中国野生大豆和它的近缘的收集、保存和利用

野生作物近缘的保存是一个世界范围的重要的课题,野生的作物近缘拥有更多的遗传多样性对于育成高产、抗病和具有优良品质的作物品种意义重大.文章主要介绍了中国野生大豆及它的近缘的收集保存和利用情况,在过去的40多年中,中国先后进行了3次野生大豆种质资源收集工作,共收集资源8 518份,进行的时间分别为:第一次1978-1982年,第二次1996-2000年,第三次2001年-2010年.这些种质资源采用双轨制进行保存,分别保存在北京的国家基因库和中国的西部干燥区域.同时介绍了中国科研单位对野生大豆品种资源调查研究和利用的情况.     

Genetically modified sunflower release: Opportunities and risks

Sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) is a crop native to North America for which there are no genetically modified commercial varieties. Some of the transgenic traits incorporated in other crops have already been subjected to research and experimentation in sunflower. Several new traits have also been noted, with the most relevant of these being the aim to increase latex production. GM sunflower release would modify crop management through improved mineral nutrition, weed control, insect and disease resistance, and product quality. In this research, the traits investigated were reviewed and analyzed in connection with main crop constraints. These characters could potentially influence agro-ecosystem components and produce a significant environmental impact. In regions where sunflower coexists with wild relatives this situation could affect germplasm resources, with this being especially important at the centre of origin and where Helianthus populations established in Africa, Asia, and Europe.     

Laboratory and field susceptibility of blueberry spanworm (Lepidoptera: Geometridae) to conventional and reduced-risk insecticides

Blueberry spanworm (Itame argillacearia Packard) is a key insect defoliator of wild blueberry, an important crop in north-eastern North America. We evaluated the susceptibility of blueberry spanworm to several reduced-risk insecticides in laboratory and field experiments. Two populations from two Canadian provinces were studied in the laboratory. Both were highly susceptible to flubendiamide, spinetoram and deltamethrin, although there were inter-population differences, and flubendiamide was slower acting. Flubendiamide, spinosad, spinetoram, and methoxyfenozide demonstrated good suppression of economically damaging populations of blueberry spanworm larvae in the field.     

Water absorption characteristics of kenaf core to use as animal bedding material

Kenaf is grown these days as a minor fibre crop in some Asian countries, but also in the US and recently in Southern European countries such as Italy. The yield of extracted bast fibres is below 1/3 of that of the kenaf stem weight. In the US and Europe a profitable outlet for the remaining woody core is important for economical production of the crop. The use of kenaf core as animal bedding material is considered here as potential market outlet. An important aspect for this application is the moisture absorption capacity of the material. This paper describes evaluation of the water absorption capacity of different kenaf core fractions in comparison with other commercial animal bedding materials like straw and wood shavings. The water absorption of kenaf core particles is shown to be in the range of the other tested materials and especially the soft pith material showed very high absorbency.     

Potato genetic resources: Sources of resistance and systematics

The major potato of commerce,Solanum tuberosum L., is the fourth most important food crop in the world after rice, wheat and corn. Fortunately, the potato has many primitive cultivars and wild species relatives useful to reduce our reliance on chemical controls. These include resistances against diseases, pests, and traits for useful agronomic characters such as yield, specific gravity, chipping qualities, and suppression of enzymatic browning. This paper summarizes some of these qualities, and provides an overview of germplasm availability and taxonomy of the wild species. The major potato of commerce,Solanum tuberosum L., is the fourth most important food crop in the world after rice, wheat and maize. It is grown in more countries than any other crop but maize, and forms the staple crop of many societies. Over 280 million metric tons were grown worldwide in 1989, with Eastern Europe growing 46%, Asia 22%, Western Europe 17%, North America 7%, Latin America 5%, and Africa 3% (2). It is the leading vegetable crop in acreage and farm value in the United States, with 1.2 million acres planted in 1991, with a value of sales almost two and one-half billion dollars (53).Solanum tuberosum is one species of a group of seven cultivated and 216 additional tuber-bearing, and nine non-tuber-bearing wild relatives, all classified by Hawkes (41) in the genusSolanum, sectionPetota Dumort The purposes of this paper are threefold: 1) to provide examples of the proven and potential utility of wild and cultivated landrace members of sect.Petota for reducing our reliance on chemical controls for many pests and diseases that affect commercial cultivars, 2) to provide an overview of the status of germplasm availability of these species, and 3) to highlight the benefits for continuing germplasm collections and systematic studies of the group.     

Wild safflower species (Carthamus oxyacanthus): A possible source of resistance to the safflower fly (Acanthiophilus helianthi)

Safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) is an important oil seed crop with growing importance in many countries around the world. However, safflower fly (Acanthiophilus helianthi Rossi) is one of the main limiting factors to expand the production area of the crop in several countries. Since host plant-resistance is the most efficient method for pest management, we evaluated a germplasm of wild accessions (Carthamus oxyacanthus Bieb.) with mostly brown–black seed coat color along with some white-seeded cultivated safflower genotypes for resistance to safflower fly. The results showed that there was a significant difference between two species for safflower fly damage with all cultivated genotypes being susceptible. However, for the accessions of C. oxyacanthus, a wide range of resistance was observed. In a choice experiment and natural infestation, 35.3–78.9 percent of heads per plant were infested in genotypes of C. tinctorius while for the accessions of C. oxyacanthus this was much smaller and ranged from 1.6 to 13.6%. In addition, percentage of seed yield loss per infested plant was more drastic in cultivated safflower (29.0–72.8%) than the wild accessions (0.0–21.4%). In the no-choice experiment, fly population was dramatically decreased in the wild accessions due to larval mortality and possibility of antibiosis. There was a strong relationship between brown–black seed coat color and resistance to safflower fly indicating the possibility of using this trait in breeding programs of safflower to develop fly-resistant cultivars.     

Preparing the way for sterile insect release: Determination of false codling moth distribution across a landscape mosaic

Sterile insect release (SIR) for control of insect pests focuses on release of sterile individuals within the focal crop. Its success is related to the extent to which pest individuals are concentrated in the crop or spread out across the landscape mosaic. However, little is known of the success of SIR relative to spatial densities of target insect pest populations. This is especially so for the false codling moth (FCM) Thaumatotibia leucotreta (Meyrick) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae), an indigenous moth to Africa and one of considerable phytosanitary significance. The aim here was to establish densities of the moth across a citrus production landscape in South Africa where the pest is particularly significant. Pheromone-baited delta traps were laid out in transects across a commercially important citrus-producing valley to assess the spatial and temporal distribution of wild males, prior to implementation of a commercial SIR programme. Transects included the focal citrus orchards, while also including a range of natural habitat types and elevation gradients. Male FCM were mostly confined to the citrus orchards, while those outside were close to citrus orchards or in alien alternative host plant patches, with only a few male individuals being caught up to 1.5 km from the nearest orchard. This suggests that the indigenous vegetation is supporting only a low FCM population, while, in contrast, citrus orchards are the main reservoir for FCM populations. These findings emphasize the importance of focussing SIR for FCM within the crop and on other, adjacent alien host plants, and not to dissipate releases into the surrounding and extensive natural vegetation.     

Dietary fiber and other functional components in two varieties of crude and extruded kiwicha (Amaranthus caudatus)

Two varieties (Centenario and Oscar Blanco) of Andean native grain, kiwicha (Amaranthus caudatus), were evaluated as sources of dietary fiber and of some bioactive compounds. The impact of low-cost extrusion on the content of these components was studied for technological applications. The content of total dietary fiber in Centenario was higher (16.4%) than in Oscar Blanco (13.8%). In both varieties, the content of total and insoluble dietary fiber decreased during the extrusion process. In Centenario, the content of soluble dietary fiber increased, from 2.5 to 3.1% during the extrusion process. The content of phytic acid in raw kiwicha was 0.3% for both varieties, and the content of total phenolic compounds was 98.7 and 112.9 mg GAE/100 g of sample, for Centenario and Oscar Blanco, respectively.     

The influence of environment and season on stalk yield in kenaf

Kenaf is an important fiber crop worldwide. It was recently introduced to South Africa as a commercial fiber crop. The aim of this study was to determine how different environments and seasons influence stalk yield. Nine kenaf cultivars from various countries were analysed in two environments, over two consecutive seasons, where one location was irrigated and the other not. Data were recorded for total fresh yield, defoliated stalk yield and dry stalk yield. Yield stability was analysed with four different statistical models. The dry stalk yield varied from 15.33 to 17.78 ton/ha. El Salvador and Tainung 2 had high dry stalk yields in the favourable environments, but Tainung 2 did not have stable yield across all trials. Everglades 41 and El Salvador were the most stable of the varieties across both environments and seasons. El Salvador was the cultivar that had the highest and most stable dry stalk yield in the two seasons and two locations in South Africa, and should perform well in commercial production.     

大麦驯化的主要性状及其相关基因

大麦(Hordeum vulgare L)是位于小麦、水稻和玉米之后的世界第四大主要作物。从野生物种转变为栽培种的驯化过程中,大麦的许多性状发生了改变。大量研究发现,这些驯化过程中变化的主要性状,都是相关基因突变导致功能丧失的结果,而且已克隆的驯化基因多数为转录因子。本文对非脆穗轴、六棱穗和裸颖果等大麦驯化的主要性状及其相关基因的研究进展进行了综述,以期为相关研究提供参考。     

利用SSR引物分析西藏青稞种质资源的遗传多样性

为了评价西藏青稞种质资源的遗传多样性,用260对SSR引物对来自青藏高原主要农区的75份青稞育成品种、17份野生大麦、39份青稞地方品种和44份国外大麦材料的遗传多样性进行了分析.结果表明,从260对SSR引物中筛选出23对多态性高的引物,占筛选引物的8.1％.23对SSR引物在西藏野生大麦中共扩增出稳定、清晰的条带92条,多态性条带为81条,其比例为88.04％;在西藏青稞地方品种中共扩增出稳定、清晰的条带89条,多态性条带为78条,其比例为87.6％;在青稞育成品种中共扩增出稳定、清晰的条带109条,多态性条带98条,其比例为89.9％;在引进材料中共扩增出稳定、清晰的条带64条,多态性条带53条,其比例为82.8％.遗传多样性分析结果为青稞育成品种(0.9882)＞西藏野生大麦(0.8033)＞西藏青稞地方品种(0.5820)＞国外大麦材料(0.4218).聚类与主坐标分析表明,实验材料可以清楚的分为4类,西藏野生大麦分在两个类群,西藏青稞地方品种分在两个类群,引进大麦材料分在一个类群,青稞育成品种分在四个类群.同一来源地区的青稞育成品种遗传基础较为狭窄,不同地区间的青稞育成品种遗传差异较大.以上结果说明,在西藏青稞新品种选育和遗传改良中,在发掘和利用西藏野生大麦资源、西藏青稞地方品种资源的同时,更应该加强不同地区青稞育成品种资源的交换和配合使用.     

Rapid screening of genetically modified ingredients in soybean and cotton processing by-product and waste using direct qPCR

To develop a simple and fast method for screening genetically modified ingredients from processing by-product and waste, direct quantitative PCR (qPCR) kit-Taqman which omitting multi genomic DNA preparing steps was developed in this study. A total of 18 oil crop processing by-products and wastes including 10 soybean and 8 cotton materials were collected from food processing factories. Compared with 2 commercial direct qPCR kits, conditions of DNA releasing procedure and PCR amplification were optimized. Element screening was performed at the initial step of genetically modified (GM) ingredient testing procedure via direct qPCR. GM event identification was carried out in positive samples by initial screening. Totally 5 screening elements (P–35S, T-NOS, Cp4-epsps, bar and pat) for soybean materials and 6 screening elements (P–35S, T-NOS, NPTII, Cry1Ac, bar and pat) for cotton samples were detected. In GM event identification, MON531 and MON1445 were found in cotton materials. Results were further confirmed by real-time PCR with DNA extraction and purification. The direct qPCR system proposed by this research was convenient for rapid screening and identification of GM ingredients in oil crop primary by-product and waste.     

Hard-to-cook phenomenon in chickpeas (Cicer arietinum L): Effect of accelerated storage on quality

Storage, at high temperature ( 25^°C) andhigh relative humidity ( 65%), causesdevelopment of hard to cook (HTC) phenomenon in grainlegumes. The objective of this work was to study theeffect of storage simulating tropical conditions onchickpeas quality. The hardening of the Surutato 77,Mocorito 88, and Blanco Sinaloa 92 chickpea varietieswas produced using adverse storage (32 ± 1^°C, RH = 75%, 160 days) conditions. For all samples, theHunter `L' values decreased and E valuesincreased during storage, meaning a loss of colorlightness and development of darkening. Acceleratedstorage caused a significant decrease in the waterabsorption capacities and cooking times of whole seeds,cotyledons and seed coats of all samples, being morepronounced in The Blanco Sinaloa 92 variety. Furthermore,storage produced significant decreases in the seedcoat tannin content of the three materials; thisparameter increased significantly in the cotyledon. Inall samples, the levels of phytic acid decreasedsignificantly with the seed hardness. Hardening ofchickpea grains caused a decrease in the invitro protein digestibilities of all varieties. Theseresults suggest that both thecotyledon and seed coat play a significant role in theprocess of chickpea hardening. Blanco Sinaloa 92 andMocorito 88 might be classified as varieties with highand low proneness, respectively, to the development ofthe HTC condition.     

Multiple buds are an alternative target to genetic manipulation of kenaf (Hibiscus cannabinus L.)

Kenaf (Hibiscus cannabinus L.) is an annual fiber crop cultivated as an important source of cellulose and lignin. In the recent years, fibers have increased their economic importance as organic component in bio-composite materials. However, industry requires rheological improvements of these fibers. Genetic manipulation has been considered a feasible approach for fiber improvement; however, kenaf is considered a crop species difficult to manipulate. Here we propose meristematic cells from mature embryos as target for genetic modification driven by Agrobacterium tumefaciens. In vitro meristems proliferation and multiple shoots regeneration were evaluated by sowing kenaf mature seeds on medium containing three different concentration of thidiazuron, a substituted urea compound. The highest number of regenerated shoots was obtained from mature seeds germinated in presence of 10 μM thidiazuron after 14 days of culture. Interactions between two A. tumefaciens strains and two kenaf varieties were assessed. Transgene stable integration and its inheritance in T₁ generation were also verified, demonstrating that kenaf meristematic cells are an useful target for genetic manipulation by agroinfection.     

Evaluation of banana hybrids for tolerance to black leaf streak (Mycosphaerella fijiensis Morelet) in Puerto Rico

In Puerto Rico, bananas (including plantains) are important agricultural commodities; their combined production totaled over 158,000 tons in 2011. Black leaf streak (BLS) and Sigatoka leaf spot diseases, caused by Mycosphaerella fijiensis and Mycosphaerella musicola, respectively, are responsible for significant losses of this crop, due to the high susceptibility of the most important cultivars. Diploid, triploid and tetraploid hybrids were introduced from international breeding programs for evaluation in Isabela, Puerto Rico. Accessions were established in the field in a randomized complete block design and were evaluated over two cropping cycles (2007–2010) for response to BLS and agronomic traits. Significant differences (P = 0.05) in BLS severity were observed among accessions throughout both crop cycles and were most pronounced at harvest. When averaged across production cycles, severity indices at harvest ranged from very resistant (20% of the leaf surface affected) for ‘FHIA 02’ to extremely susceptible (97%) for ‘Grand Nain’. Yield attributes varied widely among the accessions, including mean bunch weights (6.9–41.0 kg), numbers of hands per bunch (6.6–13.4), and the numbers of fruit per bunch (57.0–239.2). Several accessions, mainly from the Fundación Hondureña de Investigación Agrícola (FHIA), were BLS resistant and had short pseudostems, and large bunches. They could potentially replace susceptible cultivars in commercial production or play roles in a nascent organic market.     

Study of liquids absorption and retention capacities of new cellulosic materials and sodium cellulose carboxylmethylate prepared from Posidonia

The Posidonia is a sea plant which is abundant on the Tunisian coasts. Important quantities of Posidonia oceanica fragments are accumulated every year on the beaches which must be cleaned every summer. This plant contains an important ratio of cellulosic materials. On other hand, local sanitary articles industry use important quantities of absorbing materials. The aim of this work is to take advantage of this available biomass by using it as a raw material for the preparation of some of these absorbing materials. In this aim three cellulose qualities of various purities are prepared starting from Posidonia wastes and from these three cellulosic materials six qualities of sodium carboxymethylcellulose (CMCNa) are synthesised, these qualities differ by there substitution degree. The performances of all these materials are evaluated in term of absorption and retention capacities. With this end in view, three kinds of liquids are used: the deionized water, the synthetic urine and the salt solution. Then the evaluated performances are compared with those of some commercial absorbent materials used in local industries (industrial cellulosic pulp and superabsorbant). This comparison shows that the different prepared CMCNa have a retention capacity largely higher than those of the commercial cellulosic pulp. The difference can reaches 405 %. The evaluated absorption capacities of all the prepared CMCNa are generally similar to those of the commercial cellulosic pulp. However the tested superabsorbant presents, in all cases, the best performances in term of liquid absorption and retention.     

石牌广藿香的细胞悬浮培养

以石牌广藿香无菌苗幼嫩叶片为外植体,通过愈伤组织诱导和培养、筛选及细胞的液体培养,在含0.05 mg/L 2,4-D和0.5 mg/L KT的MS液体培养基中获得了分散性良好的悬浮细胞,建立了广藿香细胞悬浮培养体系.研究培养基中植物生长调节剂、继代培养时间等因素对细胞生长、分化的影响.结果表明:0.05 mg/L2,4-D和0.5 mg/L KT能促进细胞的快速生长,而0.5～1.0 mg/L BA促进细胞的分化;以继代培养时间为15～18 d细胞进行接种,接种量8 g/100 mL时,悬浮细胞到达最大生长量,细胞鲜重最高达到511.2 g/L.     

基于因子分析和聚类分析的30份山黄皮种质资源评价

选取单果重、果实纵径、果实横径、果形指数、单种重、种子纵径、种子横径、可食率、可溶性固形物含量9个性状指标对30份山黄皮种质资源进行评价。结果表明,山黄皮果实的单果重变异幅度最大,果形指数的变异幅度最小;除可溶性固形物含量与其他8个性状相关性不显著外,其余各指标之间大都存在显著或极显著的相关性;采用因子分析和聚类分析将30份山黄皮种质聚为3大类,山黄皮种质资源的果实性状与地理起源有一定的相关性。其中,来自广西龙州县和宁明县的13份山黄皮种质的果实性状表现最好。     

Evaluation of post-emergence herbicides for the control of wild oat (Avena fatua L.) in wheat and barley in Argentina

Wild oat (Avena fatua L.) is the most troublesome weed in cereal crops in Argentina. With the aim of studying the effects of different herbicides, doses, and wild oat growth stage at application on weed control and crop yield, field experiments were conducted in wheat and barley crops during three growing seasons in the south of Buenos Aires Province, Argentina. Treatments were post-emergence applications of new herbicide, pinoxaden + cloquintocet mexyl (5%-1.25%), at doses that ranged from 20 g to 60 g a.i. pinoxaden ha⁻¹, applied at two to three leaves and the beginning of tillering of wild oat. In addition, standard treatments were included and applied at the same wild oat growth stages. Diclofop methyl at 511 g a.i. ha⁻¹ and fenoxaprop-p-ethyl at 55 g a.i. ha⁻¹ were applied in barley. In wheat, diclofop methyl was replaced by clodinafop-propargyl + cloquintocet mexyl (24%-6%) at 36 g a.i. clodinafop-propargyl + 9 g cloquintocet mexyl ha⁻¹ and in 2008/09 wheat experiments, iodosulfuron plus metsulfuron methyl (5%-60%) at 3.75 g a.i. ha⁻¹ + 3 g a.i. ha⁻¹ also was included. In both crops, pinoxaden at 30 g a.i. ha⁻¹ and at higher rates, fenoxaprop-p-ethyl and clodinafop-propargyl gave the best control of wild oat. In 2006/07 wheat crops, treatments applied at tiller initiation provided better control than the early timing averaged across herbicides. However, wheat yield generally was greater with early application. In barley, wild oat control and crop yield were similar regarding time of application. Variations in crop yield were correlated with grain number m⁻² both in wheat and barley, but relationships between both grain number and spikes m⁻² and with grains per spike were identified only in wheat.     

甘蔗新品种栽培品比试验研究

2007～2008年，对粤糖95/168、福农15号、桂糖23号、新台糖22号(CK)甘蔗新品种进行1新 1宿品比试验。结果表明：新品种福农15号萌芽生长快，分蘖率强，宿根性好，适应性广，早熟高产高糖，品种较优，具有显著的推广应用价值。并对该良种的大面积推广工作提出建议。