中国绥芬河三块鱼不同群体的种属划分及起源

为进一步明确中国绥芬河三块鱼属(Tribolodon)鱼类的分类地位及其起源,本研究依据表型和洄游产卵时间,将珠星三块鱼(Tribolodon hakonensis)、三块鱼(T.brandtii)及二者疑似杂交种与日本珠星三块鱼共53尾样本的COI基因序列进行了分析和比较。COI有效序列长度为637 bp,共检测到8种单倍型,其中三块鱼独享4种、珠星三块鱼独享3种、日本珠星三块鱼独享1种;疑似杂交种虽与三块鱼共享2种单倍型,却有80%的个体的单倍型与珠星三块鱼主效单倍型一致。系统进化分析显示,珠星三块鱼与珠星三块鱼南方型(sourthern forms of T.hakonensis)聚为一支,日本珠星三块鱼与珠星三块鱼北方型(northern forms of T.hakonensis)聚为一支,三块鱼(T.brandtii)单独聚为一支,由此可以确定日本海大彼得湾经俄罗斯滨海区溯河到中国河区产卵的三块鱼实为珠星三块鱼南方型和三块鱼。遗传距离结果显示,珠星三块鱼南方型和北方型的遗传距离为0.023,符合COI类群间的划分依据(0.02),支持将它们划分为两个有效种或亚种更妥当。依据COI分析结果,推测珠星三块鱼南方型和三块鱼存在杂交的可能性,提出了三块鱼野生种质资源保护和合理利用的相关建议。     

分子标记辅助绥芬河珠星三块鱼提纯复壮

为了对珠星三块鱼(Tribolodon hakonensis)的种质提纯,本研究采用表型、mtDNA条形码及种质特异性核DNA分子标记鉴定相结合的三重选择技术,挑选纯正的珠星三块鱼野生原种繁育子代F₁,并对子代种质进行鉴定。两种分子标记检测结果显示,F₁个体COI单倍型和种质特异性mitfa基因型与亲本均一致,表明提纯工作成功。池塘生长对比显示,提纯F₁饲养至28月龄时,体重显著高于未提纯子代,表明提纯F₁具有良好的生长性状。综上,本研究采用“表型+基因型”相结合的辅助选育技术,有助于加快珠星三块鱼的种质提纯进程,为绥芬河珠星三块鱼的增殖放流、种质资源的可持续利用提供种源保障。     

长江流域铜鱼和圆口铜鱼的遗传多样性

利用线粒体DNA控制区序列多态性分析了长江流域铜鱼（Coreius heterodon）和圆口铜鱼（Coreius guichenoti）各4个群体的遗传结构;同时利用9对自行开发的多态性微卫星标记分析圆口铜鱼4个群体的遗传结构。结果显示,铜鱼线粒体DNA（mtDNA）D-loop序列共检出22个多态位点,28种单倍型,平均单倍型多样性指数（h）和核苷酸多样性指数（7r）分别为0．849和0．00257。圆口铜鱼线粒体DNA（mtDNA）D-loop序列共检出18个多态位点,28种单倍型,平均单倍型多样性指数和核苷酸多样性指数分别为0．902和0．00424。分子变异分析（AMOVA）结果提示,铜鱼和圆口铜鱼分别有98．80％和99．17％的遗传变异发生于群体内部,表明铜鱼和圆口铜鱼未出现种群分化。选用的9个微卫星标记在圆口铜鱼群体中共检测到48个等位基因;群体平均观测杂合度在0．631～0．753之间;平均期望杂合度为0．598-0．728：平均多态信息含量为0．548～0．670。结果表明,长江流域铜鱼遗传多样性较低,长江上游圆口铜鱼遗传多样性较高,且均未出现种群遗传分化。圆口铜鱼SSR固定指数为0．12l58,高于D．1oop固定指数,显示SSR标记对圆口铜鱼群体间遗传差异的检测更为灵敏。[中国水产科学,2008,15（3）：377-385]     

绥芬河三块鱼属鱼类和东北雅罗鱼亲缘关系的RAPD分析

利用RAPD技术对绥芬河水系三块鱼属 (Tribolodon)的金滩头、黑滩头和雅罗鱼属的东北雅罗鱼 (Leucis cuswaleckiiDybowsk)进行属间、种间遗传物质相似性分析。样品取于溯河生殖洄游期 ( 4～ 6月 )。结果表明 ,金滩头和黑滩头种间的RAPD指纹图谱带型差异显著 ,平均带纹相似系数为 0 .3 0 ,遗传距离为 0 .70。东北雅罗鱼与金滩头和黑滩头属间的平均带纹相似系数分别为 0 .13和 0 .16,遗传距离为 0 .87和 0 .84。根据绥芬河水系金滩头和黑滩头间的遗传距离 ( 0 .70 ) ,将二者划分为 2个不同物种 ,即珠星三块鱼 (TribolodonhakonensisG櫣ｎｔｈｅｒ)和三块鱼(T .brandtiDybowski)。     

乌苏里白鲑的生化遗传结构

2001年10月于黑龙江中游抚远江段捕获野生乌苏里白鲑(Coregonus ussuriensis Berg)30尾，体长30-45cm。采用淀粉凝胶电泳法对其肝脏、肌肉等组织的LDH、MDH、ME、IDH、G3PDH、ADH、GDH、PGI、CAT、AAT、EST、SOD等同工酶进行电泳，并对其表型进行生化遗传分析。结果表明，LDH同工酶的3个位点上都有基因复制，位点间不杂合；在其他同工酶上未见有位点复制或加倍。在检测到的12种同工酶是由26个基因位点编码；其中G3pdh-1、Pgi—3和Est—1等基因位点呈多态，其多态座位比例为11．5％，平均杂合度为0．043。与大多数其他鱼类相比较，乌苏里白鲑在生化遗传水平上表现出较低的遗传变异。     

黄海和日本海黄(鱼安)(鱼康)的形态和同工酶差异

对中国黄海及日本新泻县粟岛近海的黄(鱼安)(鱼康)形态进行了比较研究,并采用水平淀粉凝胶电泳技术分别分析了黄海和日本海黄(鱼安)(鱼康)的遗传结构及其遗传多样性.结果表明,黄海和日本海黄(鱼安)(鱼康)群体计数性状中除第2背鳍鳍条数平均值表现出一定的差异,其余性状没有明显差异;二者在体长/臀鳍基长、头长/眼径指标未表现出显著差异,其余可量性状比上表现出了显著差异.同工酶分析表明,中国黄海黄(鱼安)(鱼康)群体共记录了8个基因位点,其中,LDH*、AAT*、GPI*和G3PDH*共4个基因位点呈多态,其多态座位比例为0.5,平均观测杂合度和预期杂合度分别为0.027和0.026,平均有效等位基因数为1.028,遗传偏离指数均大于零;而检测的日本海群体的6个基因位点中,没有出现多态位点.黄海和日本海黄(鱼安)(鱼康)群体间的遗传距离为0.000 46,二者的遗传多样性水平较低,群体间没有明显的遗传分化.     

长江、珠江、黑龙江三水系的鲢、鳙、草鱼原种种群的生化遗传结构与变异

用LKB平板电泳仪聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳测定了长江、珠江及黑龙江的鲢、鳙及草鱼的原种8个种群16个酶位点的遗传变异。同种鱼不同水系种群之间存在着明显的生化遗传差异．长江、珠江、黑龙江鲢鱼种群的多态位点的比例分别是13．3％、26．7％、13．3％，平均杂合度分别是0．0493、0．0484、0．0511；长江、珠江鳙鱼种群的多态位点的比例都是31．3％，平均杂合度分别是0．1375，0．0977；长江、珠江、黑龙江草鱼种群的多态位点比例分别是30％，38％，23．1％，平均杂合度分别是0．1241，0．0961，0．0525。南方种群的多态位点比例有比北方的高的趋向。长江鲢-珠江鲢，长江鲢-黑龙江鲢，珠江鲢-黑龙江鲢的遗传相似度依次是0．9957，0．9955及0．9696；长江鳙-珠江鳙的遗传相似度是0．9955；长江草鱼-珠江草鱼，珠江草鱼-黑龙江草鱼，长江草鱼-黑龙江草鱼的遗传相似度依次是0．9679、0．9483及0．9324。长江种群与珠江种群这两个中央群体间的遗传差异较小，边缘群体黑龙江种群与中央群体长江、珠江种群间的遗传差异较大。黑龙江草鱼种群很小，其资源的保护工作应引起注意。     

长江宜宾江段圆口铜鱼遗传多样性的微卫星分析

选用实验室克隆的23个圆口铜鱼(Coreius guichenoti Sauvageet Dabry)微卫星标记分析了长江宜宾江段的圆口铜鱼群体遗传多样性,统计分析了有效等位基因数、观测杂合度Ho、期望杂合度He、多态信息含量(PIC)等遗传学指标。结果表明:23个位点有14个微卫星位点呈单态,9个位点出现多态,在这9个位点中共检测到48个等位基因,其平均有效等位基因数为5.3,多态信息含量在0.440～0.839之间变动,平均为0.670,除YT17和YT22位点属于中度多态外,其余7个位点均属于高度多态。平均观测杂合度为0.753,平均期望杂合度为0.728,表明该群体的遗传多样性较为丰富。     

黄颡鱼(♀)、长吻[鱼危](♂)及其杂交F1代遗传多样性分析

利用SSR分子标记技术和从20对微卫星引物中筛选出的12对多态性较高的引物,分析1龄、体质量(14.20±1.20)g黄颡鱼(♀)和长吻[鱼危](♂)及其杂交F1代[黄颡鱼(♀)×野生长吻[鱼危](♂)]的遗传多样性。试验结果显示,这3个群体之间的平均等位基因数分别为4.583、3.667、5.000;平均有效等位基因数分别为2.382、2.221和2.535;平均观测杂合度分别为0.419、0.367和0.604;平均期望杂合度分别为0.477、0.383和0.597;多态信息含量分别为0.420、0.365和0.509。杂交F1代与父本长吻[鱼危]的遗传距离为0.8551,小于与母本黄颡鱼的遗传距离(1.7271),在亲缘关系树状图上先与父本聚为一支。杂交F1代从父本中获得较多的遗传物质,较双亲有丰富的遗传多样性和更高的基因杂合度。该试验结果将为研究黄颡鱼和长吻[鱼危]杂交后代的遗传多样性,探索鲿科鱼类属间杂交育种后亲本与子代的亲缘关系和遗传规律提供理论依据。     

罗氏沼虾浙江养殖群体与缅甸自然群体遗传差异的RAPD分析

利用随机扩增多态DNA(RAPD)技术，对浙江省罗氏沼虾养殖群体和新引进的缅甸自然群体的遗传差异进行了比较分析，以期从分子水平了解罗氏沼虾的种群遗传多样性背景及与引种的关系。采用经筛选的22个10bp的随机引物对罗氏沼虾两群体各20尾进行群体RAPD分析。22个引物共检测到139个位点。养殖群体的多态位点比例为30．22％，群体平均杂合度为0．2646，Shannon多样性指数为0．0780，群体内各个体之间的遗传共享度为0．9353，遗传距离为0．0647；自然群体的多态位点比例为33．81％，群体的平均杂合度和Shannon多样性指数分别为0．2888和0．0940，群体内各个体之间的遗传共享度为0．9201，遗传距离为0．0799；两群体之间的遗传距离为0．1845。自然群体的遗传多样性水平比养殖群体要高。利用随机引物S9和S52，在罗氏沼虾两群体间扩增出2条稳定、明显的群体间特异性标记带。     

滩头雅罗鱼幼鱼对NaCl浓度和碱度的适应性分析

为了解滩头雅罗鱼[Tribolodon brandti(Dybowski)]对NaCl浓度、碱突变的适应能力,在水温为22～25℃,采用单因子静态急性毒性实验法对滩头雅罗鱼3月龄幼鱼进行NaCl、碱适应性研究.结果表明,在pH 7.3±0.2、碱度1.11mmol/L时,NaCl浓度对实验鱼12 h、24 h、48 h和96 h的半致死浓度(LC5o)值分别为28.81 g/L、28.57 g/L、28.51g/L和28.40g/L,安全值(SC)为8.52 g/L.在pH 8.5±0.5时、NaCl浓度为3.1～7.4g/L时,碱度对实验鱼12 h、24 h、48 h、72 h和96 h的LC50分别为98.79 mmol/L、89.31 mmol/L、79.34 mmol/L、78.45 mmol/L和68.44 mmol/L,安全值为18.79 mmol/L.本研究旨在为滩头雅罗鱼盐碱池塘养殖推广和野生种群种质资源的保护提供基础数据.     

Growth model for the endangered cyprinid fish Tribolodon nakamurai based on otolith analyses

A growth model for the endangered cyprinid fish Tribolodon nakamurai was derived following otolith analyses of 16 wild and 53 reared specimens. The asteriscus was the most appropriate to measure size among three otolith elements, and its height OH  mm was used as size index of otolith. Standard length L  cm was best back-calculated using the Gompertz model, L  = 70.0·exp[–exp{−0.553 (OH   –  2.73)}]. Translucent zones on the lapilli, analyzed from 5-year-old-reared fish, were regarded as winter slow-growing zones. The ages of 10 wild specimens of 37.0–48.1 cm standard length were calculated as 7–10 years by counting the translucent zones on the lapilli. Age t was best back-calculated using the allometry model, t  = 1.33· OH ^1.37. The growth trajectory of T.   nakamurai followed a slender S curve, three typical growth models, von Bertalanffy, Logistic and Gompertz, and Richards' model, which is a general formula of the above three, being fitted using the maximum likelihood method. The Gompertz model, L_t  = 60.2·exp[–exp{−0.258( t  − 4.68)}], was found by Akaike's information criterion (AIC) to be the statistically most acceptable growth model.     

Effect of natural light conditions on the use of cover in concrete block structures by Japanese dace <Emphasis Type="Italic">Tribolodon hakonensis</Emphasis>

ABSTRACT:   The effects of light intensity on the use of cover by Japanese dace, Tribolodon hakonensis, under natural and experimental conditions were examined. Concrete blocks were placed to provide cover in a study pool and the numbers of dace in open water and under cover were recorded. During mid-afternoon, the number of dace in open water decreased while the number under the block cover increased. An experimental tank was also prepared, one part of which was exposed to direct sunlight (5000–50 000 lx) and the other part was screened to allow moderate light intensity (shade rate: 27% or 93%). The dace were able to select either part. In higher daylight intensity, the dace were induced to stay longer in the shaded part. These results show that the dace use cover as a shelter with lower light intensity as compared to direct sunlight. This study demonstrates that the preparation of lower light intensity shelters by providing additional cover is an important preservation technique in the freshwater ecosystem.     

The use of artificial temporary streams with and without shelters by Japanese dace Tribolodon hakonensis

SUMMARY: In order to know how fish use temporary streams, we set up artificial temporary streams with and without shelters and investigated the fish that colonized there from connected permanent streams. A total of 220 fish belonging to six species were captured over four sampling periods from May to September, with Japanese dace Tribolodon hakonensis being the most abundant (75%). More Japanese dace colonized the stream with shelters than without shelters. The standard length and condition of Japanese dace tended to be greater in the stream with shelters than without shelters. Foraging behavior and area of Japanese dace differed significantly between the two streams; more Japanese dace employing drift feeding near the entrance of the shelterless stream. Japanese dace predominantly fed upon chironomid larvae, which became abundant in stream mud in July. However, in August and September, Japanese dace rarely preyed upon chironomid larvae and their digestive canal fullness was low, probably because most chironomid larvae had been consumed. This tendency was more prominent in the stream with shelters. The use of temporary waters by Japanese dace changed dynamically in response to the abundance of chironomid larvae and the presence or absence of shelters.     

Influence of the spawning environment on final maturation and spawning in Japanese dace, Tribolodon hakonensis

Results of the present study demonstrated that a specific combination of spawning substrate and water current was indispensable for the spawning of mature Japanese dace, Triborodon hakonensis. It became evident that the environmental factors acted as a trigger for endocrine changes leading to final maturation in this species.     

Prey fish selection by Far Eastern catfish <Emphasis Type="Italic">Silurus asotus</Emphasis> and largemouth bass <Emphasis Type="Italic">Micropterus salmoides</Emphasis>

ABSTRACT:   Prey fish selection by Far Eastern catfish and largemouth bass were examined using bluegill, Japanese dace and crucian carp as food fish. In both aquaria (1.2 m × 0.45 m) and ponds (2.8 m × 1.2 m), bluegill was not preyed on by catfish and bass more than dace and crucian carp. In aquaria, there was no significant difference in the consumption of dace and crucian carp between catfish and bass, but in ponds, catfish preyed on dace and crucian carp more and less than bass, respectively. In the case that only bluegill and catfish were introduced in ponds, catfish consumed 4–15 g of bluegill per day. The introduction of catfish into ponds and lakes for the purpose of eradicating bluegill is considered appropriate for areas with few native fish species.     

Native and introduced Far Eastern daces,genus Tribolodon,in the Tama River system,Japan, inferred from mitochondrial DNA analysis

Fisheries Science - To investigate the species composition and genetic characteristics of Far Eastern daces, genus Tribolodon, in the Tama River, Japan, partial DNA sequences of the mitochondrial...     

文蛤北方种群生化遗传结构与变异的研究

采用聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳技术,对文蛤5个北方种群进行了生化遗传分析。结果表明:文蛤5个天然种群的多态座位比例为0.475±0.064;平均杂合度为0.212±0.026,总体上遗传多样性较好,遗传变异水平较高。在各多态座位中有78.95%的座位符合Hardy-W e inberg平衡,有65.79%的座位d值为正,34.21%的座位为近交座位,存在近交,但近交程度不高。通过聚类分析可以初步判定,这5个群体同属于一个种,种群间由于地理隔离已形成了不同的地理种群。