increased significantly with the increasing rate of K application. The crops supplied with K fertilizers yielded more stably as the CV% of their yields decreased with the rate of K application. K fertilization increased not only K contents but also the amounts of N, P and K absorbed in shoots of autumn, winter and summer greens, which were statistically significantly correlated to their yields. It can also be found that potassium improved the quality of the foliar vegetable crops as their dry mater contents were generally increased and Vc contents obviously increased and nitrate contents markedly decreased. As compared to MOP, SOP was more effective on the yields and quality of autumn, winter and summer greens at the high levels of fertilization.     

减量化肥配施叶面肥对山核桃产量及品质的影响

为广西岩溶地区山核桃高质优产提供施肥理论依据,在广西环江县开展山核桃施肥试验。试验设置CK(常规施肥)、T1(80%常规施肥+尿素和磷酸二氢钾叶面肥)、T2(T1+微肥叶面肥)、T3(T2+氨基酸叶面肥)、T4(T2+腐殖酸叶面肥)、T5(T2+氨基酸叶面肥+腐殖酸叶面肥)6种施肥处理,对山核桃产量、品质、矿质元素含量及叶片氮磷钾养分进行分析。结果显示,不同施肥处理显著影响山核桃单果仁质量、出仁率和果壳厚度(P<0.05),其中,T4处理的单株产量、单果仁质量和出仁率为全组最高,分别较CK高出31.18%、17.29%和13.95%。不同施肥处理显著影响山核桃可溶性糖、单宁和脂肪含量(P<0.05),其中,T5处理的蛋白质、淀粉、脂肪含量均最高,分别较CK处理高出16.24%、6.43%、13.73%。对山核桃矿质元素含量研究的结果表明,喷施叶面肥对山核桃矿质元素含量有较明显的提升作用,除了T3处理的钙含量外,喷施叶面肥处理的矿质元素含量均高于CK。其中,T5处理的镁、锌、铁、硼和钙含量最高,分别较CK高出9.87%、39.34%、35.44%、18.10%和10.93%。综上,T4处理的山核桃产量最高,T5处理则是山核桃品质和矿质元素含量提升的最佳施肥方式,在广西岩溶地区山核桃生产中,可根据需求选择对应的叶面肥喷施方案。     

氮、磷、钾肥对卡因菠萝产量和品质的影响

运用3414试验设计,在大田试验条件下研究氮、 磷、 钾肥不同配比对卡因菠萝产量和品质的影响,提出适宜的肥料用量。结果表明:施用氮（N）、 磷（P2O5）、 钾肥（K2O）卡因菠萝分别增产15.5、 4.8和12.6 t/hm2,增产率为16.8%、 4.5%和13.1%,增加纯收入34800、 11000和27600 Yuan/hm2,农学效率分别为39.3、 42.3和29.6 kg/kg; 施肥增产、 增收效果以及对产量的贡献率均表现为N＞K2O＞P2O5, 肥料农学效率则表现为P2O5＞N＞K2O。在 P2（100 kg/hm2）K2（500 kg/hm2）基础上,施氮降低果实中维生素C和可滴定酸含量,增加了可溶性糖含量,而在N2（400 kg/hm2）P2（100 kg/hm2）基础上,施钾增加果实中维生素C、 可滴定酸和可溶性糖含量,施用磷肥对果实品质影响不大。对卡因菠萝产量效应函数进行频率分析法寻优得出,卡因菠萝目标产量超过105 t/hm2, 95%置信区间的优化施肥量为氮（N）281.27~436.48 kg/hm2、 磷（P2O5）64.03~121.69 kg/hm2、 钾（K2O）428.59~628.55 kg/hm2,N、 P2O5、 K2O的最优施肥量配比为1∶0.15~0.43∶0.982.23。研究结论可为果农从事卡因菠萝栽培提供施肥参考。     

Influence of P and K fertilization on Phytophthora root rot or excess soil water injury of alfalfa cultivars

Abstract

Phytophthora root rot (PRR) is an important disease of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) in wet soils. Excess soil water (ESW) stress is required for the successful infection and development of PRR. The effects of P at 0, 40, and 80 μg.g^‐1 soil and K at 0, 120, and 240 μg.g^‐1 soil (in factorial combinations) on the severity of PRR or ESW stress was investigated on a PRR‐susceptible (Iroquois) and a resistant (Oneida) alfalfa cultivar in a greenhouse trial. P and K applications significantly increased the dry weight of tops prior to imposition of PRR or ESW stress. However, plants subjected to PRR or ESW stress did not respond significantly to P or K and there was no significant effect of P or K on the severity of PRR or ESW injury. The plants subjected to PRR or ESW stress had lower tissue P concentration than those under stress‐free conditions. Increasing P additions resulted in a significant increase in P concentration of Iroquois plants, while in Oneida the response was non‐significant. The response of K concentration in the plant to increasing K additions was dependant on P levels.     

酸性土壤改良剂对葡萄与葡萄酒品质的影响

大田试验条件下研究了酸性土壤改良剂对蛇龙珠葡萄园酸性土壤的改良作用及其对葡萄与葡萄酒品质的影响.以钾长石和白云石煅烧粉末为土壤改良剂,于葡萄萌芽前分别以0、4500和9000 kg/hm2的用量对葡萄园土壤进行改良处理.结果表明:与对照相比,随着土壤改良剂用量的增加,不同土层土壤pH、电导率呈增加的趋势,高剂量土壤改良...     

葡萄滴灌施肥的NPK配比研究

应用二次通用旋转组合设计,在沙壤质棕漠土上进行了葡萄滴灌施肥条件下的氮、磷、钾配比试验,获得了相应的函数模型;通过对葡萄产量和经济效益的分析,得出了葡萄适宜的NPK滴灌用量配比,在葡萄萌芽-开花期滴灌追施氮、磷、钾的比例以N∶P2O5∶K2O=1∶0.26∶0.12为好, 在葡萄果实生长期滴灌追施氮、磷、钾的比例以N∶P2O5∶K2O=1∶1.54∶1.97较佳.     

蕹菜平衡施用氮磷钾肥料效应研究

采用“3414”最优回归设计方法，对蕹菜高优栽培氮磷钾肥料合理配施技术进行研究。结果表明，本试验条件下当N223．6、P2O5 50．0和K2O 97．5kg／hm^2，三要素比例为1：0．224：0．436时，蕹菜最高经济产量达31391．4kg／hm^2；当N215．7、P2O5 46．4和K2O9 0．0kg／hm^2，三要素比例为1：0．215：0．417时，蕹菜最佳施肥利润为36211．8元／hm^2，经济产量亦达31360．1kg／hm^2。在同等肥力下，蕹菜硝酸盐含量与施氮水平呈显著正相关；与施磷、钾水平呈极显著负相关。     

新疆库尔勒香梨NPK肥料效应研究

应用二次多项式组合设计,在新疆阿克苏棕漠土上进行了连续3年的香梨氮、磷、钾肥料效应定位试验,研究结果表明,本试验条件下当N 380~395 kg/hm2,P2O5185~190 kg/hm2,K2O 134~138 kg/hm2,三要素比例为1∶0.49∶0.35时,香梨有最佳的经济效益和最高的产量。     

化学调控和施磷对玉米/花生间作磷吸收利用和间作优势的影响

为了研究化学调控和磷肥对玉米/花生间作体系磷营养的调控效应,于2012—2013年在河南科技大学农场进行田间试验,试验设单作玉米、单作花生、玉米/花生间作和玉米/花生间作+化学调控4种种植方式,分别施磷[180 kg(P2O5)·hm–2]和不施磷共8个处理,研究了间作玉米和间作花生不同器官磷含量、磷积累分配的特点,分析了化学调控和施磷对间作体系磷间作优势的影响。结果表明:间作显著提高了玉米籽粒磷含量、茎和籽粒磷积累量,促进了磷向籽粒分配;明显降低了花生各器官磷含量、磷积累量,不利于磷向果仁分配;与单作玉米和单作花生相比,间作提高了玉米/花生间作体系磷吸收量,磷吸收间作优势为15.99~19.54 kg(P)·hm–2。在玉米小口期喷施化学调控剂提高了间作玉米籽粒磷含量,降低了茎、叶和籽粒的磷积累量,提高了磷向籽粒分配比例;提高了间作花生果仁磷含量和茎、叶和果仁磷积累量,促进了磷向果仁分配。化学调控间作玉米施磷肥显著增加了间作玉米和花生各器官的磷含量以及磷积累量,提高了磷向玉米籽粒和花生果仁分配比例,促进了间作体系对磷的吸收;磷吸收间作优势为19.50~22.00 kg(P)·hm–2,比不施磷提高16.51%~57.51%,达到显著差异水平。这表明玉米/花生间作具有明显磷间作优势,化学调控间作玉米再施磷有利于间作体系磷吸收量增加,显著提高磷间作优势。因此,生产上可以采用化学调控同时施磷肥来进一步提高磷间作优势。     

氮、磷、钾肥配施对烤烟化学成分和致香物质含量的影响

田间试验以烤烟(Nicotiana.tabacum.L.)品种K236为材料,研究了氮、磷、钾肥配施对烤烟化学成分和致香物质含量的影响。结果表明,不施肥处理烟叶内在化学成分协调性差,致香物质总量及不同种类致香物质含量都较低;单施氮、磷、钾一种肥料或任意两种肥料配施可以不同程度改善烟叶化学成分,提高烟叶中类西柏烷类和类胡萝卜素类致香物质含量;而氮、磷、钾配施处理烟叶的化学成分协调,致香物质总量和不同种类致香物质含量高。表明平衡施肥是改善烟叶化学成分,提高烟叶香气质量的基础。     

Yield of alfalfa as influenced by levels of P and K fertilization

Abstract

This study was conducted to ascertain further the need for P and K fertilizers to obtain maximum herbage yields from alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.). Vernal alfalfa was established on a low K Piano silt loam (Typic Argiudoll) soil and topdressed with zero, 22.4, and 44.8 kg/ha of P in autumn of seeding year and with zero, 224, and 672 kg/ha of K as KC1 each autumn. The harvest schedule was three cuts annually at first flower; a schedule widely recommended in the North Lake states. No statistical significance was found for P levels nor for the P x K interaction; significance was found only for K levels. Maximum herbage yield was obtained with 224 kg/ha of K in the first harvest year, but with the 672 kg/ha of K rate in the second harvest year. Herbage K and Cl percentages and amounts removed from the soil increased significantly each year with each increase in K applied. Herbage P and N percentages were decreased significantly with the first increment of K. Residual herbage yields showed dramatically the influence of K fertilization on winter survival. All alfalfa stands with no K fertilization were killed completely. Residual yields and stands increased with each increase in K applied. Yield increase over the control was significant only with the second increment of K, while stands increased significantly with each increase in K applied. These data continue to confirm that high levels of soil K are needed for stand survival as well as for high herbage yields.     

糖用甜菜氮磷钾配方施肥效益分析

采用3414试验设计方案,探讨NPK配方施肥对糖用甜菜产量、含糖率和产糖量的影响,并通过肥料效应方程对NPK配合比率进行了优化与解析。结果表明,随着NPK肥施用量的增加,糖用甜菜产量、含糖率和产糖量均呈先升后降的趋势,符合肥料报酬递减律;甜菜产量和产糖量的效应为NP2O5K2O,含糖率的效应为K2OP2O5N;肥料配合比率以全肥区(N 260 kg/hm2、P2O5130 kg/hm2、K2O 130 kg/hm2)为最佳,与高N区、高P区和高K区无显著差异,且产投比相对较高,可获得最高产量47.13 t/hm2、最佳种植效益17 069.34元/hm2、最高产糖量8.108 8 t/hm2、最佳企业效益33 217.32元/hm2。     

不同施锌量对酿酒葡萄“赤霞珠”锌含量及其品质的影响

以4年生"赤霞珠(Cabernet Sauvignon)"葡萄为研究对象,进行连续2年滴灌[0 kg/hm~2(CK)、24.5 kg/hm~2(T_1)、34.0 kg/hm~2(T_2)、43.5 kg/hm~2(T_3)、53.0 kg/hm~2(T_4)、62.5 kg/hm~2(T_5)]和转色期叶面喷施[0 kg/hm~2(CK)、0.5 kg/hm~2(T_1)、1.0 kg/hm~2(T_2)、1.5 kg/hm~2(T_3)、2.0 kg/hm~2(T_4)、2.5 kg/hm~2(T_5)]两种方式配合施EDTA-Zn的田间试验,探讨强碱性灰钙土(pH8.5)补充锌肥对酿酒葡萄锌含量、生长和品质的影响。结果表明:与不施锌肥(CK)相比,施锌肥处理酿酒葡萄锌含量、粒径、穗长、百粒重和产量分别增加了42.1%～78.7%、2.6%～28.2%、10.1%～22.3%、3.0%～8.8%和17.2%～216.6%。同时,与不施锌(CK)相比,酿酒葡萄的单宁含量降低42.0%～67.9%,花色苷、总酚、可溶性固形物和可溶性糖含量分别提高了0.7%～71.9%、5.0%～80.6%、9.3%～24.0%和10.4%～29.4%,而可滴定酸含量除T_4外没有显著增加。相关分析表明,锌含量与穗长、百粒重、粒径、产量、总酚和可溶性糖均显著相关。综合酿酒葡萄锌含量和品质分析得出T_3处理效果最好。在宁夏贺兰山东麓石灰性土壤条件下,EDTA-Zn施用量45 kg/hm~2左右对于提高酿酒葡萄的锌含量、产量和品质较为适宜。     

氮、磷、钾、硼肥对甘蓝型油菜籽品质的影响

以多个正在大面积应用的甘蓝型油菜品种为研究对象,在长江流域冬油菜主产区的10个省（市）布置氮、磷、钾和硼肥田间肥效试验共284组,通过多点试验分别探讨当前生产条件下施用氮、磷、钾、硼肥对双低和双高甘蓝型油菜籽含油量、蛋白质、芥酸、硫甙的影响。结果表明,双低油菜籽平均含油量为41.66%,双高油菜含油量明显低于双低油菜,仅为38.92%。氮、磷、钾和硼肥施用对油菜籽的品质效应在不同试验点表现不尽相同,其总体趋势是:在磷、钾、硼肥基础上施用氮肥提高籽粒蛋白质含量而降低油分含量,且随氮肥用量的增加效果更明显,施氮对双高油菜油分及蛋白质含量的影响程度大于双低油菜;施磷、钾或硼肥有提高油菜籽含油量而降低蛋白质含量的趋势;施肥对油菜籽硫甙和芥酸含量有一定影响,但对品质影响不大。油菜籽含油量与收获指数、千粒重显著正相关,与蛋白质含量呈负相关。研究结果显示,在施氮的基础上配合施用磷、钾和硼肥能减少因施氮引起的油分损失。     

Sources of boron for foliar fertilization of cotton and soybean

Abstract

Recent introduction of new boron (B) fertilizer materials prompted an examination of the efficacy of B uptake by cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) and soybean (Glycine max L.) from foliar‐applied B originating from various sources. Conducted as a greenhouse study at four participating universities, cotton (Deltapineland 90) and soybean (Pioneer 9761) were sprayed at a rate equivalent to 0.22 kgha^‐1 B when plants were 6 weeks old. Sources of B were: 1) boric acid (17.5% B), 2) sodium borate (Solubor® 20.5% B), 3) Solubor® at the pH of boric acid, 4) Traco Liquid B (10% B), and, 5) Smith and Ardussi Liquid B (10% B). Control plants that did not receive B were sprayed with water. Four plants were grown in each pot in sandy loam soils with a pH greater than 6.0. Plants were harvested during the eighth week. To determine if the solvents used to prepare the foliar liquids affected B absorption, two of the harvested plants per pot were washed with distilled water and two plants were left unwashed. All plants were oven dried and analyzed for B. All B sources produced significantly more tissue boron than the water‐sprayed check. Within a state, there were variations in tissue B responses to the sources of B in cotton and soybean. Combined data for all states showed no differences in tissue B due to source of B in cotton or soybean. In cotton, the average tissue concentration increase from the foliar B applications ranged from 8 to 11 mg‐kg^‐1. In soybean, the average increase ranged from 16 to 22 mg‐kg^‐1 B. Washing created a significant decrease in tissue B in cotton, but not soybean.     

磷、钾和钙元素对三月红荔枝果皮着色的影响

试验通过采用0．2％的KH2PO4（PK）、CaCl（Ca）溶液和KH2PO4与CaCl2混合液（PK＋Ca）及清水（对照）对三月红荔枝（Litchi chinensis Sonn．cv．Sanyuehong）树冠进行叶面喷布，探讨三月红荔枝果皮着色的初步机理和上述3种矿质营养元素对其着色的影响。结果表明，果实在发育过程中，果皮的糖含量变化动态曲线呈“W”形，果皮的酸和叶绿素含量总体呈下降趋势，果皮的类胡萝卜素含量变化动态曲线呈“之”字形，果皮的花色素苷含量总体上呈上升趋势。不同施肥处理对类胡萝卜素含量动态变化和各时期的高低没有影响，而显著影响花色素苷、叶绿素、可溶性糖和酸含量的动态变化特征。三月红荔枝果皮着色由花色素苷含量上升，而光合色素含量下降引起；PK、Ca和PK＋Ca处理促进果皮着色。     

Dryland corn response to tillage and nitrogen fertilization. II. P,K, CA,MG

Abstract

Nitrogen fertilization and tillage practices may influence the availability and uptake of essential plant nutrients other than N. This study was conducted to assess the interactive effects of N rate and timing and tillage practices on uptake and concentration of P, K, Ca and Mg in corn grown under dryland conditions. Potassium accumulations in no till (NT) soils were greater than in conventional till (CT) near the surface and lower than CT in the subsoil. Phosphorus and Ca levels decreased with soil depth, while Mg tended to accumulate in the subsoil. Phosphorus uptake and concentration of 5‐leaf stage corn was increased as tillage intensity decreased. Nitrogen rate at planting increased 5‐leaf P uptake but reduced P concentration; however, by silking no effect of tillage or N fertilization practice on ear leaf P concentration was obtained. Increases in 5‐leaf corn K uptake and concentration as tillage intensity decreased may have reduced Mg and Ca concentrations via cation antagonism. Ear leaf Mg and Ca concentrations were increased by N rate, probably as a result of solubilization of Ca and Mg and improved crop growth. Distribution of essential elements in the soil due to tillage in combination with varying N fertilization practices can influence temporal nutrient uptake, thereby altering plant nutrient diagnosis.     

指数施肥对美国山核桃幼苗生长及叶片养分含量的影响

为探究施肥对美国山核桃幼苗生长和叶片养分状况的影响,以美国山核桃1年生实生苗为试验材料,共设置0 (CK)、100、200、400、600、800 mg/株6个不同的施氮处理,运用指数施肥法研究了6种氮素施肥处理下美国山核桃生长和叶片养分含量的变化。结果表明:美国山核桃幼苗的苗高、地径、生物量随着施氮量的增加均呈现出先增加后减小的趋势,分别在N600处理(600 mg/株)达到最大值,分别为33. 4 cm、5. 08 mm和9. 33 g/株。运用临界浓度法确定出美国山核桃幼苗叶片氮、磷、钾含量的临界值分别为22. 58、1. 89和12. 71 g/kg,最适含量范围分别为22. 58～32. 73、1. 89～3. 15和12. 72～22. 05 g/kg。综合3种养分的最适含量范围,推断出美国山核桃幼苗的最适施氮量为600 mg/株。     

Factors affecting taste scores of early season seedless table grape cv. Mystery and Prime.

Table grapes of cv. Mystery and Prime were harvested from 10 farms in two growing areas of Israel over two seasons. The grapes were separated on the basis of sucrose solutions from 12 to 18%; soluble solids content (SSC), titratable acidity (TA), and pH were determined; and taste tests were conducted. SSC gave the best correlation with taste tests, and multiple regression of SSC, TA, and pH improved the correlation. There were both seasonal and regional differences in the measured maturity parameters. Lower TA and higher pH were found in grapes from the Jordan Valley. Volatiles were predominantly C(6) compounds hexanal and 2-hexanal, contributing a fresh aroma to the grapes. It is concluded that Mystery and Prime grapes have good organoleptic quality if harvested at SSC levels of >14%.