Decadal trends in net ecosystem production and net ecosystem carbon balance for a regional socioecological system

Carbon sequestration is increasingly recognized as an ecosystem service, and forest management has a large potential to alter regional carbon fluxes − notably by way of harvest removals and related impacts on net ecosystem production (NEP). In the Pacific Northwest region of the US, the implementation of the Northwest Forest Plan (NWFP) in 1993 established a regional socioecological system focused on forest management. The NWFP resulted in a large (82%) decrease in the rate of harvest removals on public forest land, thus significantly impacting the regional carbon balance. Here we use a combination of remote sensing and ecosystem modeling to examine the trends in NEP and net ecosystem carbon balance (NECB) in this region over the 1985-2007 period, with particular attention to land ownership since management now differs widely between public and private forestland. In the late 1980s, forestland in both ownership classes was subject to high rates of harvesting, and consequently the land was a carbon source (i.e. had a negative NECB). After the policy driven reduction in the harvest level, public forestland became a large carbon sink − driven in part by increasing NEP − whereas private forestland was close to carbon neutral. In the 2003-2007 period, the trend towards carbon accumulation on public lands continued despite a moderate increase in the extent of wildfire. The NWFP was originally implemented in the context of biodiversity conservation, but its consequences in terms of carbon sequestration are also of societal interest. Ultimately, management within the NWFP socioecological system will have to consider trade-offs among these and other ecosystem services.     

从国外的私有林发展看我国的林权改革

回顾了国外尤其是法国的私有林经营状况, 指出私有林这种制度安排既有利也有弊; 认为林权改革的最终目的应当是提高森林经营效率; 提出了为推进全国性集体林林权改革需要抓紧时间研究回答的几个问题; 最后指出, 我国的林业发展处于一个历史岔路口, 林权改革是必要的, 但目前的主要任务是研究建立保障林改正确开展和健康发展的政策框架体系和保障条件, 而不是急于求成。     

Landowner-Driven Sustainable Forest Management and Value-Added Processing

Summary

The Massachusetts Woodlands Cooperative, LLC (MWC) is working to help members conduct sustainable forestry of the highest standards while increasing financial returns from harvest activities. The forests of Massachusetts, the third most densely populated state in the United States, are threatened. Decades of high grading and the threat of forest conversion to alternative use present challenges for maintaining a forested landscape. Despite being 60% forested, Massachusetts imports approximately 98% of the wood fiber that its citizens consume.

The Massachusetts Woodlands Cooperative is a forest management, processing, and marketing cooperative organized by and on behalf of forest landowners in western Massachusetts. An umbrella group certification protocol was developed to provide cost-effective forestland management certification. Members benefit from cooperative management of harvest operations, above-market stumpage payments, and value-added processing and production including marketing traditionally low-value and small-diameter material. The added revenue from developing these new markets is used to fund timber, wildlife habitat, recreation, and other sustainable forest management activities. The cooperative works in partnership with local wood-processing businesses to spur community economic development. This study on cooperatives may be a successful example of sustainable forest management that can be applied in other regions with private land ownerships.     

基于森林生态系统服务功能预测21世纪上半世纪中国林地资源需求(英文)

基于森林生态系统服务概念,建立了一个新的林地资源预测模型,预测中国2010-2050年的林地资源需求。通过耦合森林生态系统服务功能与森林分类经营之间的关系,预测在假设生态公益林提供生态系统服务功能需求,商品生产林供给原木和工业用材的前提下,同时考虑了人口增长、社会经济发展目标、森林管理方式和技术进步等要素对森林资源的影响。这一模型预测表明,2010、2020、2050年林地资源的需求量将分别达到2.448×108、2.612×108、3.622×108 hm2。结论表明,未来我国森林资源存在较大缺口,尤其是缺乏以提供生态系统服务功能为主的生态公益林。建议林业部门必须注重加强森林资源可持续经营,注重提升森林生态系统服务能力。     

森林和水的相互作用研究进展

通过参加国际林联第24届世界林业大会, 结合会议论文和现场报告等资料可以看出, 森林和水不仅可以提供生态产品和服务, 而且还存在相互作用。研究森林和水的相互作用对于理解陆地生态系统功能、保护环境和应对气候变化具有重要意义。文中在了解全球森林和水相互作用研究现状的基础上, 总结森林与水研究的趋势和热点问题, 重点阐述在生态水文认知、干旱适应综合研究、土地利用变化与生态水文过程、森林和水管理及其生态系统服务等方面的研究进展, 以期借鉴国际森林和水生态系统保护、研究和管理理念, 拓宽我国生态水文及相关领域的研究思路。     

Determinants of private forest management decisions: A study on West Virginia NIPF landowners

The availability of timber in the United States depends largely on forest management and investment decisions of nonindustrial private forest landowners since they hold the largest share of forest land in the nation. Since NIPF landowners are so diverse, there is a need to better understand the determinants of their decisions so that policies could be in place to motivate them. A survey was carried out in 2005 to the nonindustrial private forest landowners of West Virginia to examine the factors affecting their forest management decisions. The study looked at four categories of decisions related to forest management: timber harvest, silvicultural activities (i.e., tree planting, herbicide application, fertilization, thinning, grapevine control, and timber stand improvement), property management activities (i.e., road construction, road maintenance, surveying/boundary maintenance, and access control), and wildlife habitat management and recreation improvement activities. Four models were developed to examine factors affecting each category of forest management activity. The results showed that landowner, ownership, and management characteristics of NIPF landowners are associated with their forest management decisions. Specifically, age, education, profession, income, ownership size, period of forestland acquisition, distance of the forestland to the place of residence, whether the forestland was purchased or acquired through inheritance or as a gift, primary objective of forestland ownership, and presence of a written forest management plan were found to be significant determinants for at least one of the categories of forest management activities. The models explained 25%, 27%, 31%, and 24% of the variation in timber harvesting, silvicultural activities, property management activities, and wildlife habitat management and recreation improvement activities, respectively. Understanding the underlying factors influencing forest management decisions of this diverse group of forest landowners could form the basis for developing, modifying and targeting policy instruments to motivate NIPF landowners in forest management.     

森林认证助推世界私有林及我国非公有制林业的发展

世界上绝大部分森林是私有林, 而随着我国集体林权改革的深入和国家政策的支持, 我国非公有制林业发展迅速。森林认证对促进世界私有林和我国非公有制林业的发展和可持续经营发挥了重要作用。在分析世界私有林和我国非公有制林业认证发展现状、模式和作用的基础上, 对如何推动我国非公有制林业认证提出了意见与建议。     

北京市浅山区森林生态系统服务功能评估

文章对北京市浅山区森林生态系统的多种生态功能进行评估,从调节服务、支持服务以及文化服务3方面构建适宜的森林生态系统服务评价指标体系。综合运用Invest、USLE模型、ITREE效益计算器以及GIS空间分析技术,对浅山区森林生态系统涵养水源、固碳释氧、土壤保持、生境保护、森林游憩生态系统服务功能进行评估,识别关键保护区域,并提出相应的保护修复措施,为北京市林业可持续发展和生态保护修复优化战略提供一定的基础与科学依据。     

马尾松林改造成香樟林过程中生态系统服务功能评估

选取马尾松天然次生林和改造过程中不同阶段的香樟林为研究对象,依据《森林生态服务功能评估规范》(LY/T 1721-2008)的指标体系和计算方法,开展了观音峡林场马尾松林和不同林龄香樟林生态系统服务功能价值评估。结果表明:(1)观音峡林场马尾松林、香樟幼龄林、中龄林和近熟林2017年单位面积生态服务功能价值分别为7.65万元·hm^-2·a^-1、7.51万元·hm^-2·a^-1、8.40万元·hm^-2·a^-1和10.47万元·hm^-2·a^-1。(2)马尾松林改造为马尾松和香樟混交林过程中,改造初期由于香樟在灌木层中,乔木层密度小于马尾松纯林,因此服务功能略低于马尾松林。随着改造时间的增加,生态系统服务功能价值显著提高。(3)在马尾松林经营过程中,应营建混交林,同时增加幼龄林和中龄林的经营年限以提高森林生态系统服务功能。     

汉源县加强天然林资源保护工程的对策措施

天然林是最稳定的生态系统,也是生物多样性的重要基因库。文章在总结汉源县天然林资源保护成效的基础上,分析了存在的森林管护、商品林采伐、公益林投资标准和经果林发展占用林地等问题,并提出了加强天然林资源保护工程的对策措施。     

森林工程与森林生态系统保护

森林工程体系的基本框架包括木材采伐工程、迹地更新造林工程、抚育采伐工程、低效林改造工程、林内路桥工程和装备系统工程。策划和实施森林工程时应遵循的两个基本原则,一是森林工程活动将森林生态系统保护置于首要位置,二是森林工程工艺系统要与作业区域的生态系统保持一致。由于森林生态系统群落结构及其生态过程决定森林生态系统功能,所以森林工程实施时,森林生态系统群落结构保护要着眼于群落结构的连续性和多样性,生物多样性保护要着眼于目的树种、珍稀濒危物种保护和生境保护,森林生态系统环境保护要着眼于水土流失、土壤和地质性灾害。     

建湖县林地保护利用规划编制浅谈

建湖县森林资源具有林地分布地域差异明显,林业产业水平不断提升,初步建成林业生态体系等特点。分析林地保护利用存在的问题,阐述林地保护利用规划的目标、任务以及实行林地分级保护,控制用途改变,补充林地等原则。据此,将全县林地划分为东北部防用结合林区、中部城郊生态防护区和西部水源涵养林区,并提出完善林地规划体系,强化林地保护力度,提高林地管理水平等发展对策。     

石家庄市森林生态服务价值评估及预测

根据石家庄市森林资源清查数据及相关统计资料,对石家庄森林生态系统服务进行价值评估及预测。结果表明:2005年石家庄森林生态系统服务总价值为184.98亿元/a;从森林资源空间分布看,森林生态服务价值分布严重不均衡,价值较大的区域主要集中在平山县、辛集市、灵寿县、赞皇县、晋州市和赵县等森林资源丰富的6个县(市);从各项服务价值构成来看,调节气候服务价值最大,各项森林生态系统服务价值大小排序为调节气候净化大气环境固碳释氧涵养水源保育土壤森林游憩。根据石家庄森林资源现状和城市森林建设规划,分析和预测了20年间石家庄森林生态服务价值的动态变化,表明随着森林面积、森林覆盖率和活立木蓄积量的提高,生态服务总价值和人均生态受益价值都将得到提高。为了充分发挥森林潜在生态功能,在今后应加强森林保护,扩大森林贫乏区造林面积,丰富造林树种,通过森林结构调整提升森林质量。     

台州绿心区城市森林生态系统服务价值评价

以台州绿心区城市森林为研究对象,对其涵养水源、保持土壤、固碳制氧、净化空气、杀菌作用、阻滞粉尘、降低噪音等生态系统服务价值进行了初步估算。结果表明:该地区城市森林生态系统涵养水源价值为298万元/a,固碳价值为2 490万元/a,制氧价值为2 730万元/a,水土保持价值为1 320万/a,减少SO₂价值为43万元/a,阻滞粉尘价值为1 790万元/a,杀菌价值为5 050万元/a,降低噪音价值为6 010万元/a,台州绿心区城市森林生态系统服务价值总值约为1.97亿元/a。     

Recognizing the Interest of Forest Owners to Combine Nature-Oriented and Economic Uses of Forests

Protecting biodiversity within separate set-aside conservation areas has not been effective enough to halt its loss. Thus, new approaches to conserve biodiversity alongside production are needed. The non-market values of a forest may play an essential role when the forest owner decides the use of their land. However, so far the service offerings other than related to timber production, have been scant. The mismatch between decision support services offered and the service interests of forest owners may result in the objectives of forest owners remaining unfulfilled. The aims of this study were to explore the links between family forest owners’ forest management preferences and their objectives for the forest and secondly their preferences for decision support services. Data were collected in a postal survey in the Northern Karelia region, Finland in spring 2014. Data consist of 298 survey answers that were analysed using multi-variate analyses. Two typologies were combined: clustering of forest ownership objectives and the preferred forest management style. We found that the forest owner’s objectives were demonstrated by their preferred way of managing the forest. Opinions about different decision aid services varied between cluster groups. The groups emphasizing nature values considered biodiversity related information about their forest more necessary than other groups. They were also less satisfied with the usability of the forest management plan. Forest advisory services should better acknowledge the prevalence of multiple objectives also among forest owners who are interested in timber selling. Developing services for forest owners with diverse socio-economic backgrounds, information needs and objectives is important.     

桃花行政村林地使用权制度和森林资源持续管理研究

林地使用权属的关键在于权属的拥有能够通过这一权利获得更多的经济利益。一个能够充分照顾到各方面利益的森林资源保护、管理、利用、分配机制对于促进森林资源保护与发展，比林地使用权属的个体化、私有化更有用。传统知识对于促进森林资源管理和利用方面有着积极的推动作用，应在现代森林资源管理利用中引入传统知识内容。     

美国家庭森林发展和保护经验与启示

在我国集体林权制度改革之后,集体林地实行均山到户政策,由林农单独管理,难以实现统一的可持续经营,由此造成森林质量较低、森林生态服务能力减弱等问题,为此借鉴他国经验具有重要意义。文中从3个方面整理总结美国家庭森林发展与保护方面的经验,首先梳理其由政府主导构建的家庭林业政策扶持体系,其次对非政府环保组织培育的新型林业经营主体——“森林银行”进行分析,最后介绍美国利用市场激励机制通过林业碳汇项目引导家庭林主加强林地管护的做法;据此提出促进我国集体林发展的建议:完善林地产权制度,保障林农合法权益;构筑全方位的政策扶持体系;发展环保非政府组织,培育新型林业经营主体;积极发展林业碳汇项目。     

森林生态系统服务价值核算理论与评估方法研究进展

森林生态系统服务价值评估受到生态学家和经济学家的高度关注。由于森林生态系统自身的复杂性、提供生态服务内容的多样性等, 到目前为止还没有形成统-的分类方法和价值评估体系。文中在综合各种分类方法的基础上将森林生态系统服务初步分为涵养水源、保持水土、固碳释氧、净化环境、农田防护、景观游憩以及生物多样性维护等7类, 并在此基础上系统阐述了近年来森林生态系统价值核算理论与评估方法的最新研究成果。     

赤峰市红山区森林生态系统服务功能与综合价值评估研究

对赤峰市红山区现有森林生态系统服务功能和经济价值进行评估,包括直接经济价值和固碳释氧、水源涵养及净化大气等间接经济价值,经评估,合计为35006.93万元,其中间接经济价值是直接经济价值的11.03倍。       

用材林建设方向的探讨

营造松、杉为主的人工用村林,引起水土流失,林地生产力降低,防护功能差,易发生病虫害,且投资大。采用以近自然林为主的用村林经营方式,利用自然再生能力培育用村林,砍伐由皆伐转为择伐,保持林地覆盖的连续性,培育复层异龄林,其优点是,减少培育森林的开支,有利于森林生态系统的连续性和稳定性,实现永续利用的目的。