Hg2+胁迫对小麦幼苗POD、CAT和SOD同工酶的影响（英文）

[Objective] This work was aimed to explore the mechanism of Hg2+ toxicity on plants.[Method]Activities of peroxidase(POD),catalase(CAT)and superoxide dismutase(SOD)were investigated in wheat(Triticum aestivum L.)seedlings under Hg2+ stress at different concentrations.[Result]① There were no obvious effects on the growth of seedlings when the concentration of Hg2+ was lower than 0.10 mmol/L.However,toxic effects on the growth of seedling were observed when the concentration of Hg2+ was higher than 0.10 mmol/L.② Different tissues showed different resistant ability in response to Hg2+ stress.The leaves and roots of wheat seedlings were more insensitive to Hg2+ toxicity.③ CAT was more sensitive to Hg2+ stress compared to POD and SOD.[Conclusion]The toxic effect was related to the concentration of Hg2+(0.10 mmol/L).The higher concentration of Hg2+ could affect the expression of POD,CAT,and SOD isozymes in the leaves,roots of wheat seedlings and germinated seeds,which further affect the normal metabolism of membrane lipid and inhibit the growth of wheat seedlings at last.     

Heat stability of winter wheat depends on cultivars,timing and protective methods

Heat stress negatively affects wheat production in many regions of the world. At present, sensitivity to heat stress remains one of the least understood aspects of wheat genetics and breeding, and measures for preventing heat stress are understudied. In this study, we used three cultivars of winter wheat(GY2018, SL02-1 and SY20) to evaluate the effect of heat stress at different days after anthesis(DAA) on yield and quality. Heat stability of the cultivars were analyzed and evaluated for the effects of two kinds of regulators on wheat under heat stress conditions. Heat treatment at 7 DAA led to the most substantial reduction in yield while GY2018 had the best heat stability with respect to yield, and demonstrated the most positive effects on several quality traits including protein content, sedimentation volume and glutenin and gliadin contents. Heat treatment at 14 DAA had the least reduction in yield, while SY20 had the best heat stability with respect to yield and heat treatment had minimal effects on quality. Heat treatment at 21 DAA had only a limited effect on yield, while SL02-1 had the best heat stability with respect to yield, but it showed the most negative effects on quality. Stable time at 14 DAA and protein content at 21 DAA can be used as indicators for detecting the stability of quality under heat stress. Among the three studied cultivars, SY20 was the most sensitive to heat stress with the stable time decreasing from 26.4 to 9.1 min, a higher sedimentation volume at 7 DAA, and a lower γ-gliadin content which increased 2.4-fold under high-temperature treatment. The addition of various regulators had different effects: potassium dihydrogen phosphate(KDP) was more protective of yield with heat stress at 7 DAA, while Duntianbao(DTB) had better effects on quality with heat stress at 21 DAA.     

Effects of Hypergravity on Salt Tolerance of Wheat Seedlings

[Objective] The study aimed to reveal the effects of hypergravity on salt tolerance of wheat seedlings. [Method] The seed germination rate (Gr) and germination index (Gi) of wheat seedlings were measured under hypergravity of 600×g or 1 000×g for 4 h and under the stress of 0.4% or 0.9% salt solution. The catalase (CAT) activity and malondialdehyde (MDA) content of wheat seedlings were also measured under 0.4% salt stress. [Result] Compared with seedlings in CK group (no hypergravity or salt stress),the Gr and Gi of the seedlings in salt stress treatment decreased to different extents; while the Gr and Gi of the seedlings in treatment group (hypergravity and salt stress) increased compared with that in salt stress group. CAT in seedlings of hypergravity treatment was higher than that of CK group and 0.4% salt treatment group,meanwhile the MDA showed an opposite result. [Conclusion] Hypergravity could enhance the salt resistance of wheat in specific range,and hypergravity of 600×g for 4 h performed better than that of 1 000×g for 4 h.     

超重力处理对小麦幼苗抗盐性的影响(英文)

[Objective] The study aimed to reveal the effects of hypergravity on salt tolerance of wheat seedlings. [Method] The seed germination rate (Gr) and germination index (Gi) of wheat seedlings were measured under hypergravity of 600×g or 1 000×g for 4 h and under the stress of 0.4% or 0.9% salt solution. The catalase (CAT) activity and malondialdehyde (MDA) content of wheat seedlings were also measured under 0.4% salt stress. [Result] Compared with seedlings in CK group (no hypergravity or salt stress),the Gr and Gi of the seedlings in salt stress treatment decreased to different extents; while the Gr and Gi of the seedlings in treatment group (hypergravity and salt stress) increased compared with that in salt stress group. CAT in seedlings of hypergravity treatment was higher than that of CK group and 0.4% salt treatment group,meanwhile the MDA showed an opposite result. [Conclusion] Hypergravity could enhance the salt resistance of wheat in specific range,and hypergravity of 600×g for 4 h performed better than that of 1 000×g for 4 h.     

硝态氮浓度对冬小麦幼苗根系活力及根际pH值的影响(英文)

[Objective] The aim was to research the effect of concentration of NO-3-N on root vigor and rhizosphere pH of winter wheat seedlings under water culture.[Method]By selecting Hoagland’s nutritional solution as cultural medium and winter wheat as material of experiment,on the basis,testing root vigor,nutrient solution NO-3 and change of pH values under the different level of disposal,such as high(containing NO-3-N 15 mmol/L),medium(containing NO-3-N 7.5 mmol/L)and lower(containing NO-3-N 2.5 mmol/L).[Result]The results of this research showed that the effect of different nitrogen level on the wastage of nutrient solution NO-3,the changes of pH values and root vigor is obvious under the hydroponics condition.[Conclusion]Though NO-3 is a safe nitrogen sources when it was supplied to plants too more,it would restrain assimilation on nitrate nitrogen farther,but when it was supplied to plants too little,it would lead to deficiency of NO-3 that plants uptake and decrease of root activity,so it isn’t useful to wheat young seedling to absorb nitrogen nutrition.     

Effect of Nitric Oxide on Alleviating Cadmium Toxicity in Rice (Oryza sativa L.)

Nitric oxide （NO） is a gaseous signaling molecule in plants that plays a key role in mediating a wide range of physiological processes and responses to biotic and abiotic stresses. The present study was conducted to investigate the effects of the exogenous application of sodium nitroprusside （SNP）, an NO donor, on cadmium （Cd）-induced oxidative stress and Cd uptake in rice plants. Rice plants were exposed to Cd stress (0.2 mmol L^-1 CdCl₂) and different concentrations of SNP (0.05, 0.1, 0.2, and 0.4 mmol L^-1). A SNP concentration of 0.1 mmol L^-1 （SNP10） significantly reduced the Cd-induced decrease in shoot and root dry weights and leaf chlorophyll concentrations. The addition of NO also reduced the malondialdehyde （MDA）, hydrogen peroxide （H₂O₂） and ascorbic acid （ASA） concentrations. However, the reduction in glutathione （GSH） concentration was inhibited by NO treatment. Moreover, NO prevented the Cd-induced increase in antioxidative enzyme activity. The amount of Cd accumulation in rice plants was also influenced by the addition of NO. The NO supplied by the SNP enhanced the Cd tolerance of the rice by increasing the Cd uptake by the roots and decreasing the Cd accumulation by the shoots. However, the application of potassium ferrocyanide （Cd+Fe） or sodium nitrate and nitrite （Cd+N） （without NO release）, did not exhibit the effects of the SNP. Furthermore, the effects of the SNP were reversed by the addition of hemoglobin （an NO scavenger）. Our results suggested that exogenous NO was involved in the resistance of rice to Cd-toxicity.     

Effects of External Chemical Regulation on Bt Transgenic Cotton Plants under Combined Stress of High Temperature and Water Deficit

[Objective] The study aimed to find a possible way to combat or alleviate the negative effects caused by high temperature and water deficit at the growth stage of peak boll-setting.[Method] With Bt transgenic cotton GK22 as the test cultivar,a potted experiment was carried out to investigate the effects of the regulation of external substances(the water solutions of pix,urea and their mixture) on the physiological parameters,insecticidal protein content,yield and yield component of cotton plants in artificial climate chambers treated with high temperature and water deficit.[Result] The application of external pix,urea or their mixture was effective in stabilizing the physiological parameters of cotton plants,insecticidal protein content,yield and yield components.Compared with the exclusive application of pix and urea,the mixture of pix and urea played the most effective role in stabilizing the content of chlorophyll,soluble sugar and insecticidal protein,alleviating the increase of the content of free amino acids and proline,and increasing boll number per plant,boll weight and seed cotton yield.[Conclusion] The water solutions of pix,urea or their mixtures can be used to combat or alleviate the stress of high temperature and water deficit if they are sprayed onto cotton plants prior to stress occurrence.     

Evaluation of a new method for quantification of heat tolerance in different wheat cultivars

Heat stress seriously affects wheat production in many regions of the world. At present, heat tolerance research remains one of the least understood fields in wheat genetics and breeding and there is a lack of effective methods to quantify heat stress and heat tolerance in different wheat cultivars. The objective of this study was to use various wheat cultivars to evaluate stress intensity(δ) and a new method for quantification of heat tolerance and compare this technique with three other currently utilized methods. This new parameter for heat tolerance quantification is referred to as the heat tolerance index(HTI) and is an indicator of both yield potential and yield stability. Heat treatments were applied in a controlled setting when anthesis had been reached for 80% of the wheat. The stress intensity evaluation indicated heat shock was the main factor associated with kernel weight reduction while grain yield reduction was mainly associated with chronic high temperature. The methods evaluation showed that a temperature difference of 5°C from natural temperatures was a suitable heat treatment to compare to the untreated controls. HTI was positively correlated with yield under heat stress(r=0.8657, δ_(2010)=0.15, in 2009–2010; r=0.8418, δ_(2011)=0.20, in 2010–2011; P0.01), and negatively correlated with yield reduction rate(r=–0.8344, in 2009–2010; r=–0.7158, in 2010–2011; P0.01). The results of this study validated the use of HTI and temperature difference control for quantifying wheat heat tolerance that included the yield potential and the stability of different wheat cultivars under heat stress. Additionally, 10 wheat cultivars showed high HTI and should be further tested for their heat confirming characteristics for use in wheat heat tolerance breeding.     

硫肥施用方式对冬小麦灌浆期籽粒蛋白含量动态的影响(英文)

[Objective] The experiment aimed to provide a theoretical base of optimal cultivation management for the high yield and good quality and high efficiency of winter wheat.[Method] The effects of two sulfur fertilizer application methods on dynamic changes of grain protein content and glutenin content of Yumai 49 and Yumai 66 during wheat grain filling stage were studied under the field conditions. [Result] Both the grain protein and glutenin content of two cultivars were increased by sulfur fertilizer, particularly, the effects on Yumai 49 were more significant.[Conclusion] The grain content and glutenin content of different wheat cultivars could be increased by taking different sulfur fertilizer application methods.     

Application of brassinolide alleviates cold stress at the booting stage of rice

The objective of the study was to determine the physiological mechanisms of plants in response to brassinolide(BR) alleviating cold water stress on rice. In this study, physiological responses of rice to exogenous BR and cold water submergence were investigated using the chilling-tolerant cultivar Kongyu 131(KY131) and the chilling-sensitive cultivar Kenjiandao 6(KJD6). A total of 2 mg L~(–1) BR increased activities of superoxide dismutase(SOD) and peroxidase(POD) and the contents of soluble sugar, soluble protein, and chlorophyll, but decreased the malondialdehyde(MDA) content in KY131 and KJD6 under cold water stress. The observed decreases in SOD and POD activities and MDA content recovered quickly after plants were returned to irrigation with water at temperatures of about 23.0°C in 2014. Additionally, the contents of nitrogen(N), phosphorous(P), and potassium(K) were increased by BR treatment under cold water stress. Exposure to BR also raised the percentage of high effective leaf area and leaf area index at the heading stage. Furthermore, it promoted soluble sugar synthesis, increased the rate of dry matter accumulation, and enhanced the export and translocation rates of the stem-sheath. The yield in KJD6 was significantly(P≤0.01 and P≤0.05) higher than that of the control in 2013 and 2014, respectively. The effect of BR treatment on rice leaf SOD and POD activities, MDA, chlorophyll, P, and stem-sheath K contents were more significant in KJD6 than in KY131. In conclusion, exogenous BR effectively reduced the physiological and metabolic damage in rice due to cold stress at the booting stage, promoted functional recovery in plants that received irrigation with water at a normal temperature following cold stress, and mitigated the effects of cold water stress on yield.The two varieties exhibited differential responses to BR; the weaker cold-resistant variety was more sensitive to BR and displayed stronger responses to exogenous BR.     

外源NO对高温强光胁迫下小麦叶片膜脂过氧化和叶绿素荧光的影响

[目的]为探明NO对高温强光胁迫下灌浆期小麦叶片氧化损伤及光合机构的保护作用。[方法]以豫农949为材料,研究了0.1mmol/L的外源NO供体硝普钠(SNP)处理对小麦叶片保护酶活性、氧化损伤及叶绿素荧光的影响。[结果]0.1 mmol/L SNP处理显著提高了高温强光下抗氧化酶SOD、CAT、APX的活性及脯氨酸含量,降低了叶片MDA的含量和相对电导率,维持了较高的最大光化学效率(Fv/Fm)和较低的原初荧光(Fo)。[结论]0.1 mmol/LSNP处理显著提高了灌浆期小麦对高温强光的适应性。     

外源一氧化氮对增强UV-B辐射后小麦幼苗膜脂过氧化系统的影响（摘要）（英文）

[目的]以硝普钠（sodium nitroprusside,SNP）作为外源一氧化氮（nitric oxide,NO）供体,研究了不同浓度一氧化氮对增强UV-B辐射胁迫后小麦幼苗膜脂过氧化系统的影响。[方法]试验设置3个组：对照组（CK）、紫外线UV-B处理组（B）、UV-B和硝酸钠（SNP）复合处理组（B＋SNP）,分别于处理后的第0、1、2、3、4天取样进行丙二醛（MDA）含量及CAT、POD、SOD等生理生化指标的测定,3次重复,并进行统计学分析。[结果]UV-B辐射后,小麦幼苗中丙二醛（MDA）含量上升,过氧化氢酶（CAT）、过氧化物酶（POD）、超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）活性下降,导致小麦幼苗产生氧化损伤;在UV-B辐射之后施加不同浓度的SNP,可以不同程度地缓解UV-B辐射胁迫下小麦幼苗根和叶的氧化损伤,使MDA含量下降,抗氧化酶CAT、POD、SOD活性上升。其中,0.1 mmol/LSNP对叶的氧化损伤缓解作用较明显,0.01 mmol/L SNP则对根的氧化损伤缓解作用较明显。[结论]外源NO供体SNP对小麦幼苗由于UV-B辐射引起的氧化损伤有明显的缓解作用,可增强植物对逆境胁迫的适应能力。     

水杨酸对小麦幼苗抗寒性的影响

[目的]探讨水杨酸(SA)对小麦幼苗抗寒性的影响及其机理。[方法]以小麦品种郑麦9023为试材,用0.1 mmol/LSA作叶面喷施处理,清水作对照,当小麦幼苗第1片叶展开时,将各组各1/2幼苗分别置于常温(20℃)和低温(4℃)下培养,5 d后对小麦幼苗进行耐寒生理指标测定。[结果]0.1 mmol/LSA显著提高了低温胁迫下小麦幼苗细胞内SOD酶的活性。与低温对照处理的小麦幼苗相比,低温胁迫下0.1 mmol/L SA处理的小麦幼苗的SOD酶活力提高了10.95%,脯氨酸含量增加了42.80%;MDA含量减少了5.00%,膜透性降低了6.00%。[结论]SA显著提高小麦幼苗细胞内SOD酶的活性,增加脯氨酸含量,降低MDA含量,减少了低温对细胞的伤害,增强了小麦幼苗的抗寒性。     

不同抗旱性小麦品种对干旱胁迫的响应及NO的调节作用

[目的]研究不同抗旱性小麦品种对干旱胁迫的响应机制,并探明外源NO对干旱胁迫下小麦叶片氧化损伤及光合机构的保护作用。[方法]以低抗品种预麦949和高抗品种峡麦5号为试验材料,用15%PEG-6000对五叶期幼苗模拟干旱胁迫,然后使用0.75mmol/LSNP（硝普钠,外源NO供体）进行调节,并测定体内抗氧化和光合活性。试验设置3个处理。[结果]高抗品种峡麦5号的SOD、CAT和APX活性,MDA含量和叶绿素含量均比高产低抗品种预麦949高;在干旱胁迫下,高抗品种的这些生理指标变化幅度小于高产低抗品种;同时,NO显著提高了这些生理指标对干旱胁迫的适应性。[结论]外源NO能够提高干旱胁迫下小麦叶片抗氧化酶的活性,增强小麦的抗旱性。     

不同抗旱性小麦品种对干旱胁迫的响应及NO的调节作用（摘要）

[目的]研究不同抗旱性小麦品种对干旱胁迫的响应机制,并探明外源NO对干旱胁迫下小麦叶片氧化损伤及光合机构的保护作用。[方法]以低抗品种预麦949和高抗品种峡麦5号为试验材料,用15%PEG-6000对五叶期幼苗模拟干旱胁迫,然后使用0.75mmol/LSNP（硝普钠,外源NO供体）进行调节,并测定体内抗氧化和光合活性。试验设置3个处理。[结果]高抗品种峡麦5号的SOD、CAT和APX活性,MDA含量和叶绿素含量均比高产低抗品种预麦949高;在干旱胁迫下,高抗品种的这些生理指标变化幅度小于高产低抗品种;同时,NO显著提高了这些生理指标对干旱胁迫的适应性。[结论]外源NO能够提高干旱胁迫下小麦叶片抗氧化酶的活性,增强小麦的抗旱性。     

水杨酸对高温强光胁迫下小麦叶绿体D1蛋白磷酸化及光合机构运转的影响

[目的]研究外源SA对高温强光胁迫下小麦叶片类囊体膜D1蛋白磷酸化和光合机构运转的影响。[方法]用0.5 mmol/L水杨酸（SA）溶液预处理灌浆期小麦叶片,以水预处理为对照,将预处理植株进行高温强光[35℃,1600μmol/（m2.s）]胁迫,测定胁迫处理过程中小麦旗叶活性氧代谢、叶绿素荧光参数及D1蛋白的变化。[结果]SA预处理有效抑制了高温强光下D1蛋白的净降解,保持了较高的D1蛋白磷酸化水平,高效防护了高温强光所致的氧化损伤,维持较高的超氧化物岐化酶（SOD）和抗坏血酸过氧化物酶（APX）活性,维持了较高的通过PSⅡ电子传递速率（Fv/Fo）、PSⅡ原初光化学效率（Fv/Fm）、实际光化学效率（ФPSⅡ）、光化学猝灭系数（qP）。[结论]SA预处理明显减轻了高温强光胁迫对光合机构的损伤,保证了PSⅡ的正常运转。     

外源一氧化氮对干旱胁迫小麦幼苗生长和生理特性的影响

[目的]研究外源NO对干旱胁迫下小麦幼苗生长、叶片光合特性以及叶片氧化损伤的影响。[方法]以绵阳26号二叶一心期的小麦幼苗为试材,采用10%的聚乙二醇6000对幼苗根部进行轻度干旱胁迫处理8d,并添加不同浓度(0.01,0.05and0.1mm/mol)的一氧化氮(NO)供体硝普钠(SNP),研究外源NO处理对干旱胁迫下小麦幼苗生长和生理特性的影响[结果]0.05mm/molSNP能显著降低干旱胁迫下小麦幼苗丙二醛(MDA)含量和超氧自由基(O2-)产生速率,但能显著增加小麦幼苗叶绿素b、类胡萝卜素、叶绿素(a+b)含量及株高、根长、叶面积和干重,表明0.05mm/molSNP处理对干旱胁迫下小麦幼苗具有明显的保护作用,可以促进植株生长。[结论]外源低浓度NO供体可以明显缓解干旱胁迫所造成的小麦幼苗叶片膜脂过氧化,从而提高小麦抗旱能力。     

不同逆境胁迫条件对草珊瑚总黄酮含量的影响

[目的]研究高温、盐、紫外等逆境胁迫及SNP处理对草珊瑚愈伤组织总黄酮代谢的影响。[方法]采用不同的胁迫条件处理愈伤组织,定期取样监测总黄酮含量的变化情况。[结果]30℃下总黄酮含量峰值为45．6μg／ml;50、100mmol／L盐胁迫下总黄酮含量峰值分别为62．1和50．4μg／ml;紫外胁迫处理后,总黄酮含量为40．2μg/ml,是对照组的3．94倍;1、5mmol／L SNP处理后总黄酮含量分别达55．1和78．2μg／ml。[结论]在一定胁迫程度下,高温、盐、紫外等逆境及SNP处理均能显著提高草珊瑚愈伤组织总黄酮含量。     

外源一氧化氮对增强UV-B辐射后小麦幼苗膜脂过氧化系统的影响

[目的]以硝普钠（sodium nitroprusside,SNP）作为外源一氧化氮（nitricoxide,NO）供体,研究了不同浓度一氧化氮对增强UV-B辐射胁迫后小麦幼苗膜脂过氧化系统的影响。[方法]试验设置3个组：对照组（CK）、紫外线UV-B处理组（B）、UV-B和硝酸钠（SNP）复合处理组（B＋SNP）,分别于处理后的第0、1、2、3、4天取样进行丙二醛（MDA）含量及CAT、POD、SOD等生理生化指标的测定,3次重复,并进行统计学分析。[结果]UV-B辐射后,小麦幼苗中丙二醛（MDA）含量上升,过氧化氢酶（CAT）、过氧化物酶（POD）、超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）活性下降,导致小麦幼苗产生氧化损伤;在UV-B辐射之后施加不同浓度的SNP,可以不同程度地缓解UV-B辐射胁迫下小麦幼苗根和叶的氧化损伤,使MDA含量下降,抗氧化酶CAT、POD、SOD活性上升。其中,0.1mmol/LSNP对叶的氧化损伤缓解作用较明显,0.01mmol/LSNP则对根的氧化损伤缓解作用较明显。[结论]外源NO供体SNP对小麦幼苗由于UV-B辐射引起的氧化损伤有明显的缓解作用,可增强植物对逆境胁迫的适应能力。     

ABA对盐胁迫下番茄幼苗生理特性的影响

[目的]研究外源ABA对盐胁迫下番茄幼苗生理特性的影响。[方法]以番茄幼苗为材料,研究外源ABA对100mmol/LNaCl盐胁迫下番茄幼苗氧化损伤和保护酶活性的影响。[结果]0.05mmol/LABA处理能明显缓解100mmol/LNaCl盐胁迫伤害,使叶片MDA含量降低34.01%,细胞膜透性降低42.42%,SOD、POD和CAT活性分别提高30.99%,45.69%和30.29%。较低浓度（0.01mmol/L）和较高浓度（0.10、0.15mmol/L）ABA处理的有效作用整体上明显降低。[结论]0.05mmol/LABA处理能明显缓解盐胁迫对番茄幼苗的氧化损伤,提高膜保护酶活性,增强幼苗的抗盐胁迫能力。ABA的作用具浓度效应。