不同温湿度条件对人造板理化性能的影响

以强化木地板、中密度纤维板、高密度纤维板、浸渍胶膜纸饰面人造板等5类人造板为试材,研究标准、模拟夏季、模拟冬季等不同温湿度平衡处理条件对上述人造板内结合强度、吸水厚度膨胀率和表面结合强度值等理化性能检测指标结果的影响。结果表明,高温高湿平衡处理使人造板的力学强度增加,吸水厚度膨胀率降低;低温低湿平衡处理使人造板力学强度降低,吸水厚度膨胀率增加;不同平衡处理条件下强化木地板吸水厚度膨胀率差异较大;对饰面板表面结合强度的影响大于素板。     

Effects of temperature,relative humidity and time on survival of pinewood nematodes in wood chips

The survival of two Canadian isolates of the pinewood nematode, Bursaphelenchus xylophilus, in coniferous wood chips under different temperatures, relative humidities and time intervals was investigated in vitro. The nature of the survival mechanism was examined and it was shown that the nematode's prolonged survival in the chips depended on its dispersal third larval stage. The possibility of PWN-infested wood chips spreading PWN-induced pine-wilt disease to forests is discussed.     

防雹网对葡萄园内温湿度的影响

为了明确葡萄防雹网是否会影响葡萄园内温湿度的问题,利用全自动温湿度记录仪分别对架设了防雹网和未架设防雹网的葡萄园内的温湿度进行了观测.结果表明:架设防雹网可以影响葡萄园温湿度的变化,春季新梢刚开始生长时其变化趋势不明显,随着新梢的不断增多,园内郁闭度增大,防雹网可起到降温保湿的作用;网眼规格不同,降温保湿的效果则不同,...     

Assessment of temperature and relative humidity conditioning performances of interior decoration materials

The purpose of this study was to explore conditioning effects on wood panels (used as interior decorative materials). We examined hourly the temperature and relative humidity (RH) in a living environment based on the data of average values from 1974 to 1990 in the Taipei area. Thirty-six interior finish materials attached to one inside surface of a 35³ cu cm simulation aluminum container were used in this study. An A/V ratio (surface area/volume) of 2.86 (m^–1) or various other values and the panel thickness had no significant effect on the room temperature changing ratio. The hygroscopic conditioning performances of these decorative materials were classified into four types in accordance with b values: type I (b > 0.0200) included four solid woods (unfinished), seven wood-based materials, three composite materials, and one inorganic material. Type II (0.0170 <b < 0.0199) included one solid wood, five wood-based materials, and two inorganic materials. Type III (0.0070 <b < 0.0169) included nine wood-based materials, and four inorganic materials. The RH changing ratio decreased curvilinearly with increasing interior decorative panel thickness and A/V values in a sealed container, whereas theb values increased with increasing interior decorative panel thickness and A/V values in a sealed container.Part of this report was presented at IUFRO All Division 5 Conference, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA, July 7–12, 1997     

Carbon-based layers for mechanical machining of wood-based materials

In the machining processes of wood-based materials, especially those of laminated chipboards, one of the most important features is the durability of the machining tool. This work presents the results of an investigation on the properties of sintered carbide tools modified using carbon and composite (carbon- and titanium-based) layers. The machining edges were examined before and after the modification processes. Coatings were applied under operating conditions using the spindle molder. As a result of the investigation, blunt characteristics as a function of the amount of machined material as well as characteristic wear profiles registered after the tests are described. The usefulness of each modification process was specified based on wear resistance criteria. Obtained investigation results prove the possibility to apply carbon-based coatings in mechanical machining of wood-based materials, in particular, in the treatment of non-laminated chipboards.     

Postbuckling of thin wood-based sandwich panels due to hygroexpansion under high humidity

This study was carried out to investigate the postbuckling behavior of thin wood-based sandwich panels under high humidity. Using the Rayleigh-Ritz method based on the von Karman nonlinear theory for the panel, the solutions for both the approximate and the closed form for postbuckling of orthotropic panels were derived to evaluate the deflection for the boundary condition of all clamped edges. The results suggested that the edge movement be considered for evaluation of a critical moisture content and deflection of thin wood-based panels fixed on the core with an adhesive. The numerical solution obtained from the derived model showed some discrepancy with the experimental results. The predicted results overestimated the center deflection of the panels because creep and plastic deformation might be caused by considerable in-plane stress on panels.Appendix: Abbreviations and symbols total potential energy of panel - A _ij ,D _ij extensional and bending stiffness, respectively - _x , _y midplane strains inx andy directions, respectively - _xy midplane shear strain inxy plane - N _x ^M , N _y ^M hygroscopic forces inx andy directions, respectively - h panel thickness - a, b panel length inx andy directions, respectively - x, y, z coordinate system - u, v, w displacement inx, y, andz directions, respectively - MC moisture content change - a _x ,a _y coefficient of linear expansion inx andy directions, respectively - LE linear expansion (MC) - s arc length - R radius of curvature - N _x ,N _y resultant in-plane forces per unit length inx andy directions, respectively - N _n nondimensional loadN _x ^M b ²/E ₂ h ³ - N _cr nondimensional critical load,N _x,cr ^M b ²/E ₂ h ³ - ratio of the core to the total width,a _c /a + a _c - E _c effective core MOE,E +E (i.e., the summation of MOE parallel to the grain and perpendicular to the grain) - h _c core thickness     

Discriminant analysis of wood-based materials using near-infrared spectroscopy

 This study deals with the suitable discriminant techniques of wood-based materials by means of near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) and several chemometric analyses. The concept of Mahalanobis' generalized distance, K nearest neighbors (KNN), and soft independent modeling of class analogy (SIMCA) were evaluated to determine the best analytical procedure. The difference in the accuracy of classification with the spectrophotometer, the wavelength range as the explanatory variables, and the light-exposure condition of the sample were examined in detail. It was difficult to apply Mahalanobis' generalized distances to the classification of wood-based materials where NIR spectra varied widely within the sample category. The performance of KNN in the NIR region (800–2500 nm), for which the device used in the laboratory was employed, exhibited a high rate of correct answers of validation (>98%) independent of the light-exposure conditions of the sample. When employing the device used in the field, both KNN and SIMCA revealed correct answers of validation (>88%) at wavelengths of 550–1010 nm. These results suggest the applicability of NIRS to a reasonable classification of used wood at the factory and at job sites. Received: March 13, 2002 / Accepted: July 19, 2002 Acknowledgments The authors thank Gifu Prefectural Human Life Technology Research Institute and Kubota Co. for their support. We also thank Professor Dr. Shiro Kimura and Dr. Hideyuki Yokochi for their constructive discussions about the research.     

Scavengers for achieving zero formaldehyde emission of wood-based panels

This work examines the performance of three formaldehyde scavengers in wood-based panels. Sodium metabisulfite, ammonium bisulfite and urea were applied in different physical forms during particleboard production, and the resulting physico-mechanical properties (internal bond strength, thickness swelling, density and moisture content) and formaldehyde emission levels were compared. Formaldehyde content was measured using the perforator method, and formaldehyde emission was evaluated both by desiccator and gas analysis methods. The chemical reactions involved in each formaldehyde scavenging process are proposed and discussed. The tested scavengers showed distinct performances under the different emission testing conditions, which were interpreted in terms of the stability of the chemical compounds formed upon formaldehyde capture. Sodium metabisulfite proved to be an excellent scavenger for all formaldehyde methods allowing the production of particleboard panels with zero formaldehyde emission.     

Effects of atmospheric humidity and acclimation temperature on the temperature response of photosynthesis in young Larix decidua Mill

Larch (Larix decidua Mill.) seedlings of a low altitude (600 m) Austrian provenance were raised outdoors and acclimated in chambers for 14 to 24 days during August and September at either 8 degrees C and an atmospheric saturation vapor pressure deficit (DeltaW) of 2.5 Pa kPa(-1), or 24 degrees C and a DeltaW of 6.2 Pa kPa(-1). Subsequently, their rates of photosynthesis, dark respiration and transpiration were measured at temperatures between 5 and 30 degrees C with DeltaW either maintained below 10 Pa kPa(-1) or allowed to increase with temperature up to 38 Pa kPa(-1). Below 15 degrees C the photosynthetic rate of cold-acclimated plants was higher, but above 15 degrees C it was lower, than that of warm-acclimated plants. Temperature acclimation caused a greater shift in the temperature optimum for photosynthesis when DeltaW was kept small than when it was allowed to increase with temperature. When DeltaW was kept small, leaf conductance of cold-acclimated plants, unlike that of warm-acclimated plants, did not increase with temperature above 15 degrees C. When DeltaW increased with temperature, leaf conductance of cold-acclimated plants decreased more rapidly with temperature than that of warm-acclimated plants. Low temperature acclimation increased the rate of photosynthesis below 15 degrees C without affecting leaf conductance, which indicates that there was an adaptation in leaf internal processes. Further evidence of a metabolic adaptation to acclimation temperature is that dark respiration of cold-acclimated plants was twice that of warm-acclimated plants at all temperatures.     

四种景天属植物高温高湿下的耐湿热性

选择4种景天属植物,研究其在高温高湿胁迫下的形态特征、生理生化变化及其适应高温高湿的机理。结果表明:随胁迫时间延长,植物叶片细胞膜透性增大,叶绿素总量有明显上升又下降趋势,可溶性蛋白含量下降,保护酶系统的平衡受到破坏,膜脂过氧化程度加重,PRO含量总体呈上升趋势。由主成分分析和隶属函数法得出耐湿热胁迫能力大小为:凹叶景天>胭脂红景天>中华景天>金叶景天。     

贮藏温度、湿度对枣接穗失水及发芽的影响

大枣接穗的生活力是酸枣改接大枣成败的关键条件之一。接穗蜡封处理后常温贮藏,比不蜡封生活力延长10倍;在低温0~5℃,并填装保湿材料,可贮存150 d以上。这些对提高酸枣嫁接大枣成活率,延长酸枣改接大枣的嫁接时间,具有重大的生产指导意义。     

Effects of material constants and geometry on hygrobuckling of wood-based panels

To understand and predict hygrobuckling behavior of orthotropic or isotropic wood-based composite panels, the closed form equations were derived using both the displacement function with a double sine series and the energy method under biaxial compressions with an all-clamped-edge condition. The critical moisture content depended on Poisson's ratio () and was inversely proportional to 1+ for isotropic panels. It did not depend on the modulus of elasticity (MOE) at all for isotropic panels, but it did depend on MOE ratios for orthotropic panels. As expected, the critical moisture content of plywood was twice as large as the that of hardboard owing to the difference in linear expansions between the two panels. The application of optimum thickness and aspect ratios obtained by the derived equations could improve hygrobuckling resistance without other chemical treatments that could reduce the linear expansion of wood-based panels. This study also indicated that it would be better to increase the aspect ratio rather than the thickness ratio (a/h) from the view-point economics.     

Comparison of internal bond strength and compression shear strength of wood-based materials

The purpose of this study was to design a compression shear device for easy and fast measurement of the bonded shear strength of wood-based materials to replace the conventional method used to evaluate internal bond strength (IB). To assess the performance of this device, five differently sized specimens, included group I (dimension 5 × 1 cm), group II (5 × 2 cm), group III (5 × 3 cm), group IV (5 × 4 cm), and group V (5 × 5 cm) cut from commercial particleboard and medium-density fiberboard (MDF) (1.8 cm thick) were tested in compression shear. Only group V (5 × 5 cm) was prepared for the IB test. Results indicated that the compression shear strengths (CS) of particleboard and MDF, loaded in the horizontal or the diagonal direction, were greater than the IB, although a significant correlation existed between the two. This finding suggests that the IB of particleboard and MDF could be accurately estimated from the data collected by the CS test.Part of this report was presented at the Third Pacific Rim Bio-based Composites Symposium, Kyoto, December 2–5, 1996     

Basic properties of specific wood-based materials carbonised in a nitrogen atmosphere

The purpose of this study is to develop new porous carbon materials by carbonising wood-based materials. One of the advantages of wood-based materials used as precursors for porous carbon materials is the simple and cost-effective production technique. Moreover, it is possible to make adjustments for a wide range of macro- and micro-structures by selecting different densities and particle sizes. Compared with solid wood, wood-based materials possess much greater homogeneity, isotropy and reproducible characteristics. Another great advantage is the fact that carbon materials can thus be produced from a renewable resource. A broad variety of specifically developed wood-based materials were carbonised to produce porous carbon materials for which characteristics such as density, yield, dimensional changes and surface area were determined. Light microscopy and mechanical testing were applied for further characterisation. The results showed how density and particle size affect the structure of the carbon materials; dimensional changes and mass loss are influenced by the carbonisation temperature, adhesive content and apparent density; increasing particle size decreases flexural strength and increasing apparent density or adhesive content raises flexural strength super-proportionally; and specific surface area increases with rising carbonisation temperatures.     

九龙山冬季侧柏人工林林分结构的温湿效应

采用定位观测的方法,于2013~2014年冬季对北京九龙山侧柏人工林进行温度和湿度的数据采集,进而分析不同结构类型(郁闭度、枝下高)侧柏林的温、湿度特征及差异。结果表明:(1)林分平均最高温度和平均日差值呈现的规律为:1号(郁闭度0.3~0.4,枝下高1/2)2号(郁闭度0.3~0.4,1/3枝下高)3号(郁闭度0.5~0.6,1/2枝下高)4号(郁闭度0.5~0.6,1/3枝下高)5号(郁闭度0.7~0.8,1/2枝下高)6号(郁闭度0.7~0.8,1/3枝下高),平均最低温则相反。(2)温度日差值的方差分析结果表明各条件下差异显著,多重t检验结果显示除1号样地和2号样地以及5号样地和6号样地之间无显著差异外,其他样地间均差异显著。(3)不同结构类型林分平均最高、最低相对湿度顺序为:1号2号3号4号5号6号;相对湿度日差值方差分析结果不显著。     

Cyanoethylation of several fiber materials and their utilization as adhesive in wood-based panels

This study examines the cyanoethylation and thermoplasticity of several cyanoethylated fiber materials. Cyanoethylated pulps with a degree of substitution of 1.43 have the lowest Vicat softening point. Cyanoethylated poplar with a weight gain of 18.2 % has the lowest melting temperature. Instead of traditional adhesives, cyanoethylated materials can be used to produce wood-based panels because of their good thermoplasticity. Plywood bonded with cyanoethylated pulp has a bonding strength of 2.06 MPa and an average wood failure of 62.7 %. Wheat straw particle board containing 40 % cyanoethylated pulp has an internal bonding strength of 0.49 MPa, a modulus of rupture (MOR) of 33 MPa, and a density between 0.5 and 0.6 g cm^?3. Fiberboard containing 40 % cyanoethylated pulp has an internal bonding strength of 0.53 MPa, MOR of 38 MPa, modulus of elasticity of 4,200 MPa, and a density between 0.7 and 0.8 g cm^?3. Its swelling in thickness is 41 %.     

The effects of temperature and humidity on phenol-formaldehyde resin bonding

Summary The effects of temperature and relative humidity on phenol-formaldehyde resin bonding were evaluated. Two flakes in a lap-shear configuration were bonded under an environment of controlled temperature (110 °C, 120 °C, 130 °C, 140 °C) and relative humidity (41%, 75%, 90%) for a series of time periods (0.25 to 16 min). The lap-shear specimens were then shear-tested on a mechanical testing machine and the results were used to establish a family of bond strength development curves at each temperature and level of relative humidity. At 110°C, the higher relative humidity appeared to retard resin bonding. The effects of relative humidity diminished as temperature increased to 140 °C. Bond strength development was chemical ratecontrolled. The rate of bond strength development at each relative humidity follows a first order reaction mechanism. The activation energy of resin-wood bonding, determined by bonding kinetics, was higher than that of resin alone, determined by differential scanning calorimetry. This comparison indicates that to form a strong resin-wood bond, a higher energy level might be required.This material is based on work supported by the Ministry of International Affairs, Quebec Government, the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada, and Laval University (Quebec City). The work was also supported by the U.S. Department of Agriculture under research joint venture agreement FP-92-1835     

Theoretical models for creep slip of nailed joints between wood and wood-based materials

Summary Applying modern methods of analyzing floor, wall, and connection subsystems in light-frame wood buildings requires information on the stiffness of nailed joints under long-term loads. Because this information can best be derived by testing nail-joint specimens under constant loads, theoretical procedures were developed that use test data for constant loads to predict stiffness under variable in-service loads; five nonlinear, viscous-viscoelastic models were develpoed on the basis of existing formulations of creep and mechanisms of load transfer between nails and wood. The models incorporated the modified superposition and strain-hardening principles in describing responses to discrete or continuous loading functions. Tests have shown that the models closely predict creep slip of typical nailed joints.This research was jointly supported by the Forest Research Laboratory, Oregon State University, and the Cooperative State Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Special Grant 85-CRSR-2-2553. This is Paper 2288 of the Forest Research LaboratoryFormerly Graduate Research Assistant Forest Research Laboratory     

竹林空气日温湿度变化对棘托竹荪出菇动态及产量的影响

【目的】分析竹林下日温湿度变化对棘托竹荪出菇动态及产量的影响,揭示出菇过程中温湿度的调控机制,为竹林下棘托竹荪的科学种植提供参考依据和技术指导。【方法】以棘托竹荪为研究对象,分别在湖南省的炎陵县和永州市竹林下开展相关研究,记录棘托竹荪出菇期日产量和竹林地表空气温度和相对湿度,拟合日产量动态曲线,并对其日产量与温湿度变化的相关性及不同温、湿度梯度下出菇日产量的差异进行了分析。【结果】出菇期竹林地表日均温度范围为21~32 ℃、空气相对湿度大于65%,且棘托竹荪日产量的变化较符合阻尼正弦函数的动态拟合曲线。虽然林地日均温、湿度及其昼夜差与竹荪日产量间均没有显著的相关性,不同平均日温、相对湿度的梯度间竹荪的日产量存在显著差异,其日产量在日平均温度为26~28 ℃和平均相对湿度为85%~90%时达到最大;除永州点的空气昼夜温差梯度之外,炎陵点的昼夜温、湿度梯度和永州点的昼夜湿度差梯度间的日产量均无显著差异。【结论】在出菇阶段,林地地表空气日平均温度为26~28 ℃、相对湿度保持在85%~90%,且相对小的温湿度变化更有利于棘托竹荪子实体的分化。