Serotypes and electrophoretic protein profiles of Pasteurella haemolytica isolated from pneumonic ovine lungs.

Serotypes and SDS-PAGE protein profiles of P. haemolytica isolated from pneumonic ovine lungs were investigated. Of 268 P. haemolytica isolates, 232 (86.6%) were serotypable. A total of 12 serotypes were recognized in 20 different geographic origins of central Turkey. The most common serotype was A2, followed by A7, A1 and T4. Serotypes A13, A14, A16 and T15 could not be detected. In SDS-PAGE, marked differences between major bands of biotype A and T strains were found. In numerical analysis of protein profiles, biotype A and T strains were separated at 58% similarity level. Biotype A isolates produced a cluster at 80% similarity level, and biotype T isolates at 92% similarity level. No single cut off level was able to discriminate between each serotype studied and isolates could not be clustered on the basis of their geographic origins.     

Identification of Mycoplasmatales in pneumonic calf lungs

Lungs from 153 calves with clinical signs of pneumonia were examined post-mortem (PM) for the presence of mycoplasmas and ureaplasmas during a 38-month period. Sixty-two percent of the cases were submitted during the months when wide fluctuations in climatic conditions occur. Using indirect fluorescent antibody tests (IFAT) and culture, mycoplasmas and/or ureaplasmas were detected in 63% of the lungs examined. Mycoplasma dispar was detected in 39%, M. bovis in 36%, Ureaplasma spp. in 22% and M. bovirhinis in 8.5% of the lungs. Thirty percent of the lungs were infected with more than one species; the most frequent combination was M. bovis, M. dispar and Ureaplasma spp. (10.5%). M. arginini, M. bovigenitalium and acholeplasmas were not cultured. M. dispar was shown to remain viable for up to 15 days PM in apical and cardiac lobes held at 4 degrees C and also was detected by IFAT in the same tissues for 49 days.     

A microbiological study of pneumonic calf lungs.

BITSCH, V., N. F. FRIIS and H. V. KROGH: A microbiological study of pneumonic calf lungs. Acta vet. scand. 1976, 17, 32–42.–Fifty pneumonic calf lungs were subjected to microbiologic screening with regard to bacteria, mycoplasmas, and viruses.Of bacteria the species most commonly found were Pasteurella multocida (eight lungs), Pasteurella hemolytica (eight lungs), and Corynebacterium pyogenes (13 lungs). Of special interest was the demonstration of Neisseria spp. in five lungs. Mycoplasma dispar was found in 31 lungs, Mycoplasma bovirhinis in 16 lungs, and Urea-plasma in 26 lungs. Cytopathogenic agents were demonstrated in 14 lungs. Four isolates were found to be bovine respiratory syncytial virus, three were bovine viral diarrhea virus, and two were bovine parainfluenza 3 virus. The remaining five cytopathogenic agents were not identified.     

Isolation of mycoplasmas from pneumonic sheep lungs in the Sudan

A cell type with properties similar to those of the brush cell was recognised in the bronchial epithelium of calves. It occurred in small numbers and was not found in airways distal to the small bronchi. The ultrastructural features are described, emphasising the two constant characteristics (i) a dense population of thick apical microvilli and (ii) cytoplasmic filament bundles which extent into the microvilli.     

Pathological and microbiological studies on pneumonic lungs from Danish calves

During 1 year, the association between microbiological and pathological findings in 72 lungs from calves submitted to the Danish Veterinary Laboratory for diagnostic purposes was studied. All cases were evaluated pathologically and bacteriologically, whereas only 68 cases were examined for the presence of bovine respiratory syncytial virus (BRSV), parainfluenza-3 virus (PI-3 virus) and bovine coronavirus, 62 cases for bovine viral diarrhoea virus (BVD), 45 cases for bovine adenovirus and 51 cases for mycoplasmas. Based on histopathological examination, the cases were diagnosed as fibrinous and/or necrotizing bronchopneumonia, suppurative bronchopneumonia, embolic pneumonia and others. The diagnoses were based on the dominating and most severe lesions in each lung. Haemophilus somnus, Pasteurella multocida, Actinomyces pyogenes, P. haemolytica and BRSV were the most commonly found bacterial and viral lung pathogens, respectively. Pasteurella spp. and H. somnus were often associated with the more severe fibrinonecrotizing type of bronchopneumonia, whereas BRSV was primarily detected in cases of suppurative bronchopneumonia. Mycoplasma bovis was isolated from one case only, whereas M. dispar, M. bovirhinis and Ureaplasma diversum were present, often concomitantly, in the majority of cases. Aspergillus fumigatus was isolated from one case.     

Microflora of pneumonic lungs in a pig herd established by hysterectomy.

Mycoplasmas and other micro-organisms are recorded from a pig herd originally derived by hysterectomy. Complement fixation tests were positive for Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae 20 months after the first hysterectomy. Following a marked increase in pneumonic lesions found at slaughter, and after modifying the culture medium M hyopneumoniae was isolated. The principal micro-organism associated with this mycoplasma was Pasteurella multocida.     

A field evaluation of the efficacy of two vaccines against ovine pneumonic pasteurellosis

Two vaccines against pneumonic pasteurellosis were evaluated for efficacy in lambs transported by sea from New Zealand to Saudi Arabia. One vaccine contained whole cell antigens of Pasteurella haemolytica A2 grown under iron restricted conditions. The other contained Pasteurella haemolytica A1 cell surface and leucotoxin antigens. There was no clear evidence of either vaccine leading to a lower pneumonia death or lesion rate than for the control group.     

Isolation of toxigenic strains of Pasteurella multocida from lungs of pneumonic swine

Lungs from 113 pneumonic pigs were examined for Pasteurella multocida. The lungs were smeared directly onto blood agar and homogenized in brain-heart infusion broth and then inoculated intraperitoneally in mice. Pasteurella multocida isolates were typed for serotypes A (by hyaluronidase inhibition of capsule) and D (by acriflavine autoagglutination). Strains were tested for toxin production by intradermal injection of 0.2 ml of filtered 24-hour culture supernatants into guinea pigs. Most lungs (70.8%) yielded isolations. Most isolants (87.5%) were type A and 12.5% were type D. Of the type D strains, 80% were toxigenic. Of the type A isolants, 18.2% were toxigenic.     

The serological reactions of Mycoplasma isolated from pneumonic sheep lungs in the Sudan.

Seven mycoplasma isolated from pneumonic sheep lungs were found to belong to two serologically unrelated groups. Isolates in one group reacted strongly with antisera to M arginini in the metabolic inhibition and growth inhibition tests. All isolates except one failed to react with antisera to M mycoides var capri or M mycoides var mycoides. The results of the present work support the previously reported division of the isolates into two groups on the basis of their biological properties.     

Microscopic lesions associated with the isolation of Haemophilus somnus from pneumonic bovine lungs

Sixty-one of 68 sets of bovine lungs from which only Haemophilus somnus was isolated had microscopic lesions of purulent bronchiolitis and bronchopneumonia. In 37 of 61 lungs, the bronchiolar exudates were markedly necrotic with accompanying necrosis of the adjacent bronchiolar epithelium. Bronchiolitis obliterans was prominent in 23 of 28 lungs affected with chronic lesions with abscesses present in seven. Alveolar filling with inflammatory cells (neutrophils with fewer macrophages) was limited to peribronchiolar alveoli in 25 of 61 lungs and was multifocal to diffuse in the other 36. Lesions in the remaining lungs (7 of 68) were classified as fibrinous pneumonia with bronchiolitis (2), fibrinous pleuritis (2), suppurative interstitial pneumonia with vasculitis (2), and diffuse congestion (1).     

The identification and antimicrobial susceptibility of anaerobic bacteria from pneumonic cattle lungs.

One hundred and forty-four lungs obtained postmortem from cattle with pneumonia were cultured for anaerobic bacteria. Forty-five lungs yielded 73 anaerobic isolates belonging to 20 species. The number of isolations of anaerobes from acute fibrinous or suppurative bronchopneumonias (32.5%) was slightly lower than from similar chronic bronchopneumonias (36.5%). Anaerobes were not recovered from 15 lungs showing macroscopic changes not of bacterial origin, nor from 13 healthy lungs. The predominant genera isolated were Bacteroides, Peptococcus, Fusobacterium and Clostridium. The most common species were P. indolicus (15 isolates), B. asaccharolyticus (nine), F. necrophorum (six), C. perfringens (four) and B. fragilis (four). There was a significant correlation between the presence of Corynebacterium pyogenes (p less than 0.001) or Escherichia coli (p less than 0.01) and the presence of anaerobes in the lungs. The isolated anaerobic bacteria were generally susceptible to ampicillin, penicillin G, cefoxitin, cephalothin, clindamycin, chloramphenicol, erythromycin, tetracycline and metronidazole. The B. fragilis and C. perfringens isolates showed multiple antibiotic resistance, and five P. indolicus isolates were resistant to tetracycline.     

Stereological assessment of the epithelial surface area of the ovine palatine and pharyngeal tonsils

Although ovine tonsils play a major role in prion diseases, their morphology is poorly documented and morphometric data are sparse. Therefore, a stereological assessment of the surface area of the palatine and pharyngeal tonsils of five sheep was performed. The epithelial surface area of both tonsils is considerably increased by the presence of tonsillar crypts and folds. The mean epithelial surface area of the paired palatine tonsil was 7.14 cm(2) and that of the pharyngeal tonsil was 23.5 cm(2). In comparison with the paired palatine tonsil, the volume of the pharyngeal tonsil was almost two times larger, whilst its surface area was more than three times larger.     

Immunohistochemical detection of parainfluenza type 3 virus antigens in paraffin sections of pneumonic caprine lungs

Pneumonia is a leading cause of loss to ruminants throughout the world. Parainfluenza type-3 virus (PI-3) is one of the most important respiratory pathogens of bovine and ovine. In this study, prevalence of PI-3 virus infection as causative agent of pneumonia in goats was investigated. For this purpose, a total of 1505 goat lungs slaughtered in Bitlis and Van slaughterhouses were grossly examined and pneumonia was detected in 74 cases (4.91%). Lesions were more frequently encountered in anteroventral lobes than caudal lobes. With the exception of verminous pneumonia observed in 32 cases, immunohistochemical examinations were performed on 42 pneumonic lungs. Formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded lung tissue samples were immunohistochemically stained by the avidin-biotin-peroxidase complex procedure using polyclonal antibodies to detect PI-3 viral antigens. The presence of PI-3 viral antigens was detected in 28 (66.6%) of 42 pneumonic lungs. Viral antigens were found most frequently in the cytoplasm of bronchiolar epithelial cells, type II pneumocytes, and less frequently in the epithelial cells of bronchial glands, syncytial cells, alveolar macrophages, and lymphocytes and plasma cells. In conclusion, it was found that there was a close relationship between the pneumonia in goats and the presence of PI-3 viral antigens. Incidence of PI-3 virus in pneumonic lungs of goats was detected to be very high in the present study performed in the region of Bitlis and Van, Turkey.