双甲脒防治柑桔螨、蚧和粉虱等害虫效果试验

双甲脒又名阿米特拉兹,是一种新型、高效、低毒、广谱的有机氮类的杀螨、杀虫剂,商品名为螨克。双甲脒在我国70年代未期已合成,80年代未期正式投入生产和应用。作者等近年用三个厂家生产的20％双甲脒乳油防治柑桔的螨、蚧等7种害虫的效果试验,现整理报道于后,供参考。一、材料和方法 1.材料来源:20％双甲脒乳油系江苏昆山化工厂、杨州百灵农药厂、德国先灵农药有限公司的产品;25％单甲脒水剂(江西东乡农药厂);73％克螨特悬浮剂(瑞士汽巴基嘉公司);25％扑虱灵可湿性粉剂(江苏淮明电化厂)。喷药工具室内为手提式喷雾器;田间     

粉锈宁防治小麦白粉病试验

小麦白粉病,最近连年流行,危害很重;而现有杀菌剂防治效果不理想。本所从各种杀菌剂的药效比较中,发现粉锈宁(天津南开大学元素所提供)对白粉病有特效。 1.不同药剂的药效比较:田间试验,小区面积0.02亩,重复三次,每小区喷药2次(4/13、4/23),每次用药后10天调查病情。供试药剂为25％粉锈宁粉剂、25％粉锈宁胶悬剂、40％多菌灵百菌清混合剂、40％多菌     

甲酸与双甲脒对意大利蜜蜂的时间-剂量-致死率分析

为研究甲酸和双甲脒对意大利蜜蜂的致死规律,采用摄入法测定了两种杀螨剂对意大利蜜蜂成年工蜂的致死效应,并通过时间-剂量-致死率(TDM)模型进行了模拟,以探明两种药剂对蜜蜂的致死动态及时间-剂量效应,旨在为田间合理应用这两种药剂提供理论指导.结果表明:通过Hosmer-Lemoshow拟合异质性检验,意大利蜜蜂对两种杀螨...     

杀螨剂微量筛选技术研究

介绍了一种杀螨剂微量筛选方法。用直经为9 cm、盖子开孔的塑料培养皿,中心处放一直径为2 cm的蚕豆叶片,下垫脱脂棉,加适量水保湿,其上挑接雌成螨10头/皿,使其产卵、孵化。然后用Potter喷雾塔对成螨、幼(若)螨和卵同时进行定量喷药处理,并定期考查结果。该方法具有筛选速度快、用药量少、漏筛率小等特点,比较适合于新杀螨剂创制研究中对大量新化合物杀螨活性的初步筛选。     

不同杀菌剂防治小麦赤霉病及减少籽粒中DON毒素积累的效果

为明确不同杀菌剂防治小麦赤霉病和减少小麦籽粒中DON(脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇)毒素积累的效果,于大田人工接菌条件下进行了不同杀菌剂对小麦赤霉病的防治试验,并于收获期测定了不同药剂处理的小麦籽粒中DON毒素含量。结果表明:两种处理方式下,50%多菌灵WP,30%多·酮SC,25%戊唑醇WP,25%氰烯菌酯SC和70%甲基硫菌灵WP处理中,除先喷药后接菌条件下25%戊唑醇WP在病粒率和籽粒中DON积累上没有显著防治效果,接菌后1d喷药条件下50%多菌灵WP、25%戊唑醇WP在病粒率上没有显著防治效果;30%多·酮SC在病粒率和籽粒中DON积累上没有显著防治效果外,各处理对小麦的病穗率、病情指数、病粒率和籽粒中DON积累都有显著的防治效果(P0.05)。各处理的病穗率防效在42.4%~83.5%,病情指数防效在44.9%~88.2%,病粒率防效在34.7%~69.4%,籽粒中DON防效在48.0%~86.9%。上述几种杀菌剂具有明显的保护作用,其在先喷药后接菌条件下的防治效果均明显优于接菌后1d喷药的防治效果。两种处理方式下,30%己唑醇悬浮剂、25%嘧菌酯悬浮剂和12.5%烯唑醇可湿性粉剂处理在病穗率、病情指数、病粒率和籽粒中DON积累与清水对照处理没有显著性差异(P0.05)。     

德国2000年蜂蜜农药残留监控情况

类别被检测物质仪器方法检测限（μｇ /ｋｇ）检测样品数（个）杀虫剂氟氯苯菊酯氟胺氰菊酯双甲脒蝇毒硫磷高效液相色谱气 -质、气相色谱 (ＥＣＤ)气相色谱 (ＥＣＤ)气 -质、气相色谱 (ＥＣＤ)＜２＜１０＜６５＜３３９０９０９０７３杀螨剂溴螨酯乙酯杀螨醇气 -质、气相色谱 (ＥＣＤ)气 -质、气相色谱 (ＥＣＤ)＜３３＜３３９０７３杀菌剂ｃｙｍｉａｚｏｌ气 -质＜３８０９０磺胺类抗菌物质 磺胺嘧啶磺胺二甲嘧啶磺胺二甲氧嘧啶磺胺甲氧哒嗪液质联机液质联机液质联机液质联机＜２０＜２０＜２０＜２０９０抗生素链霉素土霉素金霉素脱氧土霉…     

非致死浓度农药对智利植绥螨产卵孵化和定居的影响

在实验室内用6种农药的非致死浓度(LC_(0-0.7)),处理感染有叶螨卵的菜豆叶,观察对智利植绥螨产卵量和卵孵化率的影响。结果表明:尼索郎(50×10~(-6))和卡死克(50×10~(-6))对智利螨的产卵量和卵的孵化都没有有害影响。双甲脒(2×10~(-6))对智利螨的产卵量无影响,但卵的孵化率仅为对照的1/3。NC-129(200×10~(-6))、天王星(0.2×10~(-6))和功夫(0.05×10~(-6))均能降低智利螨的产卵量,比对照分别减少28.3％、17.8％和14.4％。尼索郎、卡死克和双甲脒不影响温室菜豆上智利螨的定居率,NC-129、天王星和功夫则有严重影响:对照组智利螨定居率为85％,NC-129组的定居率仅为25％,天王星和功夫处理后完全没有定居。试验指出,尼索郎和卡死克对智利螨属安全农药,NC-129对智利螨有较大的影响,双甲脒、天王星和功夫对捕食螨是有害的。     

2017年-2021年江苏省小麦赤霉病菌群体对4种杀菌剂的抗药性监测

为明确江苏省小麦赤霉病菌群体对常用杀菌剂的抗药性情况,本研究于2017年-2021年连续5年分别从苏南、苏北及苏中小麦种植区采集病穗,分离培养获得赤霉病菌菌株共计4 055株,采用区分剂量法测定了供试菌株对4种杀菌剂(多菌灵、氰烯菌酯、戊唑醇和咪鲜胺)的抗性频率。结果表明:2017年-2021年江苏省田间小麦赤霉病菌对多菌灵的抗性频率分别为58.44%、56.30%、44.68%、48.28%、46.39%,呈逐年下降的趋势;不同地区小麦赤霉病菌对多菌灵的抗药性呈现地区差异性,苏北地区对多菌灵的抗性频率最高,其次是苏中地区,抗性频率最低的是苏南地区。2021年首次在田间采集到对氰烯菌酯、戊唑醇和咪鲜胺的抗性菌株,其抗性频率分别为0.45%、0.89%和0.09%,在以上的抗性菌株中同时具有多菌灵抗性的双重抗性菌株。表明江苏省小麦赤霉病菌对氰烯菌酯、戊唑醇和咪鲜胺产生了抗药性,虽抗性频率较低,仍需尽快制定田间抗性治理方案,延缓田间病菌对常用杀菌剂的抗性发展。     

几种代谢酶基因与柑橘全爪螨对双甲脒抗性的关系

为了明确羧酸酯酶(carboxylesterase,CarE)基因、谷胱甘肽S-转移酶(glutathione S-transferases,GST)基因和过氧化氢酶(catalase,CAT)基因与柑橘全爪螨Panonychus citri对双甲脒抗性的关系,通过BLAST检索,从柑橘全爪螨转录组数据库中对这3种代谢酶抗性相关基因进行鉴定,并采用RPKM法对双甲脒抗性品系和敏感品系代谢抗性相关基因进行表达差异分析,对差异较大的基因作定量PCR检测.基因差异性分析发现,抗性品系中有9条CarE基因、12条GST基因及6条CAT基因表达量发生上调,13条CarE基因、12条GST基因和3条CAT基因表达量发生下调;Pc29773nrt、Pcl7807nlg和Unigene31477为上调倍数最高的3个基因,其log2 ratio (RS/SS)分别为12.95、10.81、10.01.定量分析显示,Pc29773 nrt、Pcl7807nlg和Unigene31477的上调倍数分别为3.72、2.03和3.09,Pc29773 nrt和Unigene31477上调显著.研究表明柑橘全爪螨Pc29773nrt和Unigene31477上调与其对双甲脒的抗性相关.     

智利小植绥螨防治蔬菜叶螨

智胜小植绥螨已在兵库、高知、和歌山各县进行繁殖;兵库县作为防治草莓叶螨的主要措施,每日可捕食叶螨成螨2—3头,若螨10—20头,释放三周后可将害螨吃光。以每叶发生叶螨3—5头为释放期,释放量的益害螨比例为1:50—100。释放前后应注意农药的使用,植绥螨对有机磷农药抗性弱,而对杀螨剂和杀菌剂(除硫制剂外)抗性较强。     

不同作业方式和施药模式下杀虫剂对褐飞虱的防治效果

为探讨植保无人机施药沉积利用率高但防治效果不稳定的问题,利用液相色谱串联质谱法测定植保无人机和背负式喷雾器喷施后药液在水稻植株上的农药沉积率,选择烯啶虫胺、吡蚜酮、呋虫胺和毒死蜱4种杀虫剂分别对分蘖期和拔节期水稻进行不同施药模式的室内喷施试验,以模拟分析水稻非靶标部位的农药沉积对褐飞虱防治效果的影响。结果表明,植保无人机喷施后水稻中上部的农药沉积率为34.83%,显著高于背负式喷雾器的农药沉积率(15.30%),但药后7 d的校正防治效果分别为61.4%和64.4%,两者之间差异不显著。烯啶虫胺、呋虫胺和吡蚜酮3种内吸性杀虫剂室内模拟喷施后1 d和4 d均为直接喷施处理的水稻基部农药含量最高,且该处理药后1、4和7 d的校正死亡率最高,分别为23.33%～70.00%、46.67%～80.42%和70.00%～87.50%;其次为遮挡茎部喷施处理,而水中加药和叶片受药处理的防治效果最差。对于兼有触杀和熏蒸毒性的有机磷类杀虫剂毒死蜱,水中加药处理和直接喷施处理药后1、2和4 d的校正死亡率均在98.33%以上,显著高于其他2种处理。表明不同杀虫剂的吸收传导特性不同,这直接影响其能否到达水...     

水稻褐(紫)鞘病因之探讨

 本文对褐(紫)鞘、鞘腐两种症状的诱发因子进行了描述。采用不同的接种方法,将不同来源的菌株在常规的水稻品种上接种,均可引起褐(紫)鞘和鞘腐二种症状,它们出现的频率随接种方法、品种和菌株的不同而异。作者认为把褐(紫)鞘症状看作为一种新的病害是不能成立的,它只能是水稻叶鞘腐败病的另一种症状。     

Role of earhead bug (leptocorisa acuta) feeding on sheath rot disease caused bysarocladium oryzae inoryza sativa in India

A study was conducted to determine the role of the earhead bug (Leptocorisa acuta Thumb. [Heteroptera: Alydidae]) in the manifestation of sheath rot disease caused bySarocladium oryzae (Sawada) W. Gams & D. Hawksw. [syn.Acrocylindrium oryzae (Sawada)], with the aim of formulating effective control measures against the disease. In greenhouse studies, rice plants (Oryza sativa, cv. IR 20) exhibited typical sheath rot within 12 days whenS. oryzae spore suspensions (5 x 10⁷ conidia/ml) were sprayed on earhead bug-infested plants (5 bugs/tiller). In a comparison of various inoculation methods, swabbing a spore suspension (using a camel?s hair brash) on the sheath surface of earhead bug-infested plants, and inserting a single-grain culture inside the sheath of infested plants, produced the greatest disease severity within 18 days of inoculation. The results demonstrated (a) the role of the earhead bug in sheath rot disease manifestation and (b) that rice genotypes can be screened effectively and rapidly in the greenhouse for resistance to the disease, using the described inoculation techniques.     

Suppression of rice blast using freeze-killed mycelia of biocontrol fungal candidate MKP5111B

Several applications of the suppressive fungus MKP5111B, isolated from the phylloplane of rice plants, were tested in an effort to control rice blast disease. Three treatments with MKP5111B [living (Std), killed with liquid nitrogen (FR), and autoclaved (AC)] were either sprayed onto rice seedlings or mixed into seed-sown soil. Three weeks after spraying and 4 weeks after the soil application, we introduced Magnaporthe oryzae, the causal agent of rice blast, into our systems. The Std and FR treatments suppressed rice blast, but the AC treatment proved ineffective. Although a suppressive effect was seen on new leaves, no mycelium of MKP5111B was seen. The fungus thus may have induced a systemic resistance in the rice plants. A substance from MKP5111B, such as elicitor molecule(s) are likely responsible for the induced resistance.     

小麦主要病虫分期混合施药技术

研究结果表明,小麦主要病虫的发生有明显的阶段性,秋苗期主要是纹枯病和地下害虫,返青拔节期主要是纹枯病和麦蜘蛛,两者皆在3月25日前后进入侵染和为害盛期;穗期主要有白粉病、叶锈病和麦蚜,有的年份条锈病流行,它们多在5月1日前后进入盛发期。播种期、返青拔节期和穗期3期,杀虫剂与杀菌剂混合施药具有良好的药效和明显的增产作用,特别是穗期。3期混合施药的最优组合是:播种期,0.08％甲基异柳磷与0.03％三唑醇混合拌种,返青拔节期,甲基硫环磷(175.5g/ha)与三唑醇(75g/ha)混合喷雾;穗期,抗蚜威(45g/ha)与三唑醇(105g/ha)混合喷雾。3期施药经济效益显著,投入产出比1: 12.7～14.1,每ha纯收益1450.5～1797.0元。     

Site‐directed mutagenesis of the cytochrome b gene and development of diagnostic methods for identifying QoI resistance of rice blast fungus

BACKGROUND: It is possible that a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) (G143A mutation) in the cytochrome b gene could confer resistance to quinone outside inhibiting (QoI) fungicides (strobilurins) in rice blast fungus because this mutation caused a high level of resistance to fungicides such as azoxystrobin in Pyricularia grisea Sacc. and other fungal plant pathogens. The aim of this study was to survey Magnaporthe oryzae B Couch sp. nov. isolates in Japan for resistance to QoIs, and to try to develop molecular detection methods for QoI resistance. RESULTS: A survey on the QoI resistance among M. oryzae isolates from rice was conducted in Japan. A total of 813 single‐spore isolates of M. oryzae were tested for their sensitivity to azoxystrobin using a mycelial growth test on PDA. QoI fungicide resistance was not found among these isolates. The introduction of G143A mutation into a plasmid containing the cytochrome b gene sequence of rice blast fungus was achieved by site‐directed mutagenesis. Molecular diagnostic methods were developed for identifying QoI resistance in rice blast fungus using the plasmid construct. CONCLUSION: As the management of rice blast disease is often dependent on chemicals, the rational design of control programmes requires a proper understanding of the fungicide resistance phenomenon in field populations of the pathogen. Mutation of the cytochrome b gene of rice blast fungus would be specifically detected from diseased leaves and seeds using the molecular methods developed in this study. Copyright © 2009 Society of Chemical Industry     

非亲和性稻瘟病菌对水稻的诱导抗性

为研究稻瘟病菌Magnaporthe oryzae不同菌株间的相互作用,选择与单抗性基因系水稻IRBL5-M （携带抗性基因Pi5）表现为亲和性的菌株HN52与非亲和性的菌株HN119为研究对象,将其单独或混合接种到单抗性基因系水稻IRBL5-M中,并通过荧光显微镜观察接种后水稻叶鞘的发病情况及病斑面积,测定接种后水稻内相关抗性基因OsWRKY45、OsNPR1、OsPR10、OsMAPK2的表达量以及活性氧的变化。结果显示,相较于单独接种亲和性菌株,混合接种后单抗性基因系水稻IRBL5-M病斑发病面积减少;混合接种中亲和性菌株HN52菌丝侵染能力降低,侵染菌丝细胞间扩展率显著降低73.13%;同时单抗性基因系水稻IRBL5-M中OsWRKY45、OsNPR1、OsPR10和OsMAPK2抗性基因表达量显著增加,水稻叶片中活性氧含量增加,表明在菌株混合侵染过程中,非亲和性菌株可通过激发水稻的抗性反应来降低亲和性菌株对水稻的侵染程度。     

Efficacy of new EC formulations of neem oil and pungam oil for the management of sheath rot disease of rice

Neem oil (NO) and pungam oil (PO) based emulsifiable concentrate (EC) formulations,viz., neem oil 60 EC (acetic acid) [NO 60 EC(A)], neem oil 60 EC (citric acid) [NO 60 EC(C] and neem oil + pungam oil 60 EC (citric acid) [NO+PO 60 EC(C)], which had been developed at Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, were evaluated for their efficacy against sheath rot of rice. All three formulations effectively inhibited the mycelial growth of the pathogen,Sarocladium oryzae, underin vitro conditions. There was no significant difference between efficacy of the freshly prepared and stored formulations in arresting the growth ofS. oryzae; efficacy was maintained even after 9 months of storage. These formulations effectively controlled rice sheath rot and led to increased yield in five field trials. Among the various treatments, the formulation NO 60 EC(A) achieved the highest grain yield in four out of five field trials, with a pooled mean grain yield of 4684 kg/havs 3882 kg/ha in the control. NO 60 EC(A) achieved the maximum cost-benefit ratio of 1:4.8, followed by NO+PO 60 EC(C), with 1:3.3.     

Control of phytophthora brown rot of citrus fruits1

Control of brown rot of citrus fruits, using the new anti-oomycete systemic fungicides, has been studied in the field and in packing houses under the climate conditions of Spain. In the field, in rainy weather and at the stage of colour-break of the fruits, both with artificial inoculation and with natural infection by Phytophthora citrophthora, a single treatment with fosetyl-A1 at 0.4% a.i. as a foliar spray provided good control of the disease. The highest fungitoxic effects were reached 14–21 days after treatment. Copper oxychloride + mancozeb at 0.3% a.i. showed moderate efficiency. In semi-commercial experiments in the packing house and in the laboratory, fosetyl-A1 at 0.3% a.i. strongly controlled infection with zoospores located in different layers of the fruit peel (flavedo or albedo). Fosetyl-A1 also developed good efficacy in healthy fruits, protecting them from infection by contact. Metalaxyl at.0.2% a.i. also reduced infection by zoospores and contact. Oxadixyl, propamocarb and folpet (reference product) had poor activity against the brown rot fungus. All these data strongly support the value of fosetyl-A1 for control of brown rot disease of citrus fruit in the field and in the packing house as a post-harvest treatment. Metalaxyl may also be utilized for this purpose.     

植保无人飞机喷施30%苯甲·丙环唑微乳剂防治水稻主要病害

为了探究植保无人飞机喷施30%苯甲·丙环唑微乳剂对稻瘟病、纹枯病和稻曲病的田间防治效果,以及对水稻生长的影响,为植保无人飞机施药的推广提供科学依据,在水稻分蘖末期和破口期采用植保无人飞机进行药剂喷施防治水稻主要病害试验。结果表明:在减量25%的情况下,植保无人飞机喷施30%苯甲·丙环唑微乳剂对纹枯病病株和病情指数的防治效果分别为71.33%和82.72%,对稻瘟病病穗和病情指数的防治效果分别为76.36%和80.41%,对稻曲病病穗和病情指数的防治效果分别为71.11%和79.25%。该施药方式对水稻中后期主要病害防治效果均优于对照药剂和人工施药的防治效果。