Effect of ethylene degreening on the development of postharvest penicillium molds and fruit quality of early season citrus fruit

The effect of commercial degreening with ethylene gas on fruit susceptibility and quality and development of postharvest green (GM) and blue (BM) molds on early season citrus fruit was investigated. Each cultivar was harvested with different peel color indexes (CI). Fruit were exposed for 3 d to 2 μL L⁻¹ ethylene at 21 °C and 95–100% RH before or after artificial inoculation with Penicillium digitatum or Penicillium italicum. Control fruit were kept at the same environmental conditions without ethylene. Fruit were stored at either 20 °C for 7 d or 5 °C for 14 d and disease incidence (%) and severity (lesion diameter) were assessed. No significant effect of commercial degreening was observed on fruit susceptibility to both GM and BM on citrus cultivars inoculated after degreening. Likewise, no significant effect was observed on disease incidence on citrus cultivars inoculated before degreening and stored at either 20 °C for 7 d or 5 °C for 14 d. In contrast, in cultivars like ‘Clemenules’ mandarins and ‘Navelina’ oranges, degreening significantly increased the severity on fruit with higher initial CI (−3.6 and 1.7, respectively). GM and BM severity on degreened and control ‘Clemenules’ mandarins incubated at 20 °C for 7 d was 146 and 118 mm and 56 and 46 mm, respectively. In general, commercial degreening did not significantly affect external and internal quality attributes of citrus cultivars. Commercial degreening after inoculation of less green (more mature) fruit showed a trend to increase mold severity, presumably through an aging effect (acceleration of peel senescence).     

板栗仁酶促褐变产物的提取及稳定性研究

本论文对板栗仁酶促褐变产物进行了提取并对其稳定性进行了研究。确定水浴回流法提取酶促褐变产物最佳工艺条件为: 乙醇浓度为75%,提取时间为6h,料液比为1∶2,提取温度为45℃。温度对酶促褐变产物稳定性影响不明显,光照、pH、食品添加剂因素影响其稳定性。     

磷脂酶D在植物逆境信号转导中的作用机制研究进展

系统介绍了植物磷脂酶D (PLD)基因家族的分类,不同基因型PLD的结构特征以及激活特性与底物特异性等生物化学特征。分别从PLDs的脂质降解功能和PLD产物PA介导的信号转导功能2个方面综述了PLDs参与植物逆境胁迫反应机制的研究进展。归纳出这些PLDs各具不同的结构,因而具有独特的生物化学特征,从而决定其在植物逆境胁迫反应中的独特功能与作用机理。最后讨论了PLD研究中存在的问题,并对PLD的未来研究方向进行了展望。     

Chilling-induced oxidative stress and antioxidant responses in mume (Prunus mume) fruit during low temperature storage

Mume (Prunus mume Sieb. et Zucc.) fruit are harvested and consumed at the mature green stage and have a short storage life at ambient temperature. While cold temperature extends their storage life, improper refrigeration causes severe chilling injury (CI), with fruit suffering more severe CI at of 5–6 °C than at 1 °C. The objective of this research was to determine the involvement of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and antioxidant systems in fruit under chilling stress. ‘Nankou’ fruit were stored at 1 °C or 6 °C for 15 days. Hydrogen peroxide, a preventive ROS, decreased at a slower rate at 6 °C than 1 °C during storage. Malondialdehyde (MDA), an indicator of lipid peroxidation caused by ROS, increased during storage and the contents were higher in fruit stored at 6 °C than at 1 °C. On the other hand, fruit stored at 6 °C had a lower total antioxidant capacity (TAC) and lower activities of antioxidant-related enzymes including superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and ascorbate peroxidase (APX) than at 1 °C. These results indicate that the fruit at 6 °C had more oxidative stress; thus the fruit had more severe CI symptoms than at 1 °C.     

Influence of hot water treatment on brown rot of peach and rapid fruit response to heat stress

Recent results on hot water as an alternative treatment open a new perspective in disease incidence reduction. In the present work peach fruit were wounded, inoculated with conidia of Monilinia laxa and 15 min, 3, 6, 12, 24 and 48 h after inoculation treated by dipping in hot water (HT) at 60 °C for 20 s. The effect of heat treatment on some cell wall genes involved in ripening such as β-galactosidase (β-GAL), pectin lyase (PL), polygalacturonase (PG) and pectin methyl esterase (PME), was analyzed by qRT-PCR. The expression levels of defense related genes, phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL) and chitinase (CHI), heat stress-related genes such as heat shock proteins 70 and 90 (HSP70, HSP90), and reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenging genes were also evaluated by qRT-PCR. A 100% disease incidence reduction, as compared to untreated fruit, was obtained by treating 6 and 12 h after inoculation. Moreover, brown rot was inhibited by 85.7% when fruit were heat-treated 48 h after inoculation. The expression levels of cell wall genes (β-GAL, PL, PG and PME) showed a general decrease in HT fruit as compared to the control, whereas PAL, CHI, HSP70 and ROS-scavenging genes increased their expression level in HT samples with respect to the untreated ones. Our results show a curative activity of heat on peach inoculated with M. laxa 48 h before treatment. Each analyzed gene proved to be differentially expressed following heat treatment.     

Effects of carboxymethyl cellulose and chitosan bilayer edible coating on postharvest quality of citrus fruit

There is increasing public interest in development of edible natural biodegradable coatings to replace the currently used commercial synthetic waxes for maintaining postharvest quality of citrus fruit. We tested the efficacy of a newly developed polysaccharide-based edible bilayer coating comprising carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) and chitosan in preserving postharvest quality of various citrus fruit, including ‘Or’ and ‘Mor’ mandarins, ‘Navel’ oranges, and ‘Star Ruby’ grapefruit after simulated storage and marketing. In all citrus species, it was found that the CMC/chitosan bilayer coating was equally effective as the commercial polyethylene wax in enhancing fruit gloss. Furthermore, the CMC/chitosan bilayer coating slightly increased fruit firmness, especially of oranges and grapefruit, but was mostly not effective in preventing post-storage weight loss. Both the CMC/chitosan bilayer coating and the commercial wax had no significant effects on juice total soluble solids and acidity levels, and had similar effects on gas permeability, as indicated by only slight increases in internal CO₂ levels and in juice ethanol accumulation after storage. Sensory analyses revealed that neither the CMC/chitosan bilayer coating nor the commercial wax coating had any deleterious effects on flavor preference of ‘Navel’ orange and ‘Star Ruby’ grapefruit. However, application of the commercial wax, and moreover the CMC/chitosan bilayer coating, resulted in a gradual decrease in flavor acceptability of ‘Or’ and ‘Mor’ mandarins because of increased perception of off-flavors. Overall, we showed that the CMC/chitosan bilayer edible coating sufficiently enhanced fruit gloss, but was not effective in preventing postharvest weight loss. Furthermore, flavor quality was slightly impaired in mandarins but not in oranges and grapefruit.     

Effects of chlorine dioxide treatment on respiration rate and ethylene synthesis of postharvest tomato fruit

Tomato fruit at the mature green stage were treated with ClO₂ gas in a sealed container for 12 h, and then stored at 23 °C with 85% relative humidity (RH) for 23 d. Respiration rate, respiration-related enzymes including phosphohexose isomerase (PHI), succinate dehydrogenase (SDH), and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G-6-PDH) and 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase (6-PGDH), ethylene production, and the expression of LeAOX1a, LeCOX1, LeACS2, LeACS4 and LeACO1 genes were measured. The results showed that application of ClO₂ gas was effective in reducing total respiration, cytochrome pathway respiration and the expression of LeCOX1, but no significant reduction in the activities of respiration-related enzymes was observed during storage. Fruit treated with ClO₂ resulted in lower ethylene production. Furthermore, the expression of ethylene biosynthesis related genes, including LeACS2, LeACS4 and LeACO1 was reduced by the ClO₂ treatment. These results indicate that ClO₂ treatment might delay the ripening of tomato fruit, possibly by a mechanism involving suppression of respiration rate and ethylene biosynthesis.     

The effect of metabolic stress disinfection and disinfestation (MSDD) on ‘Hass’ avocado fruit physiology and mortality of longtailed mealybug (Pseudococcus longispinus)

Metabolic stress disinfection and disinfestation (MSDD) is a potential quarantine treatment in which a combination of cycles of rapid decompression and compression are followed by exposure to ethanol vapour under decompression. The response of ‘Hass’ avocado (Persea americana Mill., cv. Hass) to MSDD treatment for control of longtailed mealybug (Pseudococcus longispinus) was investigated. The best treatment for the most resistant life stage (2nd/3rd instars) was 90-min MSDD treatment with 371 mg L⁻¹ ethanol. Early and late season ‘Hass’ avocados were subjected to MSDD treatments (with 371 mg L⁻¹ ethanol), or in air (control). Following the treatments, early season fruit were ripened at 20 °C and 25 °C. Half of the late season fruit were ripened at either 20 °C or 25 °C, and the remainder were stored at 5.5 °C for 6 weeks, then ripened at 20 °C. There were no significant difference in quality and rot incidence between non-treated controls and MSDD-treated fruit. The main disorders found were stem-end and body rots, vascular browning and flesh greying for the stored fruit. There were also no significant differences in fruit respiration rate or ethylene production. Thus, MSDD was shown to be a potentially ‘soft’ disinfestation treatment for surface pests of avocado.     

Integration of Lactobacillus plantarum A7 with thyme and cumin essential oils as a potential biocontrol tool for gray mold rot on strawberry fruit

Chemical fungicides have been intensively used in the control of postharvest decay in fruit in postharvest conditions; nevertheless, continuous use of these fungicides has faced two major obstacles: development of pathogen resistance to many key fungicides, and public knowledge on the health and environmental hazards of these compounds. This study evaluated the efficacy of Lactobacillus plantarum A7, thyme (Thymus vulgaris L.) and cumin (Cuminum cyminum L.) essential oils and the combination of these three elements as postharvest biocontrol agents against Botrytis spp. on strawberry fruit. Thyme oil had a remarkable antifungal effect against Botrytis spp. in vitro, whereas an inhibitory effect of cumin oil was achieved in higher concentrations. With thyme oil (2 h after artificial inoculation of the fruit), among three tested concentrations, only the 200 μL/L concentration showed an inhibitory effect on strawberries against Botrytis spp. (91.97%), while higher concentrations of cumin oil were required to prevent decay significantly. Both combinations of L. plantarum+ cumin oil and L. plantarum+ thyme oil completely inhibited the mycelia growth of the pathogens in vitro. Results showed that the combined treatments of strawberry fruit with L. plantarum+ cumin oil (50 μL/L) and L. plantarum+ thyme oil (100 μL/L) resulted in remarkably improved control of Botrytis infections, in comparison to the stand-alone application of L. plantarum A7 or essential oils. Quality (i.e. pH, acidity and ascorbic acid content) and sensory attributes of the strawberry fruit were better in the case of using cumin compared to thyme oil, when a combination of L. plantarum A7 and essential oils was used. This study has demonstrated that the integration of L. plantarum A7 with thyme and cumin essential oils is a potential biocontrol tool as a biofungicide in postharvest stage.     

Ultralow oxygen treatment for postharvest control of western flower thrips, Frankliniella occidentalis (Thysanoptera: Thripidae), on iceberg lettuce: I. Effects of temperature, time, and oxygen level on insect mortality and lettuce quality

Ultralow oxygen (ULO) treatments with different oxygen levels, treatment times, and temperatures were studied to determine effects on western flower thrips mortality and postharvest quality of iceberg lettuce. Thrips mortality increased with reduced oxygen level and increased treatment time and temperature. At 0.003% oxygen, over 99.6% mortality rates of thrips were achieved in three ULO treatments of 2, 3, and 4 d at 10, 5, and 1 °C, respectively. No treatments caused injury to lettuce surface leaves and there was no reduction in visual quality for treated lettuce. However, about 9–33% of lettuce heads sustained injury to heartleaves. The 2 d ULO treatment with 0.003% oxygen had the lowest injury rate to heartleaves and the injury increased with increased treatment duration. The amount of injured leaves was small (<2 g per head). There were also some variations among the lettuce cultivars in susceptibility to heartleaf injury by ULO treatments. Four out of eight cultivars tested tolerated the 2 d ULO treatment at 10 °C without any injury. Therefore, ULO treatment has potential to be developed as an alternative postharvest treatment for western flower thrips on iceberg lettuce.     

盐胁迫对燕麦叶片生理指标和差异蛋白组学的影响

为探讨盐胁迫对燕麦叶片生理指标及蛋白组的影响,对燕麦进行6d盐胁迫(摩尔浓度NaCl∶Na_2SO_4=1∶1)处理,测定CK与盐胁迫燕麦叶片MDA含量,SOD、POD活性与游离脯氨酸含量,并运用Label-Free技术分析叶片差异表达蛋白质。结果表明,盐胁迫下燕麦叶片MDA含量、SOD、POD活性分别较对照降低了16.7%、23.4%和21.2%,游离脯氨酸较对照升高1.12%;满足P-value≤0.05, ratio2的差异蛋白76个(51个蛋白上调表达, 25个蛋白下调表达);通过GO注释得到27个差异蛋白显著富集16个代谢路径,其中氧化还原过程为33.9%,level3统计富集的生物学过程有氧气结合和氧化还原酶活性;运用KEGG注释得到22个差异蛋白显著富集10个生化代谢途径,主要表现在内质网中的蛋白质加工、长寿调节途径、抗原处理和呈现、雌激素信号通路4个过程;STRING蛋白质互作网络显示21个差异蛋白中涉及翻译后修饰、蛋白质周转、分子伴侣功能的有10个,且HSP70(F2DYT5)和HSP90(F4Y589)可能在盐胁迫燕麦幼苗的调控中发挥重要作用。     

低温胁迫对木薯幼苗生理特性的影响

对南植199 和华南124 在低温胁迫下一些生理指标的变化进行研究。结果表明：随着胁迫温度的下降与胁迫时间的延长,木薯幼苗相对电导率和脯氨酸含量有不同程度的增加;丙二醛含量与可溶性蛋白含量则呈先升后降的趋势;叶绿素含量则不断下降。     

Ability of chromosome 4H to compensate for 4D in response to drought stress in a newly developed and identified wheat–barley 4H(4D) disomic substitution line

A spontaneously developed wheat–barley 4H(4D) disomic substitution line was identified cytogenetically using genomic in situ hybridization (GISH), multicolour fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) and microsatellite markers. The ability of the barley 4H chromosome to compensate for wheat 4D in response to mild drought stress was also investigated. In the barley cv. 'Betzes' and the 4H(4D) substitution line, mild osmotic stress induced intensive stomatal closure, resulting in reduced water loss through transpiration and unchanged relative water content in the leaves. As the CO₂ assimilation rate remained relatively high, the water use efficiency, which is an important factor associated with drought tolerance, increased extensively under mild osmotic stress in these lines. In the case of the parental wheat genotypes, however, mild drought stress induced less intense stomatal closure and a greater decrease in the CO₂ assimilation rate than in barley or in the substitution line, resulting in unaugmented or reduced water use efficiency. The results demonstrate that genes localised on the 4H chromosome of barley were able to increase the water use efficiency of the wheat substitution line, which is suitable for improving wheat drought tolerance through intergeneric crossing.     

盐胁迫对紫花苜蓿生长及光合生理特性的影响

为了探明盐害对紫花苜蓿生长及光合生理特性的影响,为提高植物耐盐性、增加生物学产量、培育耐盐新品种提供科学依据,通过田间试验,以2年生紫花苜蓿公农一号为研究对象,在不同浓度NaCl处理下研究了紫花苜蓿的生理生化响应。结果表明：(1)S1和S2处理组的净光合速率(Pn)、气孔导度(Gs)在胁迫初期小幅上升后开始下降并随时间的延长趋势变缓,S3处理组则持续下降。(2)各处理组的胞间CO2浓度(Ci)则呈先急剧升高后逐渐下降的趋势。(3)不同浓度处理组蒸腾速率(Tr)均呈下降趋势,后期略有恢复。(4)紫花苜蓿叶片SPAD值和地上部分生物量均随着盐浓度的提高显著降低。研究表明,NaCl胁迫下,紫花苜蓿叶片光合作用受到抑制,进而影响到地上部分生物量。但低盐胁迫后期,苜蓿叶片的光合作用有恢复现象,表现出其具有一定的耐盐性。     

盐胁迫对4种禾本科牧草种子萌发和幼苗生长的影响

通过NaCl溶液(0、1.5、3.0、6.0、9.0g/L)处理4种禾本科牧草种子,测定了种子萌发和幼苗生长有关指标。结果表明：美洲狼尾草较耐盐,在9.0g/L盐溶液处理下比其它品种维持了高的发芽率、发芽指数、活力指数,并且其相对值高,以及较高的相对苗长和根长,盐处理显著提高几种牧草幼苗质膜相对透性,总体上降低胚乳的利用速度和利用效率。     

NaCl胁迫对碱蒿可溶性糖和可溶性蛋白含量的影响

以碱蒿（Artemisia anethifolia）为材料,研究不同浓度NaCl胁迫下碱蒿幼苗的可溶性糖和可溶性蛋白含量与耐盐性之间的关系。结果表明：随NaCl浓度的增加,可溶性蛋白含量呈先升高后降低的趋势;茎叶中可溶性糖含量逐渐增加,根系中可溶性糖含量呈先升高后降低的趋势。可见,可溶性糖含量和可溶性蛋白含量可以作为碱蒿的耐盐生理指标。     

高温胁迫对水稻光合PSII系统伤害及其与叶绿体D1蛋白间关系

以水稻结实期的人工控温试验测定不同温度处理下水稻旗叶光合速率、叶绿素荧光参数的动态变化,并结合Western印迹与胶体金标记技术对叶肉细胞类囊体膜中D1蛋白的表达检测与活性定位,探讨了高温胁迫对D1蛋白存在形态与活性分布的影响,以及D1蛋白表达与叶片光合速率、PSII荧光参数的联系。结果表明,高温处理下叶片净光合速率下降、PSII潜在活性(F_v/F_o)和PSII光能转化效率(F_v/F_m)降低,且随着高温胁迫时间的持续和叶片功能的衰退,类囊体膜结构损伤越严重,光能转化效率越低;在D1蛋白的两类存在形态中,非磷酸化D1蛋白和磷酸化D1蛋白在高温胁迫下的表达量均有所下降,但前者下降更明显;高温处理下控制D1蛋白表达的叶绿体psbA基因在转录水平呈下调表达,使D1蛋白合成及周转过程受到抑制,进而类囊体膜PSII反应中心的功能受损与叶绿体光合效率下降,揭示高温胁迫对叶片PSII系统的伤害受D1蛋白磷酸化过程和psbA基因表达变化的共同作用,进而影响不同水稻品种在高温胁迫下的光合速率和耐热性。     

热处理对第二代镍基单晶合金DD11显微组织及持久性能的影响

采用光学显微镜和扫描电镜对铸态、固溶态和时效态的第二代镍基单晶合金DD11的显微组织进行定量表征,并测试了不同一级时效处理后的合金1100℃/140 MPa和980℃/250 MPa条件下的持久性能。结果表明:合金经过1320℃/6 h固溶处理后,(γ+γ'')共晶相全部溶解,凝固偏析显著降低,合金组织均匀。一级时效温度低于1160℃时,γ''相为方形,一级时效温度高于1180℃时,γ''相为球形,γ通道显著变宽,并在通道内析出细小的γ''相。随一级时效温度提高,合金的持久寿命先增大后降低。持久性能与γ''相尺寸、体积分数及形态密切相关。     

Effects of nitrogen and water stress on the rehydration,endogenous hormonal regulation and yield of maize

Water scarcity is known to be a strong limiting factor affecting maize grown and yield in cold semi-arid regions. Numerous studies have shown that rehydration improves maize growth. Our study aimed to explore the effects of rehydration treatments on maize growth and yield under water and nitrogen stress during different growth stages. We selected the drought-tolerant maize variety Nendan 19 (ND19) and subjected it to water stress during the V6 (sixth-leaf), R2 (filling) and R6 (maturity) growth stages and a rehydration treatment after each stress stage. Our results indicated that N1 (N100 kg N ha⁻¹) and N3 (N300 kg N ha⁻¹) treatments significantly increased the leaf moisture status relative to water content (RWC), bound water content (BWC), free water content (FWC) and water potential (WP)) at different growth stages. Similar trends were observed in the accumulation of plant leaf and root hormones (zeatin+zeatin riboside, indole-3-acetic acid, abscisic acid and gibberellic acid), photosynthetic pigments and chlorophyll fluorescence. However, under the same water stress conditions, they decreased as the N rate increased and reached a minimum value in the S3 (water stress for N3) treatments. In addition, with growth stage advancement and extension of the rehydration time, both showed a gradual upward trend. The results showed that to save water resources in the cold semi-arid region, rehydration treatments (R2S1 and R2S3) significantly increased the photosynthetic pigments and chlorophyll fluorescence parameters, leaf moisture status, biomass, 100-grain weight, hormone content, ear characteristics and grain yield of maize.