南海北部陆架水域多齿蛇鲻与花斑蛇鲻的年龄与生长

文章利用线粒体细胞色素b (cytochrome b, cytb)基因全序列作为分子标记,分析了中国近海和陆架的花斑蛇鲻(Saurida undosquamis)的遗传结构特征。从8个采样点266尾样本中共检测到142种单倍型,各采样点均表现出很高的单倍型多样性(0.925 1~0.992 9)和较低的核苷酸多样性(0.003 145~0.003 852)。单倍型的中间连接网络图呈现以4个优势共享单倍型为中心的星状发散结构,未发现与地理群体对应的谱系结构。分子方差分析表明花斑蛇鲻的遗传变异绝大部分(99.79%)来自种群内的个体之间,而群体之间几乎没有贡献遗传变异。成对遗传分化系数(F_ST)显示花斑蛇鲻群体间基因交流频繁,不存在明显的遗传差异,是一个随机交配群。中性检验表明种群历史动态显著偏离稳定种群模型,核苷酸错配分布表明花斑蛇鲻历史上曾经历过种群的快速扩张,扩张时间推算约在距今4万~10万年之前。研究结果表明,中国近海和陆架的花斑蛇鲻遗传分化不显著,在渔业上可以作为一个单元来管理。

     

Allozyme and mitochondrial DNA variation describe ecologically important genetic structure of even-year pink salmon inhabiting Prince William Sound, Alaska

Abstract– Allozyme and mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) data were obtained from pink salmon throughout Prince William Sound, Alaska, from two hatchery, five upstream, and 20 tidal locations distributed among five management regions collected during 1994. Screening for allozymes included 66 loci for 92 to 100 fish per sample. Thirty-four loci had variant allele frequencies <0.01 in one or more collections and were used for population analyses. Eight haplotypes were detected after screening 40 fish per collection for variation at the ND5/ND6 region of mtDNA using six restriction enzymes. Significant and apparently stable differences detected by both data sets permit rejecting a null hypothesis of panmixia and support managing native populations in Prince William Sound at the regional level. Distinctions between upstream and tidal collections were detected within Lagoon Creek (allozymes) and Koppen Creek (mtDNA). Significant regional heterogeneity was detected within upstream (allozymes and mtDNA) and tidal (allozymes) collections; however, upstream collections were more divergent from each other than were tidal collections. The absence of distinction of Armin F. Koernig Hatchery from almost all regions was consistent with multiple origins of this stock. Conversely, Solomon Gulch Hatchery in the East Region was distinct from all regions but East, consistent with a more restricted origin and influence.     

Effects of light spectrum on growth and physiological status of gilthead seabream Sparus aurata and rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss reared under recirculating system conditions

Previously reported data clearly indicate that depending on species, ambient light spectrum can affect fish growth, physiology, behaviour, reproduction, etc. Since light spectrum can be easily controlled in intensive indoor fish farming facilities, the present study aimed to investigate the effects of coloured light on growth performance (body weight, growth rate, food utilization, carcass composition, etc.) and physiological status (blood and plasma parameters, brain neurotransmitters, tissue fatty acid composition, etc.) of two widely reared fish species, gilthead seabream Sparus aurata and rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss. For this purpose, 240 specimens of S. aurata (29.8 ± 0.13 g) and 60 specimens of O. mykiss (71.4 ± 0.30 g) were exposed to white (full-spectrum, fluorescent lamps), red (605 nm) and blue (480 nm) light (lamps covered with appropriate filters) for 11 weeks under recirculating water systems. Blue light had a significantly negative impact on O. mykiss growth performance accompanied with reduced liver total lipids and plasma glucose and increased brain serotonergic and dopaminergic activity. In the case of S. aurata, red light significantly increased brain dopaminergic activity, while a tendency towards reduced growth was also observed. Since these results indicated the establishment of stressful conditions, O. mykiss and S. aurata should not be reared under blue and red light, respectively. For each species, the effect of the remaining light colours tested, was not clearly differentiated so that an appropriate light spectrum for the most efficient farming of O. mykiss and S. aurata could not be suggested, at least for the time period examined. Nevertheless, present results suggest that light colour should be regarded as a rearing factor worth to be further investigated, especially when recirculating systems are concerned.     

莱州湾少鳞的形态特征描述

以莱州、胶南、舟山、厦门、汕头和北海6个群体119尾少鳞鱚 (Sillago japonica)为研究对象,采用PCR扩增测序获得长度为450 bp的线粒体DNA NADH脱氢酶亚基2 (ND2)基因片段,共检测到77个变异位点,其中简约信息位点30个,单变异位点28个,无碱基缺失。119条序列定义了61个单倍型,平均单倍型多样性(H_d)和核苷酸多样性(π)分别为0.945 3±0.015 5和0.009 718±0.005 445。6个群体间的平均遗传距离为0.008 3,遗传分化指数F_ST均小于0.05,各群体间无显著遗传分化。AMOVA分析得出少鳞鱚的遗传变异主要来自于种群内个体间(99.96%)。中性检验的Tajima's D和Fu's Fs统计值均为负值且显著偏离中性,核苷酸不配对分布图呈现明显的单峰分布,表明少鳞鱚历史上经历了群体扩张事件,估算扩张时间大约在 (0.12~0.29)百万年前的第四纪更新世晚期。     

基于微卫星标记的黄唇鱼遗传多样性研究

为了解安徽省内长江和淮河水系黄颡鱼 (Pelteobagrus fulvidraco) 遗传多样性和遗传结构,选用10个微卫星标记对9个自然群体共254尾黄颡鱼进行了遗传分析。共检测到等位基因数 (N_a) 245个,平均有效等位基因数 (N_e) 9.75个。各群体的平均N_a为5.20~14.80,平均N_e为2.64~8.93;平均观测杂合度 (H_o) 为0.496~0.671,平均期望杂合度 (H_e) 为0.557~0.818;平均多态信息含量 (PIC) 为0.500~0.790。AMOVA分析显示仅8.15%的遗传变异来自群体间,各群体间的遗传分化指数 (F_ST) 为0.006~0.236。基于Nei's遗传距离的UPGMA系统树和利用Structure软件的群体遗传结构分析均显示,9个群体可被划分4或5个谱系,其中石台 (秋浦河水系)、麻川河 (青弋江支流)、阜南 (淮河水系) 3个群体的个体遗传结构均比较独立,与其他群体亲缘关系较远;其他6个群体 (长江水系的望江、无为、龙窝湖、泾县群体和淮河水系的凤台、瓦埠湖) 的较为复杂,可能存在谱系间的混杂。结果表明,研究区域内黄颡鱼野生资源遗传多样性较高,地理群体间存在遗传分化且部分群体可能经历了瓶颈效应。

     

不同野生群体与家系养殖翘嘴鳜遗传多样性分析

为探讨长江野生群体、通江湖泊野生群体和家系养殖翘嘴鳜群体的遗传多样性,利用7个高度多态的微卫星标记对5个群体进行遗传分析。结果显示,7个微卫星位点的等位基因数、有效等位基因数平均值分别为29和9。观测杂合度、期望杂合度、平均多态信息量平均值分别为0.853、0.886和0.875。通过平均多态信息量PIC统计发现,遗传多样性从大到小依次为:长江野生群体>梁子湖群体>洞庭湖群体>武汉养殖群体>无锡养殖群体。遗传距离及遗传相似系数分析表明,长江野生群体和无锡养殖群体间的遗传距离最大(0.813),遗传相似系数最小(0.444)。UPGMA聚类分析显示,5个群体可分为2个亚群,其中亚群I包括梁子湖群体、洞庭湖群体和长江野生群体,亚群II包括武汉养殖群体和无锡养殖群体。结果表明翘嘴鳜不同种群间的基因交流受到了一定的地理阻碍,特别是养殖群体与长江野生群体表现较高的遗传分化。     

Genetic variation and population structure of the Pacific cod <Emphasis Type="Italic">Gadus macrocephalus</Emphasis> in Korean waters revealed by mtDNA and msDNA markers

To investigate the extent of genetic differentiation among wild populations of the Pacific cod Gadus macrocephalus, we have examined genetic polymorphism at five locations within Korean waters [Boryeong in the West Sea (WC-BR); Jinhae Bay in the South Sea (SC-JH); Jumunjin (EC-JM), Jukbyeon (EC-JB), and Bangeojin (EC-BJ) off the eastern coast of Korea] using mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) control region and microsatellite DNA (msDNA) markers. Nucleotide sequence analysis of 584 bp in the variable portion of the 5′ end of the mtDNA control region revealed 27 variable nucleotide sites among 184 individuals, which defined eight, three, and 11 haplotypes in the western, southern, and eastern coast populations, respectively. The mtDNA analysis revealed a low variability but significant local differentiation among populations from these three areas within Korean waters. msDNA analysis also revealed moderate polymorphism in the wild populations, with a mean of 13.8–22.6 alleles per locus for the five msDNA markers and observed (and expected) heterozygosities of 0.755 (0.825) for the WC-BR, 0.793 (0.810) for the SC-JH, 0.920 (0.905) for the EC-BJ, 0.783 (0.865) for the EC-JB, and 0.804 (0.812) for the EC-JM populations. Analysis of msDNA loci indicated that Pacific cod sampled at the WC-BR, SC-JH, and EC-JB sites belong to genetically distinct populations. However, no significant difference was found between the Pacific cod population from SC-JH and that from EC-BJ. Consequently, three genetically distinct populations, namely, WC-BR, SC-JH and EC-BJ, and EC-JB, were identified using msDNA analysis. These results indicate that genetically distinct populations of Pacific cod are present in Korean coastal waters where spawning aggregations occur.     

Genetic Variability in Eight Cultured and Two Wild Populations of Japanese Flounder,Paralichthys olivaceus,Based on the Mitochondrial DNA Control Region

To examine the present population genetic diversity and variability of Japanese flounder, a 394‐bp hypervariable fragment of mtDNA control region was sequenced. A total of 215 individuals from two wild and eight cultured populations were analyzed. The 91 variable sites defined 61 haplotypes and 12 of them were shared. Six single base pair insertion/deletions were detected. The haplotype diversity (h), the nucleotide diversity (π), and mean number of pairwise differences (k) in cultured populations (h = 0.443–0.844; π = 0.010–0.030; k = 3.745–11.838) were obviously lower than those in the wild populations (h = 0.987–0.988; π = 0.032; k = 12.443–12.718). Fixation index (F_st) and analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) revealed that significant genetic differentiation mainly existed among cultured populations. The results of the exact test of population differentiation (nondifferentiation exact P values) rejected a panmictic mtDNA gene pool in all cultured populations. The results of this study indicated that genetic diversity of cultured Japanese flounder populations in China had significantly declined due to farm propagation and an increase in broodstock number should increase genetic diversity in cultured Japanese flounder base on the genetic theory.     

福建沿海试养中间球海胆的初步研究

为明确不同选育群体中间球海胆的遗传多样性和遗传结构,利用SSR-seq技术和15个微卫星位点,对1个家系选育群体 (FP)、1个群体选育群体 (IP)和1个未经选育的普通养殖群体 (CP)的遗传多样性及遗传结构进行了分析。结果显示,15个微卫星位点共检测出112个等位基因,FP、IP、CP 3个群体的平均观测等位基因数 (N_a)分别为5.077、5.133和6.133个,平均有效等位基因 (N_e)分别为2.816、2.873和3.638个,平均观测杂合度 (H_o)分别为0.522、0.441和0.501,平均期望杂合度 (H_e)分别为0.595、0.599和0.667,平均多态性信息含量 (PIC)分别为0.546、0.543和0.623。家系选育群体 (FP) H_e与H_o的差值 (0.073)低于IP (0.158)和CP (0.166),平均固定指数 (F) (0.115)低于IP (0.248)和CP (0.246)。3个群体间遗传分化系数 (F_st)介于0.018~0.176,为中低等程度的遗传分化。分子方差分析 (AMOVA)结果显示,3个群体的遗传变异主要源于个体间。主成分分析 (PCoA)和聚类进化树结果均显示,3个群体之间的亲缘关系较近,其中IP群体遗传分化程度最高。研究表明,3个中间球海胆群体均具有较高的遗传多样性,多代家系选育和群体选育均未明显降低群体的遗传多样性,家系选育更有利于保持群体的杂合度和控制群体的近交水平,群体选育则会提升群体的遗传分化程度。     

恢复生态学的理论与研究进展

为了解西江流域广西境内卷口鱼 (Ptychidio jordani) 种群遗传结构及分化程度,采用线粒体Cytb基因序列对西江流域广西境内6个江段的139尾野生卷口鱼的遗传多样性进行了分析。结果显示,线粒体Cytb基因长度为1 053 bp,碱基T、C、A、G的平均含量分别为29.1%、27.7%、29.3%、13.9%,其中A+T (58.4%) 高于C+G (41.6%)。共定义20个单倍型,并聚为2个分支,未观察到明显的地理聚群。6个卷口鱼群体的平均单倍型多样性和平均核苷酸多样性分别为0.7682、0.0023,其中红水河群体 (单倍型多样性h=0.748 7,核苷酸多样性π=0.003 3) 遗传多样性最高,柳江群体 (h=0.274 4, π=0.000 4) 和左江群体 (h=0.3747, π=0.000 3) 的遗传多样性相对较低。卷口鱼总体的遗传分化指数 (F_ST) 为0.461 4 (P<0.01),表现出较大的遗传分化。两两群体间遗传分化结果显示,左江和柳江种群之间的遗传分化程度最大,而柳江和西江之间最小。AMOVA分析表明西江流域的卷口鱼群体遗传变异一半来自群体内 (53.86%),一半来自群体间 (46.14%)。中性检验 (Tajima's D=−1.082 8, P>0.05;Fu's Fs=−6.572 5, 0.01<P<0.05) 与碱基错配分布分析表明西江流域卷口鱼种群大约在0.07~0.187 Ma经历了种群扩张。综上,西江流域广西境内的卷口鱼柳江群体和左江群体遗传多样性较低,总群体分化程度较大,但仍属于一个种群,其中空间距离与地理阻隔对卷口鱼的遗传分化具有一定的促进作用。

     

Genetic characterization of naturalized populations of brown trout Salmo trutta L. in southern Chile using allozyme and microsatellite markers

This study describes the genetic structure of five naturalized populations of brown trout in southern Chile using allozyme and microsatellite markers to establish levels of intra‐ and interpopulation genetic variability and divergence. Fourteen enzymatic systems were used comprising 20 loci and three microsatellite loci specific to brown trout. The genetic variability values (allozymes, P=20–35%, average=27%, H_O=0.118–0.160, average=0.141; microsatellites, P=33.3–100%, average=66.66%, H_O=0.202–0.274, average=0.229) are similar to values described in other naturalized populations of brown trout present in Chile, but higher than those observed in European populations of this species. Values of total genetic diversity (H_T) (allozymes=0.1216 and microsatellites=0.3504) and relative genetic divergence (G_ST) (allozymes=9.5% and microsatellites=15%) were also similar to the results obtained in previous studies of Chilean populations of brown trout. These values, when compared with those obtained in Europe, proved to be similar for H_T but lower for G_ST. The low interpopulational genetic differentiation was in accordance with the small genetic distance observed between the populations analysed (D Nei=0.004–0.025). On the other hand, the high frequency of one of the two alternative alleles of the phylogeographic marker locus LDH‐5* in the populations analysed (LDH‐5*90>0.84) would indicate a European origin, in particular Atlantic as opposed to Mediterranean, for the brown trout introduced into Chile. The high levels of genetic variability suggest a mixed origin for the naturalized brown trout in Chile, which could have originated either before or during the introduction process. Nevertheless, the low level of genetic differentiation between populations could reflect the short lapse of time in evolutionary terms, during which populations introduced into Chile have been exposed to different evolutionary forces, and which has not been sufficiently long to produce greater genetic differentiation between populations.     

华南6水系与澜沧江-湄公河攀鲈线粒体ND2基因的遗传多样性分析

测定了中国华南6水系及澜沧江(云南勐腊)-湄公河流域(柬埔寨洞里萨湖)的125尾攀鲈(Anabas testudineus)线粒体部分ND2基因1 010 bp序列,分析发现39个变异位点和12个单倍型,总遗传多样性较低(h=0.369,π=0.003 8),推测可能经历过严重的瓶颈效应;中国攀鲈群体遗传多样性更低(h=0.282,π=0.000 4),处于边缘区的中国攀鲈群体是造成低遗传多样性的主要原因。在单倍型网络图中柬埔寨和中国攀鲈各自聚类,具有明显地理结构和谱系结构,推测地质运动和气候变化导致基因交流受阻所致。核苷酸错配图和中性检验表明中国群体经历过种群扩张,时间约为(5.94~4.13)万年前。华南水系群体间基因交流通畅,不存在明显分化;但与云南澜沧江群体间分化大而显著(FST=0.775,P0.01),AMOVA分析显示变异主要来自组群间(77.41%),推测二者分化时间约为(4.0~2.8)万年前,云南群体受末次冰期的影响,基因交流受阻而出现分化。中国群体和柬埔寨群体可作为2个管理单位进行保护;就中国群体而言,韩江水系群体遗传多样性最高,建议优先保护;澜沧江与华南水系间群体分化显著且遗传多样性极低,建议对澜沧江水系群体进行保护,以避免种质资源灭绝。     

Microsatellite polymorphism in Italian populations of northern pike (Esox lucius L.)

Northern pike (Esox lucius) is not considered an endangered species in Italy, but since recent studies indicate the decline of this population, conservation and management strategies based on the genetic differentiation of natural northern pike populations are needed. In this paper, genetic diversity was analysed in 10 Italian and 2 East European northern pike populations by means of seven microsatellite loci. Data indicated an appreciable genetic differentiation, in spite of a low genetic variation, and agreed with the low level of genetic polymorphism already observed for this species in North America and North Europe. Results of statistical tests revealed genetic peculiarities of the Italian populations, even though signals of recent contact between populations were found and discussed in relation to anthropic impacts, particularly to the stocking practice. This investigation represents the first approach to the knowledge of the genetic variability of Italian pike populations using microsatellite markers, and reported results could be of interest for future management and conservation programmes of this species in Italy.     

Microsatellite analysis of the genetic population structure of native and translocated Aristotle's catfish (Silurus aristotelis)

The genetic structure of two native Silurus aristotelis (one of Europe's oldest surviving freshwater fish species) populations was investigated using eight microsatellite loci. Average values of population heterozygosity were very high, even approaching values reported for marine fishes, possibly due to stable population sizes and the prolonged undisturbed conditions prevailing in the lakes that represent the native distribution of S. aristotelis. The success of an attempt to introduce the species into a new environment was also evaluated. No loss of genetic variability in the introduced population was detected. Additionally, assignment tests and trees based on genetic distances among individuals indicated the low differentiation of the translocated population from its donor population, and, differentiated the two autochthonous populations successfully. Comparisons with previous allozyme and mitochondrial RFLP studies were also made and showed that results on relative levels of genetic variability among populations were in good agreement among all methods. However, microsatellite analysis exhibited higher power of statistical tests for differentiation among population samples compared to allozymes.     

基于线粒体控制区序列的三疣梭子蟹增殖放流亲蟹遗传多样性研究

为研究山东沿海三疣梭子蟹增殖放流亲蟹群体的遗传多样性状况,实验采用536 bp的线粒体DNA控制区片段作为分子标记,对4个亲蟹群体的遗传多样性和遗传结构进行了分析。结果显示,301个三疣梭子蟹个体共检测到155个单倍型,4个群体的单倍型多样度为0.972 3~0.993 0,核苷酸多样度为0.021 2~0.023 6,表现出丰富的遗传多样性。AMOVA分析和Fst分析结果均显示,4个三疣梭子蟹亲蟹群体间遗传分化微弱,未形成明显的遗传结构,NJ系统树中未出现与各群体相对应的的谱系分支。研究表明,4个增殖放流亲蟹群体的遗传多样性丰富,且其遗传结构与放流海域的野生群体间没有明显分化,种质资源质量较好。此外,群体历史动态分析显示,渤海南部和黄海北部的三疣梭子蟹历史上曾经历过群体扩张事件。     

梭鲈、河鲈和加州鲈的肌肉营养成分分析

为了解梭鲈种群的遗传结构,实验利用线粒体细胞色素c氧化酶Ⅰ亚基(COⅠ)基因部分序列分析了中国6个和中亚2个群体的遗传差异,并与欧洲群体的单倍型序列进行了比较。结果在640 bp的COⅠ基因序列中检测到5个变异位点,定义了7种单倍型,发现Hap1为8个梭鲈群体的共享单倍型,且与欧洲群体的HapA相同,在中国群体所占比例(93.36%)高于中亚群体(72.58%)和欧洲群体(53.85%);Hap2和Hap3是中国群体的特异单倍型,而Hap4~Hap7为中亚群体的特异单倍型。单倍型序列的聚类图和网络图均显示Hap1/A为梭鲈群体的原始单倍型,中国和中亚群体的特异单倍型相对于原始单倍型仅有1~2个位点的变异,属于Hap1/A的亚型,与欧洲群体的特异单倍型具有较大的差异。每个群体检测到1~4种单倍型,斋桑湖(ZS)群体单倍型最多,而中国的腾格里湖(NX)、兴凯湖(XK)和鸭绿江(YJ)群体仅有1个单倍型(Hap1);塔什干(TS)群体的单倍型多样性(H_d)和核苷酸多样性(π)最高(H_d=0.514±0.069; π=0.000 79±0.000 11),其次是ZS群体,而中国梭鲈群体的多样性参数较低。AMOVA分析结果显示,梭鲈群体间遗传变异占20.74%,群体间遗传分化程度较高(0.15≤F_st=0.207 36<0.25),TS群体与ZS群体和中国群体间的遗传分化极大(F_st>0.25),中国群体中仅黑河(HH)群体与其他群体的遗传分化较大,而中国其他5个群体间无遗传分化。基于群体间遗传距离的系统进化树显示,来自中国的6个梭鲈群体与哈萨克斯坦的ZS群体聚为一支,而乌兹别克斯坦的TS群体独立为一支。研究结果为梭鲈群体的繁殖及放流管理提供了参考。

     

Wild stock structure of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Girella punctata</Emphasis> in Japan revealed shallow genetic differentiation but subtle substructure in subsidiary distributions

Twelve populations of Girella punctata, from widespread locations of the species’ range in Japan and Korea, were screened for sequence variability within the mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) control region (n = 128) and at five polymorphic microsatellite loci (n = 547) to determine the genetic structure maintaining population integrity. mtDNA variability of 132 variable sites within a 334-bp region reveals shallow genetic differentiation across populations. The weak differentiation of G. punctata was partly supported by the screening of five polymorphic microsatellite loci. However, hierarchical analysis of molecular variance and principal component analysis on the basis of allele frequencies in microsatellite loci extracted a subtle substructure in a subsidiary population and in near-subsidiary populations in the semi-enclosed Seto Inland Sea.     

Population genetic structure in penaeid prawns

Genetic data are available for 27 species of penaeid prawn. Collected largely for fisheries purposes, they include information on several species of importance to aquaculture. Most studies used allozymes, but a small number have used mtDNA, random amplified polymorphic DNAs (RAPDs) and/or microsatellites. The DNA‐based markers have revealed far greater levels of variation compared with the allozyme data. However, in the few cases for which joint information is available, the mtDNA and microsatellite information tended to confirm the spatial patterns of variation detected by allozymes. These revealed little genetic variation over long distances (thousands of kilometres) for many species, but relatively major shifts in gene, or genotype, frequencies over relatively short distances (hundreds of kilometres). Much of the genetic structure in wild populations appears to reflect historical events on large biogeographical scales, rather than resulting from patterns of present‐day dispersal. Genetic variation in cultured stocks is generally less than in wild ones, the extent of the reduction being dependent upon broodstock management procedures. There is no conclusive evidence that aquaculture escapees have altered the genetic constitution of wild stocks of Penaeus monodon in Thailand. Nevertheless, the occurrence of strong patterns of geographic variation in wild stocks suggests that more detailed planning will be required to maintain this diversity, and to determine how best to capture its benefits for aquaculture.     

SNP diversity in introduced populations of the invasive Gambusia holbrooki

Abstract – We used a targeted gene approach to amplify genomic fragments to characterise single‐nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in introduced European populations of the invasive mosquitofish Gambusia holbrooki. Patterns of diversity within and among European populations of G. holbrooki and American collections of G. holbrooki and Gambusia affinis reveal unexpected high diversities within European populations. This ascertainment bias is one of the major challenges in the development of SNP markers for monitoring species involved in worldwide introductions. Pattern of diversity among European populations confirmed diverse introductions, as suggested by earlier mtDNA studies. However, SNPs showed larger differentiation between populations than had been previously detected with mtDNA sequencing. Five major population groups were identified: central France, southern Iberian, northern Iberian, Eastern Europe and Mediterranean French Rivers.     

清水江鲤基于微卫星标记和形态指标的遗传分析

利用12个微卫星标记对鲤(Cyprinus carpio)的4个野生群体 [清水江鲤、太湖鲤、黄河鲤(C.carpio haematopterus)和黑龙江鲤(C.carpio amurensis)] 和2个选育群体 [福瑞鲤(C.carpio var. FFRC)和松浦镜鲤(C. carpio var. specularis 'Song-pu')] 共208尾个体进行遗传分析。结果显示,12个位点共检测到341个等位基因,平均等位基因数为28.67,其中1个位点(HLJ1127)检测到正向选择压力;选育群体的遗传多样性参数普遍低于野生群体,其中松浦镜鲤群体的各项参数均值最低(N_a=6.82,H_o=0.54,PIC=0.50),清水江鲤群体的各项参数均值最高(N_a=21.25,H_o=0.80,PIC=0.91);分子方差分析显示,整体遗传变异主要来自群体内,但群体间呈极显著遗传分化(P<0.01);基于群体Nei's遗传距离的UPGMA聚类树和PCoA分析表明,鲤4个野生群体间遗传距离较近,而与2个人工选育群体间遗传距离较远;基于个体遗传结构及PCoA分析显示部分野生个体遗传结构比较混杂,而选育个体的遗传结构则相对单一。研究表明,中国鲤野生资源具有较高的遗传多态性,而人工选育群体维持着较纯的遗传种质。