砧木及抗性马尾松松脂组分对松材线虫的响应

目的 通过对马尾松接种松材线虫,分析接种前后松脂化学组分的变化,为马尾松抗松材线虫病的研究提供理论基础。 方法 以浙江省临海市5年生马尾松无性系为研究对象,提取接种前和接种松材线虫1、7、15 d的不同砧木（马尾松砧木和湿地松砧木）、不同抗性（高抗和易感）马尾松的松脂组分,分析各松脂组分含量及动态变化;利用松脂内所得有效萜类对松材线虫实施外源处理,测定松材线虫存活率。 结果 从不同砧木（马尾松砧木和湿地松砧木）、不同抗性（高抗和易感）马尾松中检出19种主要化学组分,其中,α-蒎烯、β-蒎烯、水芹烯、海松酸、山达海松酸、长叶松酸/左旋海松酸、去氢枞酸、枞酸和新枞酸含量较高。接种松材线虫1 d时马尾松砧木中β-月桂烯含量显著高于湿地松砧木（p<0.05）;接种松材线虫7 d与15 d时上述组分含量在不同砧木间无显著差异。不同抗性马尾松中α-蒎烯、β-蒎烯、β-月桂烯、柠檬烯、龙脑、长叶烯、α-石竹烯、反式-β-金合欢烯和新枞酸含量在接种松材线虫后变化规律不同,接种松材线虫1 d时高抗马尾松中α-蒎烯和β-蒎烯含量显著高于易感马尾松;接种松材线虫7 d时高抗马尾松中α-蒎烯、β-蒎烯、柠檬烯和长叶烯含量显著高于易感马尾松（p<0.05）;接种松材线虫15 d时高抗马尾松中α-蒎烯、β-蒎烯、柠檬烯和长叶烯含量显著高于易感马尾松（p<0.05）。对上述萜类组分进行梯度浓度松材线虫外源试验：以150 mg·g−1浓度α-蒎烯溶液处理0.5 h时,松材线虫存活率达20%;不同浓度β-蒎烯溶液对松材线虫抑制作用相同,1.20 mg·g−1浓度处理0.5 h时松材线虫存活率达50%左右;以10 mg·g−1浓度柠檬烯溶液处理0.5 h时,松材线虫存活率趋于零;以10 mg·g−1浓度长叶烯溶液处理0.5 h时,松材线虫存活率达18%。 结论 不同砧木对马尾松抗性无明显作用;接种松材线虫后,α-蒎烯、β-蒎烯、柠檬烯和长叶烯含量存在显著差异,且均为高抗马尾松显著高于易感马尾松。α-蒎烯、β-蒎烯、柠檬烯和长叶烯低浓度下抑制松材线虫活性,与马尾松抗性有关。     

Inhibition activity of essential oils obtained from Japanese trees against <Emphasis Type="Italic">Skeletonema costatum</Emphasis>

The growth inhibition activities of essential oils obtained from Cryptomeria japonica, Chamaecyparis obtusa, and Pinus thunbergii were examined against the bacillariophyceae Skeletonema costatum, also known as red tide plankton. The essential oils were extracted from the heartwood, leaves, and bark of these typical indigenous Japanese conifers. The essential oils from C. japonica bark and P. thunbergii heartwood possessed strong growth inhibition activity. The chemical compositions of these essential oils were analyzed by gas chromatography/flame ionization detection (GC-FID) and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC-MS). α-Terpineol and longifolene were the main components of the essential oil from P. thunbergii heartwood. The C. japonica bark essential oil was mainly composed of α-terpineol, δ-cadinene, isophyllocladene, and ferruginol. Ferruginol and longifolene showed more potent growth inhibition against S. costatum than hinokitiol (β-thujaplicine), which is known to be a strong antifungal compound among wood components. Ferruginol and longifolene were important factors for the growth inhibition activity of the essential oils from C. japonica bark and P. thunbergii heartwood, respectively. These results suggest the possibility of using C. japonica bark and P. thunbergii heartwood for the control of red tide plankton.     

Natural autoxidation of longifolene and anti-termite activities of the products

Here, we investigated the reaction mechanism of longifolene autoxidation and the bioactivities of its products. A longifolene sample was autoxidized at 120 °C or room temperature, and the products were analyzed by gas chromatography. Longicamphenylone, norlongilactone, isolongifolic acid, longifolic acid, and longifolene–hydroxy ketone were detected as the products in the autoxidation at 120 °C. During the reaction, longifolene was converted into the other autoxidation products via the formation of longifolene oxide as an intermediate. Anti-termite activities of the longifolene and its autoxidation products were examined against a Japanese subterranean termite (Reticulitermes speratus Kolbe) by paper disk methods in Petri dishes. Longifolene and the autoxidation products exhibited anti-R. speratus activities, and all the autoxidation products had stronger termiticidal and antifeedant activities than longifolene.     

Effects of monoterpenes on Fomes annosus (Fr.) Cooke and its phenol oxidase activity

Fomes annosus was cultivated subject to vapours of monoterpenes. Three monoterpenes were tested separately: α-pinene, β-pinene and 3-carene. The terpenes inhibited the dry matter production of the fungus but extracellular phenol oxidase activity was increased, particularly when the fungus was exposed to vapours of β-pinene and 3-carene.     

Studies on Ectomycorrhizae of Pine

As a gas phase all the monoterpenes and the sesquiterpene longifolene used in the present study inhibited the extension growth of Phytophthora cinnamomi and Fomes annosus. The forementioned compounds are constituents of ectomycorrhizal root systems of Scots pine. It is suggested that compounds of host origin play an important role in the disease resistance of ectomycorrhizal root systems.     

Molecular sieving behavior of carbonized wood: selective adsorption of toluene from a gas mixture containing α-pinene

The adsorption properties of wood carbonized at various temperatures were investigated using a mixed gas containing toluene and α-pinene. Hinoki (Chamaecyparis obtusa) samples carbonized at 500°–1100°C were exposed to gas mixtures of toluene and α-pinene at 20°C. The samples carbonized at 500°–700°C only adsorbed toluene, whereas those carbonized at 800°–1100°C adsorbed both toluene and α-pinene. Analysis of the surface structure of the carbonized wood by nitrogen adsorption at liquid nitrogen temperature indicated that the sample carbonized at 700°C had micropores mainly 0.6 nm in diameter and few mesopores, whereas the samples carbonized at 900°C and 1100°C had mesopores and micropores larger than 0.8 nm in diameter. With the sample carbonized at 700°C, the flat-shaped toluene molecules could probably penetrate into the narrower pores, 0.8 nm in diameter, whereas the bulky globular-shaped α-pinene molecules could not. Carbonization at temperatures higher than 900°C probably enlarged the pore size and thereby reduced the selectivity of adsorption. The results revealed that wood carbonized below activation temperature has a unique flat-pore structure that seems to work as a kind of molecular sieving carbon, successfully removing only the harmful volatile organic compound (VOC), toluene, and leaving behind a pleasant aroma of α-pinene in the atmosphere.     

Interactions between Agrobacterium tumefaciens and coniferous defence compounds α-pinene and trans-stilbene

The ability of Agrobacterium species to infect gymnosperms is generally poor, but as a gene transfer vector Agrobacterium would have several advantages. This study characterizes interactions between coniferous defence compounds, a monoterpene α-pinene and a phenolic constituent trans-stilbene, and Agrobacterium tumefaciens. Of the chemical constituents studied, α-pinene in doses equal to the concentrations found in wounded trees prevented the growth of A. tumefaciens. Neither α-pinene nor trans-stilbene inhibited virulence gene induction in A. tumefaciens, but both compounds caused a reduction in the frequency of gall formation in susceptible woody model plants (birch seedlings) when applied after the vir-induction. This effect was smaller with the strain A281(pTVK291) containing extra copies of the virA, virB, virG, and virC genes than with the wild-type strain A28l. The efficiency of Agrobacterium-mediated transformation in a model gymnosperm, Scots pine, could not be enhanced by using the strains containing a constitutive mutant of virG gene or extra copies of virA and virG. The results suggest that the inefficiency of Agrobacterium spp. in infecting many conifers is not the result of insufficient vir-gene induction but rather is the result of interference by chemical defence compounds during the later stages of T-DNA-transformation.     

Toxicity of monoterpenes from Pinus radiata cortical oleoresin to Diplodia pinea spores1

The effect on spore germmation and germ tube growth of Diplodia pinea produced by (+)- α-pinene, (?)-β-pinene, (+)-Δ³-carene, (?)-limonene, β-phellandrene, and terpinolene was determined over a range of vapour concentrations. Spore germination was most inhibited by A³-carene; germ tube growth was inhibited by all these monoterpenes except (?)-limonenc and ß-phellandrene. In contrast to the low toxicity of (?)-limonene, (+)-limonene (not known to be present in Pinus radiata cortical oleoresin) was extremely toxic to both spore germination and germ tube growth. The results arc discussed in rotation to an earlier observation that trees free of dieback in the field had high levels of certain monoterpenes.     

Individual variations in monoterpenes released from Cryptomeria japonica and Pinus thunbergii needles

Variations in the compositions of low boiling point (LBP) monoterpenes in needle samples from 99 sugi (Cryptomeria japonica) and 100 kuromatsu (Pinus thunbergii) trees were investigated using a headspace technique. Considerable variations in the proportions of monoterpenes were revealed in both species. In sugi, the proportions of sabinene and α-pinene in the total LBP monoterpenes, ranging from 8.8% to 73.3% and from 14.5% to 73.3%, respectively, showed enormous variations among nine monoterpenes. The proportions of 3-carene and limonene, ranging from 0.1% to 29.5% and from 0.2% to 20.4%, respectively, also showed very specific variations. In kuromatsu, the proportions of β-pinene and α-pinene in the total LBP monoterpenes, ranging from 26.5% to 66.3% and from 18.7% to 46.9%, respectively, showed considerable variations among ten monoterpenes. The proportions of myrcene and 1,8-cineole, ranging from 0.9% to 18.5% and from 0.8% to 12.3%, respectively, also showed specific variations. Part of this article was presented at the 50th Annual Meeting of the Japan Wood Research Society, Kyoto, April, 2000, and the 13th Annual Meeting of the Chugoku Shikoku Branch of the Japan Wood Research Society, Okayama, September 2001     

Rapid changes of induced volatile organic compounds in Pinus massoniana

Using the thermal-desorption cold trap gas chromatography/mass spectrometer (TCT-GC-MS) technique, the composition and relative contents of volatile compounds were analyzed in undamaged (control), insect-damaged (ID) and artificially-damaged (AD) leaves of Pinus massoniana in field at different times and levels of damage. Results showed that although volatile substances were highly released earlier in AD leaves plants, they were significantly less abundant in AD than in ID leaves treatments. Also, the damage level considerably influenced the changes of induced volatile products from leaves. Compared with the control, the emission rate of camphene, β-pinene, phellandrene, caryophyllene and (E)-farnesene was high after 1 h in 25%–40% ID-affected leaves, whereas that of tricyclene, myrcene, camphene, β-Pinene, phellandrene and caryophyllene reached its maximum after 24 h in 60%–75% ID-affected leaves. In the same manner, some volatile compounds in the AD leaves treatment displayed their peaks just after 1 h, but others after 24 h. The AD and ID leaves at the damage level of 25%–40% did not exhibit an obvious regularity with time; however, in 60%–75% AD leaves, peaks of volatile substances were attained after 1 or 2 h. Our results also showed that the relative content of β-pinene increased and was higher in damaged than control plants. β-pinene plays an important role in inducing the insect resistance of P. massoniana trees. __________ Translated from Scientia Silvae Sinicae, 2006, 42(4): 65–70 [译自: 林业科学]     

Tropical red gums — a source of 1,8-cineole-rich Eucalyptus oil

Tropical provenances of Eucalyptus camaldulensis Dehnh. and E. tereticornis Smith were studied, in their natural habitat in Australia and in a 3.75-year-old progeny trial in Zimbabwe, for their potential to produce medicinal-grade essential oils. Substantial interand intra-specific variation in the contents of five prominent monoterpenes, 1,8-cineole, -pinene, -pinene, limonene and p-cymene was found. Plantations of E. camaldulensis established in the wet/dry tropics using seed from Petford in northern Queensland offer immediate potential for oil production. Other widely-planted Queensland provenances with oil potential are Gilbert River Bridge E. camaldulensis and, after some genetic improvement, E. tereticonis from Morehead and Kennedy Rivers. Select individual trees at Petford provide oil of enhanced quality, at about double the yield of average trees.     

Volatile composition analysis by solid-phase microextraction applied to oak wood used in cooperage (Quercus pyrenaica and Quercus petraea): effect of botanical species and toasting process

The purpose of this study was to investigate the sorption of selected volatile substances from oak wood-chip samples (Quercus pyrenaica Willd. and Quercus petraea L.) subjected to different toasting levels, namely, without toasting, with medium toasting, and with strong toasting, through the use of solid-phase microextraction (SPME). The main volatile compounds identified as a function of the toasting level and botanical species were furfural, hexanal, α-pinene, d-limonene, decanal, vitispirane, ethyl hexanoate, cis-3-methyl-γ-octalactone (“oak lactone” or “whisky lactone”), α-terpineol, p-xylene, and nonanal. Considering the data obtained from the toasted woods (medium and strong intensity) in comparison with those of nontoasted woods, it can be pointed out that the average peak area and the number of compounds identified in the gas chromatogram decreased during the toasting process. In general, regarding the compounds analyzed, quantitative differences were found between the two oak wood species under study. High values of volatile compounds were found in Quercus pyrenaica oak wood chips. In addition, for the number of compounds identified in oak wood extracts and directly extracted from solid oak wood chips by SPME, it is concluded that the best extraction process for volatile compounds from oak wood is the use of oak wood-chip liquid extracts.     

Chemical composition,phytotoxic and antifungal activities of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Pinus pinea</Emphasis> essential oil

The chemical composition of essential oils isolated by hydrodistillation from the aerial parts of Tunisian Pinus pinea Linn. was analyzed by GC and GC/MS. Sixty-six compounds were identified, representing 98.5% of total oil, which was found to be rich in monoterpene hydrocarbons (73.1%) particularly limonene (54.1%), α-pinene (7.7%), and β-pinene (3.4%). The yield and the physico-chemical properties were determined. Results of the antifungal activity study by in vitro contact assay showed that P. pinea oil significantly inhibited the growth of ten plant pathogenic fungi. Moreover, herbicidal properties of the oil, tested on Sinapis arvensis L., Lolium rigidum Gaud., and Raphanus raphanistrum L., indicated that the oil completely inhibited the seed germination at a high concentration, while at low doses the oil acted by decreasing and delaying the germination and inhibiting the seedling growth of all tested weeds unlike the commercial herbicide. Our results showed that P. pinea essential oil could be valorized as bioproduct for biocontrol of weeds and fungal plant diseases.     

重质松节油精馏过程中长叶烯含量预测模型

为建立重质松节油精馏过程中长叶烯含量快速检测模型,对重质松节油精馏过程中头馏分、中间馏分以及石竹烯等物质含量及旋光度进行监测。结果表明:旋光度与各组分含量的相关密切程度为头馏分含量>长叶烯含量>中间馏分含量>石竹烯含量。旋光度与长叶烯含量符合一元线性回归方程Y=0.4544x+0.1441(R2=0.9968)。长叶烯含量超过80%时,预测精度高。建立长叶烯含量预测模型,缩短精馏过程检测时间,对于提升重质松节油深加工附加值和分离高纯度长叶烯产品具有重要意义。     

Loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) essential oil yields affected by environmental and physiological changes

ABSTRACT

Loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) is one of the most abundant timber species in the United States and needles from this species contain essential oils (EOs) with antibacterial properties. Needles from trees of one loblolly pine clone were assayed for the EOs α-pinene, β-pinene, terpineol, limonene, and caryophyllene across a growing season. Results showed strong positive correlations among EOs, except for caryophyllene, with Pearson’s correlation values ranging from .66–.96. Simultaneously, physiological attributes of tree stomatal conductance, water stress, and environmental attributes including soil moisture, photosynthetic active radiation (PAR), temperature, wind speed, and relative humidity were measured. The plants modulated the EO concentrations as a function of a changing environment season. The collection month had the largest effect on EO yields and highest yields were during the beginning of the growing season. Decreases in EOs were evident as the growing season progressed and as plants exhibited greater water stress, temperatures, solar radiation, and less stomatal conductance and soil moisture. Loblolly pine’s main constituents of EOs were tightly linked and were influenced by seasonal changes (i.e., month); still, environmental/physiological attributes exhibited significant effects on α-pinene, β-pinene, and limonene concentrations. Early spring conditions with ample water were most conducive to high concentrations of EOs.     

Electroantennogram responses of Dendrolimus superans (Lepidoptera: Lasiocampidae) to six volatiles of Larix gmelinii

Dendrolimus superans is one of the important pests feeding on the needles of Larix gmelinii. Six standard compounds, (1R)-(−)-α-pinene, (1S)-(−)-α-pinene, ocimene, (1S)-(−)-β-pinene, R(−)-α-phellandrene and camphene, the main volatiles of L. gmelinii were used to test the electroantennogram (EAG) responses of moths. The results show that the order of the EAG responses of moths to seven concentrations of these six compounds were as follows: mated females > virgin females > unmated males, except for 0.1 μL/μL R(−)-α-phellandrene, where the order was: virgin females > mated females > unmated males. There are statistically significant differences between the EAG responses of virgin females and unmated males (p < 0.05), and also between mated females with virgin females and mated females and unmated males (p < 0.01), which suggests that the mated females are more sensitive to the volatiles of host plant. The results of EAG responses of the mated females, virgin females and unmated males indicate that they are more sensitive to R(−)-α-phellandrene than to the other volatile components. The active time for the EAG responses of both mated females and unmated males occurs during the night, i.e., from 20:00 to 04:00 hours. This is consistent with their eclosion, mating and oviposition periods. __________ Translated from Scientia Silvae Sinicae, 2007, 43(7): 55–60 [译自:林业科学]     

Composition and biological activity of essential oil of Achillea ligustica All. (Asteraceae) naturalized in central Italy: Ideal candidate for anti-cariogenic formulations

Essential oil from flowers (FL) and vegetative parts (VP) of Achillea ligustica (Asteraceae), naturalized after cultivation in central Italy, was investigated by GC–FID and GC–MS. The most abundant components were linalool, viridiflorol, β-pinene, 1,8-cineole and terpinen-4-ol. The antioxidant assays (DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging assays, and β-carotene bleaching test) demonstrated a moderate activity of essential oils. The antimicrobial activity was evaluated by the broth micro-dilution method on 6 microbial strains and showed to be quite strong against the cariogenic Gram-positive Streptococcus mutans, suggesting that this essential oil could be a valid candidate for anti-cariogenic formulations. Moderate cytotoxic activity was observed in assays on four tumour cell lines by MTT assay.     

In vitro influence of phosphite on chlamydospore production and viability of Phytophthora cinnamomi

Chlamydospores of four isolates of Phytophthora cinnamomi were produced on mycelium grown on medium with or without 100 μg phosphite/ml, then tested for germination on medium containing no phosphite or 100 or 160 μg phosphite/ml. For each isolate when spores were produced on medium without phosphite, there was no effect of phosphite on germination. However, chlamydospores produced in the presence of 100 μg phosphite/ml showed significantly lower germination on media with no phosphite, 100 or 160 μg phosphite/ml than those produced in the absence of phosphite. For isolates known to be phosphite sensitive, the level of viable non‐germinated chlamydospores was higher amongst those produced on medium containing phosphite than amongst the controls, suggesting phosphite induces chlamydospore dormancy in some isolates of P. cinnamomi. Chlamydospores were produced uniformly across the radius of colonies on solid or liquid control media, but on media containing 100 μg phosphite/ml, chlamydospore production was lower in the centre of the colony and peaked at a point where mycelial morphology changed from tightly packed to sparse. This change in mycelial morphology and the peak in chlamydospore numbers did not occur when the pathogen was grown on liquid medium renewed every few days. In renewed medium, chlamydospores were evenly distributed across the radius of the colony.     

Monitoring the emission of volatile organic compounds from the leaves of Calocedrus macrolepis var. formosana using solid-phase micro-extraction

In this study, solid-phase micro-extraction (SPME) fibers coated with polydimethylsiloxane/divinylbenzene (PDMS/DVB), coupled with gas chromatography/mass spectrometry, were used to monitor the emission patterns of biogenic volatile organic compounds (BVOCs) from leaves of Calocedrus macrolepis var. formosana Florin. in situ. In both sunny and rainy weather, the circadian profile for BVOCs from C. macrolepis var. formosana leaves has three maximum emission cycles each day. This kind of emission pattern might result from the plant’s circadian clock, which determines the rhythm of terpenoid emission. Furthermore, emission results from the leaves demonstrated that the circadian profile of α-pinene observed was opposite to the profiles of limonene and myrcene, a difference that may be attributable to two different subpathways for terpenoid biosynthesis.     

Essential oil from the leaves of Cryptomeria japonica acts as a silverfish (Lepisma saccharina) repellent and insecticide

This is the first article to report the evaluation of a natural product used as an antisilverfish agent. Silverfish (Lepisma saccharina), primitive wingless insects, feed on a variety of materials, including paper, cotton, starch, and cereals. They can be a problem in libraries and other places where books, documents, and papers are stored. In this pilot study, the essential oil from leaves of Cryptomeria japonica was investigated to test its properties as a silverfish repellent and insecticide. The results from a repellency bioassay show that the essential oil significantly repelled silverfish. The repellent activity was 80% at a dosage of 0.01 mg/cm³. When silverfish were exposed to a concentration of 0.16 mg/cm³ of essential oil, they were killed within 10h. The chemical composition of essential oil, the emissions from a test chamber, and the residue left on filter papers previously soaked with the essential oil in a chamber were analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The components of the essential oil were found to be: elemol (18.22%), 16-kaurene (11.63%), 3-carene (9.66%), sabinene (9.37%), 4-terpineol (9.06%), β-eudesmol (5.70%), α-pinene (5.62%), and limonene (5.26%). Only some constituents of the essential oil compounds collected by solid-phase microextraction were found to be emitted in the test chamber. The main constituents were: 3-carene (21.03%), p-cymene (10.95%), limonene (9.49%), β-myrcene (9.39%), γ-terpinene (9.10%), α-terpinene (8.57%), and 4-terpineol (7.97%).