“射干地龙”颗粒防治鸡肾型传染性支气管炎临床效果

为确定射干地龙颗粒防治鸡肾型传染性支气管炎的临床效果,将其用于鸡肾型传染性支气管炎病鸡群的防治。试验将27日龄的肾型传染性支气管炎病雏鸡1500只随机分成三组,每组500只。Ⅰ组用0.5%碳酸氢钠(Na HCO3)饮水,Ⅱ组为空白对照组,Ⅲ组以射干地龙颗粒0.5g/kg.体重饮水,连续治疗7 d。试验结果:Ⅰ组、Ⅱ组、Ⅲ组死亡率分别为5%(25/500)、23.8%(119/500)、3.4%(17/500)。试验证明,射干地龙颗粒治疗肾型传染性支气管炎具有较好疗效。     

鸡肾病变型传染性支气管炎的诊断与防治

鸡肾病变型传染性支气管炎的诊断与防治鸡肾病变型传染性支气管炎（简称肾型传炎）是一种急性，有高度接触性传染的呼吸道疾病，以气管罗音、咳嗽、打喷嚏、腹泻为特征。近年来，在专业户的规模饲养过程中，此病发生率逐渐增高，死亡率达２０—４０％，给养殖户造成较大的...     

一例鸡肾型传染性支气管炎的诊治

近几年鸡肾型传染性支气管炎的发病率逐年增加，死亡率比较高。80％蛋鸡发病后会影响产蛋率，导致蛋鸡产蛋量达不到高峰。而且发病日龄越小，死亡率越高，对后期产蛋率影响越大，一般会导致产蛋率下降40％-60％不等，严重影响养禽业的生产。鸡肾型传染性支气管炎属传染性支气管炎的1种，是在特定的环境条件下，某些嗜肾性传染性支气管炎病毒在病鸡全身感染过程中对肾脏产生的损害作用。     

肾复康对人工感染鸡肾型传染性支气管炎的疗效研究

5组 12日龄雏鸡人工感染鸡肾型传染性支气管炎病毒 (IBV),攻毒后 36小时出现临床症状,此时分别按 3‰、 2‰、 1‰的浓度给鸡连续饮水投服肾复康治疗,连用 3天,同时选用“立服能” (Nephry1)作药物治疗对照,并测定了健康对照鸡、肾型 IB发病鸡、治愈鸡血清尿酸含量。从攻毒开始至 14天后试验结束,治疗组的死亡率分别为 3.3％、 6.6％、 13.3％,对照药物治疗组为 6.6％,人工发病未治疗组临床症状、病理变化都较典型,死亡率为 40％,健康对照组无死亡。由此可见,肾复康通过促进尿酸排泄,明显降低了鸡肾型传染性支气管炎的死亡率,且和“立服能”的疗效相近。     

中药治疗鸡肾型传染性支气管炎临床试验研究

由两种兽用中药复方制剂禽族得乐和复方黄芪治疗鸡肾型传染性支气管炎,实验表明,禽族得乐治疗患肾型传染性支气管炎鸡群,其临床症状消失快于复方黄芪。     

荆芥组方对鸡肾型传染性支气管炎防治效果观察

本试验采取随机分组,病理模型复制的方法,试验中将14日龄AA肉雏鸡240只随机分为受试药物组(高、中、低3个剂量)、中药对照组、西药对照组、疫苗对照组、阴性对照组、健康对照组共8个组,每组30只,以验证中药荆芥组方对鸡肾型传染性支气管炎的效果。将试验鸡人工感染肾型传染性支气管炎病毒(IBV),观察中药组方对雏鸡保护作用。结果表明,本组方对肾型传染性支气管炎病毒感染雏鸡具有明显的保护作用,可以用于鸡肾型传染性支气管炎的预防和治疗。     

鸡肾型传染性支气管炎的诊治

鸡肾型传染性支气管炎（肾型IB)是由肾型鸡传染性支气管炎病毒（肾型IBV)所引起的鸡的一种以肾脏病变为主的高度接触性病毒性传染病。它可引起雏鸡死亡，产蛋鸡产蛋量和蛋的质量下降，是目前发生较多，流行范围广，雏鸡死亡高的一种严重传染病之一。该病给养鸡业造成了巨大的损失，因此，正确诊断和防治该病已成为广大养鸡户十分关注的问题。为此，笔者对某肉鸡场发生鸡肾型传染性支气管炎的诊治经验介绍一下，以供养鸡户借鉴。     

鸡肾肿病变性疾病的防治──来稿摘登

近几年来，在鸡病的诊治中，发现有肾肿病变的病冽日益增多。引起鸡肾肿病变的病因很多，其中以肾型传染性支气针灸、鸡甘保罗病、营养代谢病引起的肾肿、尿酸盐沉积最为常见，现将部分来稿摘登如下。一、肾型传染性支气管炎引起的肾昨河南省淇县禽病防治所曲‘k林，山西省农科院兽研所王红宝、郭雪丽，河南省滑县高手良西鸡场席视本，陕西榆林畜牧兽医中心站薛长春，浙江省杭州币近江种鸡场徐伟华等来稿，阐述了引起鸡肾肿、尿酸盐沉积的病因，临诊表现，病理剖检变化及实验室的诊断方法。着重介绍了肾型传染性支气管炎的防治：1．不论什么…     

鸡肾型传染性支气管炎的诊治

鸡肾型传染性支气管炎(以下简称肾传支)是由鸡传染性支气管炎致肾病变型毒株引起的一种鸡的急性、高度接触性传染病。通过对安宁渠及周围地区发生的肾传支的诊治,说明肾传支在本地区广泛存在且危害严重,送检病例中鸡肾型传染性支气管炎发病率20%,病死率30%～40%,主要因肾功能衰竭、自体中毒引起死亡。经诊治用以肾肿解毒药、抗病毒药物及中药为主的综合性防治措施治疗该病效果显著,用肾型传染性支气管炎弱毒苗配合油乳剂灭活苗防疫免疫保护有效。     

肾型传支发病鸡群传支抗体变化规律的研究

鸡肾型传染性支气管炎是由冠状病毒属的禽传染性支气管炎病毒(IBV)引起的一种以侵害鸡肾脏为主的急性、高度接触性传染病,对呼吸道和泌尿生殖道造成损伤。由于本病无特异治疗方法,给养鸡业造成极大损失。为了监测肾型传支发病鸡群的抗体消长情况,     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

The Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.     

Diversity of Ectoparasites in Sheep Flocks in Sa~o Paulo,Brazil

The occurrence of ectoparasites in sheep flocks is frequently reported but seldom quantified. Sheep production used to be a predominantly family activity in the state of Sa~o Paulo (Brazil), but it began to become a commercial activity in the past decade. Thus, information about the ectoparasites existing in sheep flocks has become necessary. The present data were obtained by means of questionnaires sent to all sheep breeders belonging to the `Associaça~o Paulista de Criadores de Ovinos' (ASPACO; Sa~o Paulo State Association of Sheep Breeders). Response reliability was tested by means of random visits paid to 10.6% of the respondents. Most of the properties (89.5%) reported the presence of one or more ectoparasites. Screw-worm (Cochliomyia hominivorax) was the most frequent ectoparasite (72.5%), followed by bot fly larvae (Dermatobia hominis, 45.0%), ticks (Amblyomma cajennense) and Boophilus microplus, 31.3%) and finally lice (Damalinia ovis, 13.8%). Combined infestations also occurred, the most common one being screw-worm with bot fly larvae (36.0%) followed by bot fly larvae with ticks (13.9%), screw-worm with ticks (9.3%), bot fly larvae with lice (6.9%), and ticks with lice (5.0%). The most common triple combination was screw-worm, bot fly larvae and ticks (12.8%). Breeds raised for meat or wool were attacked by bot fly larvae and ticks more often than other breeds. Lice were only absent from animals of indigenous breeds. The relationships among these ectoparasites are discussed in terms of sheep breeds, flock size, seasonality and the ectoparasitic combinations on the host.     

Evaluation of biohydrogenation rate of canola vs. soya bean seeds as unsaturated fatty acids sources for ruminants in situ

An experiment was conducted to study disappearance of C14 to C18 fatty acids, lag times and biohydrogenation (BH) rates of C18 fatty acids of ground soya bean and canola seeds in situ. Three ruminally fistulated Dallagh sheep were used to determine ruminal BH of unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs). Differences in the disappearance of fatty acids through the bags and lag times were observed between the oilseeds. We saw that the longer the incubation time of the oilseeds in the rumen, the lower the content of C18:2 and C18:3. Significantly higher lag times for both C18:2 and C18:3 were observed in ground canola compared to ground soya bean. BH rates of C18:2 and C18:3 fatty acids in soya bean were three times higher than those of canola. These results suggest that the fatty acid profile of fat source can affect the BH of UFAs by rumen micro‐organisms. So that UFAs of canola had higher ability to escape from ruminal BH. It seems that fatty acid profile of ruminant products is more affected by canola seed compared to soya bean seed.     

Serum biochemical values and mineral element contents of tissues in yaks

Serum biochemical values and the wet weight to dry weight ratios of tissues were determined in yaks in Shandan county of Gansu province. The liver, kidney, heart and muscle contents of seven elements in yaks were also analysed. Most serum biochemical values were similar to those of cattle, camels and sheep, but the calcium concentration was considerably above the normal range for other ruminants. The liver contained the highest concentrations of copper, manganese and cobalt and the kidney of selenium, iron and calcium.Abbreviations Alb albumin - ALT alanine aminotransferase - AST aspartate aminotransferase - BUN blood urea nitrogen - Chol cholesterol - Glob globulin - -GT -glutamyl transpeptidase - IP inorganic phosphorus - TP total protein     

Evaluation of the Microbiological Status of Milk and Various Structures in Mammary Glands from Naturally Infected Dairy Cows

A knowledge of the microbiological status of milk and of the different structures in the mammary glands has great importance in elucidating the pathogenesis of mammary gland infections. The objective of this study was to evaluate the microbiological status of various structures in the mammary glands from naturally infected dairy cows following slaughter. A total of 94 samples of milk, 184 samples of mammary parenchyma, 168 samples of gland cisterns, and 168 samples of teat cisterns were collected for microbiological examination. Microorganisms were detected in 59.9% of all samples, 67.0% of the milk samples, 70.1% of the mammary parenchymas, 55.9% of the gland cisterns and 48.8% of the teat cistern samples. When all samples were considered, coagulase-negative Staphylococcus were the most prevalent (35.7%) followed by coagulase-positive Staphylococcus (12.2%), Corynebacterium bovis (2.4%), Prototheca sp. (1.9%), and Streptococcus dysgalactiae (1.5%). There was a significantly higher occurrence of microorganisms in the milk and mammary parenchyma compared to the gland cisterns and teat cisterns. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Development and survival of free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes of sheep and goats on pasture in the Nigerian derived savanna

Four grass plots were sequentially contaminated with goat faeces containing known numbers of unembryonated eggs of predominantly Haemonchus contortus and Trichostrongylus spp. between October 1982 and April 1983. Four other plots were similarly contaminated with sheep faeces between February and May 1987. An additional plot was repeatedly contaminated with sheep faeces from February to April 1987. Populations of free-living stages in faeces and of infective larvae (L₃) in the herbage were subsequently monitored until the end of April and June of 1983 and 1987 respectively. During February and May 1987 two control cultures of sheep faeces were incubated in the laboratory at 25°C–30°C and at a constant temperature of 50°C and the free-living development was also monitored. L₃ developed very readily in the faeces cultured at 25°C–30°C and in those spread on a grass plot in October, at the end of the wet season, but developed less on the plot contaminated in May at the start of the wet season. Worm eggs in faeces deposited on plots during the hot dry season (December to April) or incubated at 50°C died and disintegrated after 24–48 h exposure to the high environmental temperatures. The results indicate that it is unlikely that gastrointestinal nematodes of sheep and goats can develop or survive on open pasture during the dry season in the Nigerian derived savanna zone.