“城市污泥无害化处理及应用技术研究”通过专家验收

2007年9月29日,石家庄市科技局邀请有关专家组成验收委员会,对河北省林业科学研究院承担的“城市污泥无害化处理及应用技术研究”课题(05924066A-2)进行验收,验收委员会进行了现场查定,听取了项目组的研究工作汇报,查阅了有关技术资料,经过质疑答辩,一致认为:(1)该项目研究完善了城市污泥生态堆肥无害化处理技术,筛选出树皮为污泥堆肥的最佳调理剂,最佳C/N为15-37∶1;(2)提出了以7.5g/L S 2.5g/L FeSO4.7H2O为底物接入含固率8%的污泥中,采用初始pH值6.0,接种物浓度10%,转速180.rmin-1的生物淋滤除镉技术,污泥中镉的去除率达到95%。(3)…     

污泥堆肥对高羊茅生长的影响

通过盆栽土培的试验方法,分析了高羊茅(Festuca arundinacea Schreb)在污泥堆肥中生长特性。结果显示:当污泥堆肥比例为0%、5%、10%时,高羊茅发芽率均在90%以上,当超过15%时,发芽率显著降低,为41.8%;当污泥堆肥比例为10%时,高羊茅的株高、根长、干重达到了最大值,分别为34.4cm、14.9cm、14.58mg。污泥堆肥比例达到15%后,各生长指标显著下降。因此认为:污泥堆肥配置比例以10%为宜。     

污泥混合堆肥的试验研究

指出了随着我国经济的发展、城市化进程的加快,生活污水产量逐年提高,剩余污泥产量也急剧增加。为此,研究了污泥无害化处理和资源化利用的途径之一:污泥经堆肥处理。利用剩余污泥和农业废弃物的有机结合进行堆肥,探讨了污泥和农业废弃物混合堆肥方法、堆肥理化性质。结果表明:污泥与芦苇按重量比100∶12进行混合堆肥时,堆肥体的温度升温较快,含水率的下降幅度较大,有机质含量下降相对较快,且氮磷含量较高,各项指标均符合腐熟度要求。城市污水处理剩余污泥和农业废弃物结合具有农用性,当污泥与芦苇重量比为100∶12时,堆肥的效果较好。     

不同含量污泥堆肥对油松幼苗生长的影响

文章为了解污泥堆肥对油松幼苗生长的影响,研究了不同含量污泥堆肥栽培基质对油松幼苗生长的影响。结果表明,当污泥堆肥含量为30%时,油松幼苗的苗高、地径、地上部分的鲜重和干重均达到最高值,当污泥堆肥含量过高或过低时,均没有达到最佳促进效果。     

C/N对高温堆肥发酵效果的研究

以鸡粪和稻草为试验材料,采用条垛式堆肥方式进行高温堆肥。设置了初始C/N为20、25、30、35、40、45六个处理,系统研究堆肥初始C/N比对堆肥发酵效果。结果表明:(1)堆肥初始C/N在20～40范围内,含水率在65%条件下,堆肥温度在堆制第2天均升至55℃以上并持续3天以上,符合高温快速堆肥发酵的卫生标准。(2)C/N在20～35之间的堆肥总腐殖酸含量呈先降低后升高的变化规律,并且堆肥总腐殖酸含量较高,其中C/N为30总腐殖酸含量最高。(3)堆肥初始C/N在20～35之间发酵效果较好,其中最佳C/N为30。     

树木剪枝堆肥与传统堆肥对土壤化学性质的影响

通过与完熟牛粪肥、腐熟树叶堆肥、树皮畜粪混合堆肥3种传统堆肥进行对比,并以不施肥土壤作对照,研究树木剪枝堆肥对土壤中的全氮全碳含量、阳离子交换能力、有效盐基阳离子浓度的影响.结果表明:施肥1 a后完熟牛粪堆肥、腐熟树叶堆肥、树皮畜粪混合堆肥和树木剪枝堆肥氮素耗损分别为1.10,1.30,1.33和1.44 g/kg,剪枝堆肥中的有机氮素更容易转化为容易被土壤吸收的无机氮素;完熟牛粪堆肥、腐熟树叶堆肥、树皮畜粪混合堆肥和树木剪枝堆肥的全碳损耗分别为1.37,2.73,1.84和4.37 g/kg,相比于传统堆肥,剪枝肥的全碳损耗更大,被分解的碳素明显高于其他传统有机肥;剪枝肥料能加快土壤中微生物的分解效率,导致其微生物活性远高于其他施肥处理;剪枝肥施用1 a后,土壤阳离子交换量、有效盐基阳离子浓度等均显著增加(P＜0.05),从而增加土壤中可被植物吸收的微量营养元素.     

施用污泥堆肥对旱荷花生长和土壤环境的影响

以金华市某污水处理厂污泥为研究对象,研究污泥堆肥对旱荷花生长及土壤环境影响。结果表明,污泥土地利用提高了土壤中N、P及有机质含量,土壤理化性质有明显改善,但同时也增加了土壤中Cd元素的含量,不同处理土壤Cd含量比对照增加了12．95％．154．48％,土壤Pb、Cu、Zn含量变化甚微;长期施用该污泥堆肥,不会造成Pb、Cu、Zn对园林植物的毒害。且污泥堆肥不同处理的效果不同,污泥堆肥70%＋园土20％＋炉渣10％的处理4,旱荷花的开花时间提前,花期延长,开花量增加,施用效果最好。     

施用秸秆炭对黄壤上小白菜生长及镉吸收的影响

以黄壤为供试土壤,小白菜为供试作物,采用盆栽,通过对生物量、株高、镉含量等数据的测定,试验研究水稻秸秆炭和辣椒秸秆炭在不同用量条件下(土重的0.5%和2.5%)对镉污染(镉浓度为5 mg/kg)土壤上小白菜生长和镉吸收的影响。结果表明:与对照相比两种秸秆炭的施用能明显提高土壤pH值以及有机质含量,在施用量为2.5%时,两种秸秆炭处理之间有显著差异;随着施用量的增加,添加水稻秸秆炭处理组小白菜的株高与对照相比分别增加了26.00%和33.22%,地上部鲜重分别是对照的4.95和6.66倍;添加辣椒秸秆炭处理组小白菜的株高与对照相比分别增加了31.08%和35.06%,地上部鲜重分别是对照组的5.47和7.17倍;与此同时,秸秆炭的添加还降低了小白菜对镉的吸收,其降低幅度分别为:水稻秸秆炭15.67%～23.92%;辣椒秸秆炭15.88%～21.65%。综上可见,添加适量秸秆炭能促进小白菜生长,抑制其地上部对镉的吸收。     

污泥堆肥对早熟禾生长及光合特征的影响

设置不同污泥堆肥施用水平(2%、4%、6%、8%、10%),研究了不同施用量对早熟禾生长指标及光合特征的影响。结果表明:不同水平的污泥堆肥施用量对早熟禾株高、叶面积、生物量、叶绿素含量均有一定的促进作用,以污泥堆肥施用量为8%时效果最好;对早熟禾光合作用效率促进效果最好的也是8%的处理;对早熟禾蒸腾作用促进效果最好的是6%的处理;对早熟禾水分利用效率促进效果最好的是10%的处理。     

不同腐熟剂对烟末-腐殖土联合堆肥进程的影响

以废弃烟末和腐殖土为主要原料进行高温堆肥试验,在添加不同有机物料腐熟剂的条件下,采用好氧人工翻堆方式,研究了烟末+腐殖土高温堆肥进程中有机碳、全氮、C/N和T值〔(初始C/N)/(堆肥后C/N)〕的变化规律。结果表明,堆肥33天后,添加BYM菌和VT菌的堆料中有机碳的下降率比不添加腐熟剂的分别提高了49.72%、26.41%;与堆肥前相比,不添加腐熟剂的全氮含量降低了10.50%,而添加BYM菌和VT菌全氮含量增加了27.69%、43.84%,添加腐熟剂处理的C/N值小于20、T值小于0.6,达到完全腐熟。由此可得出,添加腐熟剂加快了烟末-腐殖土联合堆肥过程中有机碳的下降速度和比例,增加了全氮含量,降低了腐熟后堆料的C/N和T值。     

Browsing Damage on Pine (Pinus sylvestris and P. contorta) by a migrating moose (Alces alces) Population in Winter: Relation to Habitat Composition and Road Barriers

In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads.     

Effects of Root Freezing on the Physiology and Growth of Picea glauca,Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana Seedlings Under Different Soil Moisture Regimes

The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage.     

Stand Structure in Pine,Spruce and Deciduous Forests: A Comparison Between Finnish and Russian Karelia

This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland.     

Growth and Terminal Bud Formation in Picea abies Seedlings Grown with Alternating Diurnal Temperature and Different Light Qualities

The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions.     

CAD与建筑设计的关系

本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。     

Natural Regeneration in Clear-cuts: Effects of Scarification,Slash Removal and Clear-cut Age

The effects of soil scarification (mounding), slash removal and clear-cut age on the natural regeneration in clear-cuts was evaluated using data from four sites in southern Sweden. The treatments were carried out during a good seed and establishment year for birch ( Betula pubescens Ehrh. and B. pendula Roth). Scarification had the strongest positive effect on the density of naturally regenerated seedlings, especially in birch, but also in pine ( Pinus sylvestris L.) and spruce [ Picea abies (L.) Karst]. Slash removal had a positive effect on birch density. No statistically significant effect of clear-cut age was found. In addition, no statistically significant interactions between clear-cut age and scarification or slash removal were found. The ingrowth of field vegetation was the fastest in areas that were not scarified, less rapid in areas scarified on old clear-cuts, and the slowest after scarification in fresh clear-cuts. In conclusion, it may be possible to control the density of birch during a good establishment year for birch. If birch is desired, the best combination of treatments is to remove the slash and scarify; otherwise, these treatments should be avoided.     

Risk Perception Among Non-industrial Private Forest Owners

Based on an enquiry, risk perception among non-industrial private forest owners is described in relation to climate change and forestry hazards. Of the respondents, 11% took action to remedy the effects of climate change. Out of a given set, hazards were ranked according to each respondent's experience of recent substantial financial loss to the estate and in relation to his or her willingness to make investments aimed at risk reduction. For each hazard, the respondent assessed the risk in four classes ranging from very high to negligible risk. Six hazards were considered most problematic in all three aspects: browsing damage, falling timber prices, damage by wind, spruce bark beetle, root rot and pine weevil. A majority of the respondents claimed to take action to reduce the risk associated with at least one hazard, while 35% did not know whether they did. Excluding climate change, the need for decision support was the largest in relation to damage by wind owing to a combination of perceived high risk and a high level of ignorance in relation to whether risk-reducing measures were taken.     

Interactions in decomposition and N mineralization between tropical legume residue components

In situ produced plant residues contain a mixture of different plant components of varying quality. To assess synergistic or antagonistic interactions occurring during the decomposition and mineralization of such mixtures, individual plant parts (stems, leaves, leaf litter and roots) or the mixture of stems, leaves and leaf litter of the agroforestry species pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan) or of crop residues of peanut (Arachis hypogaea) or of the weed hairy indigo (Indigofera hirsuta) were incubated in pots for 19 weeks. Periodically, remaining plant residues were sieved out (>2 mm), weighed and N content as well as soil mineral N determined. Above- and below-ground residues of peanut decomposed fastest and showed the largest N release in agreement with their high N concentration and low-acid detergent fibre (ADF) : N ratio. Hairy indigo was hypothesized to be of lower quality than pigeonpea because of its high-polyphenol content. However, it decomposed faster than pigeonpea, largely because of the higher N and lower lignin concentration of its components. Ranking of individual plant components for N mineralization resulted in the following pattern, leaves > leaf litter > roots > stems. In mixtures of the different plant components a similar species order in decomposition was obtained, e.g. peanut > hairy indigo > pigeonpea. The amount of N released from the mixture was dominated by stem material that comprised 46–61% of the mixture. The interactions in mixtures were relatively small for peanut (generally high-quality components) as well as for pigeonpea (low proportion of high-quality components, i.e. N rich leaf material). However, a positive interaction occurred during later stages of N mineralization in the mixture of hairy indigo as it had a significant proportion of N rich components and absence of highly reactive polyphenols. Thus, for plants with low to intermediate chemical quality attributes, manipulating plant composition (e.g. by varying harvest age, affecting stem and leaf proportions) will be important to obtain significant interactions during decomposition when its components are mixed.     

Pasture production and tree growth in a young pine plantation fertilized with inorganic fertilizers and milk sewage in northwestern Spain

The use of organic waste materials such as milk sewage as an organic fertilizer could have the dual advantages of organic-waste disposal and reduced dependence on inorganic fertilizers. The effects of fertilization with (1) conventional mineral fertilization, (2) milk sewage sludge at 40 kg N ha⁻¹ target rate and (3) no fertilization on pasture production and tree growth were examined in an experiment consisting of two pasture mixtures under a one-year-old Pinus radiata plantation with a density of 2500 trees ha⁻¹. The two pasture mixtures were: (1) Dactylis glomerata L. var. saborto (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹); (2) Lolium perenne L. var. Tove (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹). The experiment began in the spring of 1995 using a randomized block design with three replicates in Castro Riberas de Lea (Lugo, Galicia, north-western Spain). Plot size was 12 × 8 m², with a 1 m buffer strip between plots. Two-year data showed that fertilization with either material had a positive effect on pasture production, with no significant difference between the two fertilization treatments. Tree growth in the milk sewage sludge plot was significantly higher than in the control plots. Inorganic fertilization increased pasture production, but affected tree growth negatively. The results show that milk sewage sludge could be used as a fertilizer in silvo-pastoral systems. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.