Use of ten gram samples of corn for determination of mycotoxins

Data were gathered, during a study on the development of an automated system for the extraction, cleanup, and quantitation of mycotoxins in corn, to determine if it was scientifically sound to reduce the analytical sample size. Five, 10, and 25 g test portions were analyzed and statistically compared with 50 g test portions of the same composites for aflatoxin concentration variance. Statistical tests used to determine whether the 10 and 50 g sample sizes differed significantly showed a satisfactory observed variance ratio (Fobs) of 2.03 for computations of pooled standard deviations; paired t-test values of 0.952, 1.43, and 0.224 were computed for each of the 3 study samples. The results meet acceptable limits, since each sample's t-test result is less than the published value of the /t/, which is 1.6909 for the test conditions. The null hypothesis is retained since the sample sizes do not give significantly different values for the mean analyte concentration. The percent coefficients of variation (CVs) for all samples tested were within the expected range. In addition, the variance due to sample mixing was evaluated using radioisotope-labeled materials, yielding an acceptable CV of 22.2%. The variance due to the assay procedure was also evaluated and showed an aflatoxin B, recovery of 78.9% and a CV of 11.4%. Results support the original premise that a sufficiently ground and blended sample would produce an analyte variance for a 10 g sample that was statistically comparable with that for a 50 g sample.     

森林干扰度评价方法及应用——以中国科学院沈阳应用生态研究所清原森林生态实验站为例

基于不同森林类型所受干扰不同,以中国科学院沈阳应用生态研究所清原森林生态实验站为例,构建一套适合于该区域的森林干扰度评价指标体系,在此基础上应用最优距离法对不同类型的森林干扰度进行定量化评价。根据多样性(5个指标)、生产力(3个指标)、林分结构(4个指标)、生态功能(3个指标)、林分健康水平(3个指标)等指标,以阔叶红松林为目标森林,应用距离法评价了清原森林生态实验站现有8个林型的森林干扰度。结果表明,森林干扰度老龄林(0.3178)和阔叶混交林(0.3989)最小,与目标森林的距离最近;其次是蒙古栎林(0.4262)、水曲柳林(0.4870)、花曲柳林(0.4983)、胡桃楸林(0.5016);红松人工林(0.6358)和落叶松人工林(0.6864)最大,表明人工林与目标森林的距离最远。     

Review of Compendium of Beet Diseases and Pests

ABSTRACT

This study was conducted to determine, by investment analysis, the profitability and feasibility of fruit farms in the Middle Black Sea region of Turkey. The criteria of Net Present Value (NPV), Cost-Benefit Ratio (CBR), and Internal Rate of Return (IRR) were used for investment analysis. Three different discount rates (10%, 8%, and 5%) were used to get the NPV and CBR for peach and cherry. The NPVs for peach were found to be positive (573.0 $/da, 793.47 $/da, and 1248.6 $/da) [1 da (dekar) = 1,000 square meters of land]. The NPVs for cherry were also found to be positive (3467.6 $/da, 4323.4 $/da, and 6143.3 $/da). In addition, the CBRs for peach were greater than 1 (1.18, 1.21, and 1.27) and the CBRs for cherry were greater than 1 (1.81, 1.87, and 1.94). The IRR was 19.81% for peach and 45.31% for cherry. From the results of the study, it can be concluded that investment in fruit farming is economically feasible and that fruit farming-especially cherry-can be one of the most important income sources for farmers in the Middle Black Sea research region in Turkey.     

百合农杆菌介导的遗传转化受体系统的建立

以麝香百合"素雅"(white-Elegance)作为供试材料建立了百合农杆菌介导的受体系统。鳞茎片的诱导分化以MS培养基中添加0.5mg/L6-BA 0.2mg/LNAA为最好;再生苗鳞茎片的不定芽分化以MS培养基中添加1.0mg/L6-BA 0.2mg/LNAA为最好;再生苗小叶柄的诱导以MS培养基中添加1mg/LNAA为佳。确定了再生苗不同部位适宜的抗生素筛选浓度,卡那霉素的筛选浓度小鳞茎块确定为125mg/L,而小叶柄确定为75mg/L;头孢霉素抑菌浓度确定为250mg/L。     

离子专性吸附对可变电荷土壤的动电学性质的影响

Studies were carried out by using electrophoretic method on the effects of the specific adsorption of the anions,such as SO4^2-,PO4^3-,and F^- ions,the cations,such as Ca^2 ,Mn^2 ,Zn^2 ,and Cu^2 ,ions,and the anions and cations coexisting,such as Zn^2 and SO4^2= ions,on electrokinetic properties of the red soils as typical variable charge soils in China concerning variation in the specific ion species and concentrations,with an emphasis on the interaction between soil colloid surfaces and the ions in soil solutions.The results showed that the adsorption of specific ions led to a very pronounced decrease in zeta potentials of the soil colloids and a shift of the IEPs to lower values for specific anions,and an obvious increase in zeta potentials of the soil colloids and a shift of the IEPs to higher values for specific cations.Under circumstances of the specific anions and cations coexisting,for instance,Zn^2 and SO4^2- ions,the zeta potentials changed with values higher than the value for SO4^2- alone and lower than that for Zn^2 alone,and the IEP was between that for Zn^2 and that for SO4^2-.The adsorption of Zn^2 and Cu^2 ions resulted in a reversal of the zeta potentials,and appearance of two IEPs for Zn^2 and no IEP for Cu^2 ,exhibiting interesting special effects of these kinds of metal ions.The higher the concentrations of the ions,the greater the change of the electrokinetic properties.     

Simulation of in-situ bioremediation of phenol contaminated sandy aquifers I. Effect of sand sizes

Laboratory scale porous media biofilm reactors were used to evaluate the effect of biofilm thickness on media porosity and permeability. Media tested consisted of three different sizes of sand (0.4, 0.3, and 0.2 mm). A set of fifteen columns was used in this experiment, five columns for each size of sand. Columns were operated under constant piezometric head (2.5 m) conditions, resulting in a decreasing flow rate with biofilm development. During the experiment, variations in the piezometric head, substrate concentration, and growth in biomass as well as volatile solids were monitored in space and time. Phenol (15 mg/L) was used as a growth substrate. The reductions in hydraulic conductivity were found to be 97% for the coarse sand (0.4 mm), 96% for the medium size sand (0.3 mm), and 93.7% for the fine sand (0.2 mm). The respective removal of phenol in these columns was 96% for the coarser sand, 97.9% for the medium size sand, and 98.8% for the finer sand. Steady-state effluent phenol concentrations occurred simultaneously with uniform hydraulic conductivity reduction after 50 days of operation. The concentration of volatile solids near the column inlets and outlets, after 58 days of operation, ranged between 9.8 and 4.04 mg/g for the coarse sand, 11.2 and 6.2 mg/g for the medium size sand, and 11.8 and 6.2 mg/g of sand for the fine sand, respectively. The number of colonies near the column inlets and outlets was 2800 × 10¹⁰/mL and 1480 x 10¹⁰/mL for the coarse sand, and 2840 × 10¹⁰/mL and 1520 × 10¹⁰/mL for the medium sand, and 2890 × 10¹⁰/mL and 2120 × 10¹⁰/mL for the fine sand.     

山西采煤造成的土地荒漠化及趋势分析

 以山西省煤矿区土地为研究对象,对山西省采煤破坏土地所造成土地荒漠化程度、范围、分布等方面进行研究,应用山区地表移动变形预测数学模型和统计学方法,对未来5年煤矿区的土地破坏状况进行预测。结果表明:1949—2004年间,山西省因采煤导致的土地荒漠化面积累计1151.9 km2,其中采煤塌陷面积1 113.8 km2,废弃物压占面积15.1 km2,露天开采破坏面积23.0km2。在采煤塌陷破坏的土地中,耕地占42.8%,未利用地占43.2%,其他已利用地占14%。采煤塌陷土地破坏程度的比例为轻度42.6%,中度39.0%,重度18.4%。预测结果表明:到2010年山西省煤矿区的土地破坏总面积将达到1853.9 km2,其中塌陷地1 811.7km2。研究结果为山西省煤矿区土地荒漠化治理、生态环境评价以及可持续生态系统的重建,提供了翔实的基础数据和决策依据。     

Testing of the hydromechanical prediction model of soil erosion under the conditions of Georgia

A hydromechanical model for predicting water (rain-induced) soil erosion was tested on the experimental plots of the Research Institute of Tea and Subtropical Crops in Zendidi village (the Ajara Autonomous Republic) and the Sabashvili Institute of Soil Science, Agrochemistry, and Melioration in Khevi and Kitskhi villages (Upper Imeretia, Western Georgia). A comparison of factual and predicted values of rain-induced erosion for the plots with permanent black fallow showed that the model overestimated the average annual soil loss for the yellow-brown strongly eroded soil in Zendidi village by 23.22 t/ha (133%). This value ranged in different years from 18 to 1052%. For the plots with corn, the predicted value of annual erosion was by 16.94 t/ha higher than the factual value (overestimation of 488%). A comparison of factual and predicted values of rainfall erosion for the plots under sprinkling irrigation also showed that the predicted soil loss was higher than the factual one by 4.14–30.40 t/ha for corn, 6.76–11.14 t/ha for winter wheat, and 15.75–24.12 t/ha for the plots with stubble of winter wheat and barley. Thus, the hydromechanical model for predicting water erosion inadequately describes it under the conditions of Western Georgia and has to be refined.     

土壤重金属生物淋滤修复过程中廉价碳源的筛选研究

在室内模拟实验条件下,重点研究了一步和二步生物淋滤过程中黑曲霉利用各种廉价碳源替代蔗糖产酸修复重金属污染土壤的效果。结果发现,杨树叶、桃树叶、土豆皮去除重金属效果较好。其中杨树叶对冶炼厂土壤中重金属去除率分别为Cu63．5％、Cd100％、Pb16．8％和Zn27％;桃树叶去除效果分别为Cu61．8％、Cd100％、Pb14．6％和Zn28．5％;土豆皮去除效果分别为Cu61％、Cd100％、Pb10．6％和Zn34％。廉价碳源的使用可降低污染土壤生物淋滤修复成本。     

猪场废水厌氧消化液后处理技术研究及工程应用

猪场废水经过厌氧消化后，可生化性变差，BOD₅/COD仅为0.19，并且碳、氮倒置，比例严重失调，给后续好氧处理带来很大困难。采用序批式活性污泥法(SBR)工艺直接处理厌氧消化液，污染物的去除效果很差，COD仅去除8.31%，NH₃-N去除78.7％。通过改善厌氧消化液的可生化性和培养高效脱氮菌种等措施，COD、NH₃-N去除率改善显著，COD、BOD₅与SS的去除分别达到89.6%～93.4%、97.9%，95.6%，特别是对NH₃-N，达到了99%以上去除效率。将实验室结果应用于实际工程，也取得了好的效果，工程上SBR系统对猪场废水厌氧消化液的COD去除90%左右，出水COD基本上在300 mg/L以下。NH₃-N去除率大于99%，出水NH₃-N小于10 mg/L。BOD₅去除率大于98%，出水BOD₅小于20 mg/L。TN去除率大于90%。     

旱作区典型土类穿透阻力分布特征及耕层厚度确定

为探明不同土类的穿透阻力变化特征与影响因素,针对中国黄淮海旱作区与东北旱作区的潮土、褐土、黑土、黑钙土、砂姜黑土与棕壤共6种典型土壤,测定了0—40 cm穿透阻力,分析其垂直分布特征,建模分析了0-20 cm内穿透阻力与土壤理化性质(含水量、容重、质地、有机质含量)的量化关系,基于趋势分析,确定了不同土类的耕层厚度。结果表明:(1)在0—40 cm土层内,穿透阻力有着随土层深度的增加先增加后稳定的特征。平均穿透阻力最小的土类和亚类分别为黑钙土1.188 MPa和普通暗潮土0.819 MPa,最大的为褐土1.706 MPa和壤质石灰性潮土1.829 MPa。(2)在0—20 cm范围内,针对不同土类,不同建模方法的建模效果不同,偏最小二乘回归适用于潮土、黑土、棕壤,对褐土、砂姜黑土使用多元线性回归效果较好,随机森林回归则适用于黑钙土。开发的经验公式有助于阐明穿透阻力的变化因素。(3)Mann-Kendall法和Pettitt法可以客观地确定并检验耕层厚度,旱作区典型土类耕层厚度从大到小依次为褐土22.5 cm,潮土21.5 cm,棕壤20.0 cm,黑钙土16.0 cm,砂姜黑土15.0 cm,黑土14.0 cm,褐土、潮土、棕壤区可适当深耕,种植根系发达的作物,黑钙土、砂礓黑土、黑土区需要多加保护,减少大规模农机的使用。     

Semi-empirical model of the rill erosion of soils

Semi-empirical equations for describing the erosive and transporting capacities of low-depth flows with account for their interaction with eroded soil were developed and experimentally and theoretically substantiated. These equations can form the basis for a unified model of rill erosion under irrigation, rainfall, and snowmelt runoff conditions.     

基于PSR模型的水土流失区生态 经济系统耦合研究*--以朱溪河流域为例

本研究利用2000年和2009年两期社会经济和自然地理数据, 建立了朱溪河流域生态 经济系统PSR模型, 并采用熵权法为指标体系确权; 利用压力、状态、响应、综合发展水平和耦合协调度等指标, 分析了流域生态 经济系统演化态势和主要驱动因素。结果表明: (1)压力指标呈不均衡变化, 得分从80.0微降为79.0; 系统状态改善明显, 人类响应积极, 得分分别从70.9和67.5上升到94.0和87.5; 综合发展水平快速上升(得分从66.1上升为93.6)且空间差异缩小(变异系数从0.07缩小为0.05), 耦合协调程度下降(得分从92.7下降为83.8)且空间差异有所扩大(变异系数从0.09扩大为0.19), 表明流域生态 经济系统演化迅速但还没有实现系统耦合协调。(2)种植业比重、非农收入、耕地面积、人口流出、土地流转、纯收入和水土保持投入等关键因子控制着流域生态 经济系统演化; 压力、响应因子是系统耦合协调的主要影响因子, 状态因子则是系统综合发展水平的主要影响因子; 这些影响因子是人为调控关键着力点。(3)流域生态 经济系统正从高水平不稳定状态向高水平稳定状态过渡, 处于"系统重建"向"系统耦合"演进的阶段。     

Impact of disaggregation of composite foods on estimates of intakes of meat and meat products in Irish adults

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the impact of the disaggregation of composite foods on intake estimates of meat and individual meat categories and on the contribution of meat to nutrient intakes in Irish adults. DESIGN: Data were analysed from the North/South Ireland Food Consumption Survey, which used a 7-day food diary to estimate food intake. Of 742 food codes that contained meat, 320 were codes for meat consumed as an individual portion and 422 were composite foods and were disaggregated to estimate the meat content. SUBJECTS: A nationally representative sample of 475 men and 483 women (not pregnant or lactating) from the Republic of Ireland aged 18-64 years. RESULTS: The mean intake of meat was 134 g day(-1) in consumers (98.5%) and men (168 g day(-1)) consumed significantly more (P<0.001) than women (102 g day(-1)). Mean intakes of meat were higher in subjects with manual skilled occupations (P<0.01) and lower in those with third-level educational qualifications (P<0.05). Without disaggregating meat from composite foods, meat intake was overestimated by 43% (57 g day(-1)) and varied widely by meat category. Meat disaggregated from composite foods contributed 25% of meat intake. The contribution meat made to nutrient intakes ranged from 29% for protein, vitamin B12, zinc and niacin to 20% for vitamin D, 16% for vitamin B6, 15% for thiamine and 14% for iron. CONCLUSIONS: Failure to disaggregate meat from composite foods substantially overestimates meat intake, with a large variation between meat categories. This has important implications for estimates of meat intakes in nutritional epidemiological studies and for food safety purposes.     

水土保持农业技术措施分类初探

为进一步完善我国水土保持农业技术措施的分类体系,并服务于研究与生产,在论述水土保持农业技术措施的概念、分类现状基础上,依据措施实施的方式、作用和目标,并结合农艺环节,将水土保持农业技术划分为以改变微地形为主的蓄水保墒技术、以提高土壤抗蚀力为主的保护性耕作技术和以增加植物覆盖为主的栽培技术3大类,等高耕作、沟垄种植、坑田、半旱式耕作、深耕翻、保墒、覆盖、深松、少耕、培肥土壤、合理配置作物、播种保苗、栽培13个亚类和等高耕作等44个型,以供参考.     

农业物料碰撞特性试验数据采集系统

介绍了基于计算机的农业物料碰撞特性数据采集系统的组成和测控软件的设计要点。应用结果表明，PCL-1800数据采集卡A/D转换的滞后触发方式和DMA数据传递组合是农业物料碰撞特性数据采集的有效方法。该系统工作可靠，虚拟仪器面板操作简便，实现了农业物料碰撞特性试验数据采集自动化。     

林冠截留降雨研究综述

林冠截留降水是植被对降水到达地面的第一次阻截,也是对降雨的第一次再分配,减少了林地的有效降雨量,是水文循环过程的重要环节。从林冠截留量及影响因素、林冠截留模型和与之相关的林冠覆盖度、叶面积指数的确定方法等方面论述了目前国内外的研究现状,分析当前植被截留研究的发展趋势。     

Analysis of solutions of the equation for the convective diffusion of ions in soil

New analytical solutions are proposed for the problem of the convective-dispersion transfer of salts in a soil layer of finite and semifinite thickness at the boundary conditions of the first and third kinds on the soil’s surface under the alternating (pulsating) impact of washing water. Numerical studies (computer experiments) of the salt transfer equation were performed for the equilibrium sorption and linear sorption isotherms in soils with deep and shallow groundwater tables and for nonequilibrium irreversible sorption (characterized by biological transformation in the soil solution following the first-order kinetics) to examine the effect of the upper and lower boundary conditions on the transfer of salts in a soil. The analysis revealed relationships between the parameters of the convective diffusion equation (for which simpler equations were proposed for calculating the irrigation rates from the average salt content in the soil layer before and after washing), which included the filtration rate, the physicochemical features of the soil and salts, and the degree and depth of the preset desalination. The use of the initial and permissible salt concentrations averaged for the studied layer was substantiated for the first time. After wide experimental validation, the obtained equations can be used in soil-reclamation practice.     

Estimation of source-receptor matrices for deposition of NOx-N

The contributions of the anthropogenic sources of NO_x from various combinations of contiguous U.S. states or Canadian provinces to integrated deposition across selected states or provinces are estimated with the Advanced Statistical Trajectory Regional Air Pollution (ASTRAP) model. The model assumes linearity between emissions and deposition, and uses the same parameterization methods, although with different rates, as in simulations of transport and deposition of SO_X. Vertical distributions of emissions for the two classes of pollutants are substantially different in the gridded inventories used in simulations, with a weighted mean effective emission height of 160 m for NO_X and 310 m for SO_X. This might be expected to lead to an effective transport distance before deposition shorter for NO_X than for SO_X. However, the calculated fraction of NO_X emissions deposited within the contiguous United States and Canada south of 60 deg N (57%) is not greatly different from the fraction calculated for SOX emissions (54%). This suggests that there may be compensating factors in the horizontal distribution of NO_X emissions, and in the lower dry deposition velocities for NO/NO₂ than for SO₂ in ASTRAP.