加强土壤和地被物管理对杉木生态系统生物量能量利用与养分循环的影响

试验区迳流系数和固体迳流为0.074％与0.902t/ha·a,降水输入养分69.941kg/ha·a,同期迳流(包括固体迳流)输出养分29.143kg/ha·a,生态系统净增养分占输入量的58.33％。土壤有机质流失24.02kg/ha·a,与此同时杉木生态系统归还有机质985.35kg/ha·a,净增有机质约为流失量的41倍。试验区光能利用率平均为4.64％。5年生杉木生态系统生物量和养分积累,分别达到51.6t/ha与1078.704kg/ha。     

巨尾桉人工林营养元素积累、分布和循环的研究

对湘南低山丘岗区密度为900,1 125,1 500株.hm-2的6年生巨尾桉Eucalyptus grandis×urophglla丰产林营养元素进行了测定分析.研究结果表明:各不同组分的营养元素含量差异较大,以树叶营养元素含量最高,树干最低.各组分中大量元素K和N的含量最高,P的含量最低.微量元素中Mn和Fe的含量最高,Cu最低.单株林木营养元素积累量随林分密度的增加而减小,低密度林分是高密度林分的1.44倍,不同组分营养元素积累量的高低不受林分密度制约,单株林木各种营养元素积累量依次为:Ca>K>N>Mg>P>Mn>Fe>Zn>Cu;林分营养元素积累量随林分密度的增加而增加;乔木层营养元素积累量占整个林分养分总积累量的75.3%以上.各种不同密度林分均以N素积累量最高,K和Ca较高,Cu的积累量最低.年净积累量随林分密度的增加而提高.3种密度林分年净积累量分别达到239.454 8,264.114 8,270.264 8 kg.hm-2a-1,大量元素占总量的95.20%以上.各种元素的年净积累量以Ca为最大,占41.08%～41.42%;Cu的年净积累量最小,仅占0.66%.林分大量元素的吸收量达351.196 1～373.776 7 kg.hm-2a-1; 微量元素的吸收量达15.954 9～18.9697 kg.hm-2a-1.以中等密度林分为高.各种元素吸收量依次为:Ca>K>N>Mg>PMn>Fe>Zn>Cu.大量元素归还量达124.864 0 kg.hm-2a-1,以低密度林分为高,微量元素归还量达6.709 8 kg.hm-2a-1,以中低密度林分高.营养元素的循环速率,随着林分密度的增大而逐步下降.各种营养元素循环速率依次为:N>Mg>P>K>Zn>Mn>Ca>Cu>Fe.     

秦岭西段南坡锐齿栎林营养元素的生物循环

对秦岭西段南坡锐齿栎林营养元素的生物循环研究表明,锐齿栎林生态系统的生物量为137.9648～260.9673T/ha,乔木层占总生物量的88.6～96.0%。系统营养元素的总贮量为306.8065～316.6865T/ha(包括0～60cm 土壤),其中土壤占98.4～99.4%,林木仅占0.55～14.3%。30龄锐齿栎林乔木层的生物量及营养元素积累量分别为192.9180T/ha、2771.3809kg/ha,营养元素分配到同化器官较多,且各营养元素积累量在各器官的相对分配各不相同。30龄锐齿栎林营养元素的年吸收量、存留量和归还量分别为362.736、133.261和229.475kg/ha,平均归还率为0.633。吸收量和存留量的大小顺序均为:Ca>N>K>Mg>P,归还率的大小顺序为:Ca>N>K>Mg>P>K。采伐锐齿栎林时应将枝、叶、树梢等保留林地,适当处理加速其分解,使营养元素良性循环。     

闽粤栲人工林驯化栽培试验和生态系统生产力的研究

本文对闽粤栲驯化栽培环节中的采种、育苗、造林和抚育管理技术进行了探索试验,并用分层切割法测定样木地上部分各器官的生物量,用壕沟法测定地下部分根系的生物量。结果表明:10年生林分生物量为76.416t/ha,其中乔木层为76.061t/ha;净生产量为7.642t/ha·a(乔木层7.606t/ha·a),乔木层中树干(包括树皮)、枝、叶和根系的生物量分别为3.938,1.372,0.705和1.591t/ha·a。解析木数据表明:胸径、树高和材积速生期分别出现在7—22年间、4—14年间和从第11年开始,该林分尚属生长旺盛期。     

南宁马占相思人工林微量元素分布与生物循环

研究广西南宁市马占相思人工林5种微量元素(Fe,Mn,Zn,Cu和B)的分布和生物循环特征以及随林龄的变化趋势.结果表明:1)林木各组分微量元素含量表现为树叶＞枯枝＞干皮＞活枝＞树根＞干材,各组分中微量元素Mn含量最高,其次是Fe,zn和B,以Cu最低;2)林地土壤微量元素Fe含量最高,其次是Mn,Zn和B,以Cu最低;3)4,7和11年生马占相思人工林林分微量元素的总贮存量依次为13.953,22.357和28.835 kg·hm-2,其中乔木层微量元素贮存量占47.37%～58.68%,林下植被和凋落物微量元素贮存量分别占14.76%～23.54%和26.63%～29.10%;4)4年生马占相思人工林微量元素贮存量主要集中在树叶和树枝,7和11年生则主要集中在树干和树根;5)3个林龄林分微量元素年净积累量依次为1.536,1.750和1.652 kg·hm-2a-1,林木各组分微量元素年净积累量总的变化趋势为树干＞树枝或树根＞树叶＞树皮,同一组分各微量元素年净积累量变化顺序一致,即Mn＞Fe＞Zn(B)＞Cu;6)3个林龄林分微量元素年吸收量分别为5.423,5.862和5.273 kg·hm-2a-1,年归还量分别为3.771,4.112和3.737 kg-hm-2a-1,利用系数分别为0.821,0.479和0.312,循环系数分别为0.695,0.701和0.709,周转期分别为1.753,2.979和4.522年.     

泡桐林营养元素的积累和循环

1982年2—12月,在河南的山区和平原进行了泡桐林营养元素循环研究。在泡桐各器官中,花、叶营养元素含量最高,树干中含量最低。叶和枝是泡桐林木氮的贮库,叶中氮的贮存量占林木总贮量的42—53％。根是磷的贮库,贮磷量占总量的40—56％。钾主要贮存在枝和根内,钙主要贮存在树干中。泡桐林每年吸收的营养元素约320kg/ha左右,其中分配到新增加组织中89kg,枯落归还132kg,降雨淋洗和茎流100kg左右。在吸收的营养元素中,钙占量最多,每年104kg/ha;钾、氮较多,每年有70—100kg/ha;磷、镁较少,吸收量26—27kg/ha.a。     

灰木莲人工林营养元素分配及其积累特征

对南宁市46年生灰木莲人工林的9种营养元素(N、P、K、Ca、Mg、Fe、Mn、Zn和Cu)的含量、积累量、年净积累量及其分配特征进行了研究。结果表明:灰木莲不同组分的营养元素含量大致为树叶>树皮>树根>树枝>干材。大量元素N、K在树根中的含量最高,P、Mg在树叶中的含量最高,而Ca则在树皮中含量最高;微量元素在各组分中的含量则以Mn最高,Fe、Zn次之,Cu最低。灰木莲人工林营养元素积累总量为1 948.78 kg/hm2,其中乔木层的营养元素积累量为1 715.22 kg/hm2,占林分营养元素积累总量的88.02%;草本层为74.33 kg/hm2,占总积累量的3.81%;灌木层为83.19 kg/hm2,占总积累量的4.26%;凋落物层为76.04 kg/hm2,占总积累量的3.90%。灰木莲人工林营养元素年净积累量为37.32 kg/(hm2·a),各组分营养元素年净积累量排列顺序为干材>树根>树皮>树叶>树枝。     

Ⅰ-72杨人工林的投入产出及经济成熟龄

本文讨论了山东省沂南县沂河林场不同密度Ⅰ-72杨人工林的投入产出及经济成熟龄。投入分为一次性投入和每年投入。一次性的总投入量为2 33 1.00元/ha,其中整地占84％;平均年投入为253.21元/ha·a,其中追肥占74％。文中还计算了长期占用资金的复利。对各密度的年投入量、年生长量、年产值、年均净产值及其年动态进行了研究,同时做了林木的年均生长量和年均净产值数学模拟。杨树人工林在造林后第三年才能获得利润。数量成熟龄为6～10年,年均最高生长量可达25.252 1 m~3/ha·a。经济成熟龄为6～7年,年均最高净产值可达6 110.52元/ha·a。杨树人工林的数量成熟龄与经济成熟龄主要受密度及投入成本的影响。     

龙里林场马尾松人工林凋落物养分归还动态

以贵州省龙里林场3个不同密度的12年生马尾松人工林为研究对象,通过调查测定凋落物归还量、养分归还量等指标,分析凋落物中N、P、K、Ca、Mg、Fe、Mn、Zn、Cu 9种养分的归还、转移、释放变化动态。结果表明:凋落物中9种养分年归还量与密度呈正相关,各林分平均养分年归还量从大到小为N、Ca、Mn、Mg、K、P、Fe、Zn、Cu;各林分养分月归还量变化趋势与月凋落物量变化趋势相似,除Zn为双峰型外其余为单峰型,峰值均出现在11月;马尾松人工林年凋落物量与密度呈正相关,S2167年凋落物量5 208.74 kg/(hm2·a),S1767年凋落物量4 284 kg/(hm2·a),S1200年凋落物量3 113.80 kg/(hm2·a);各林分月凋落物量变化趋势相似,均为单峰型,峰值出现在11月。     

贵州西部光皮桦天然次生林生物循环特征

以贵州西部林龄10 a的光皮桦天然次生林为研究对象,对林分养分元素积累与分配及生物循环特征进行了研究,结果表明:光皮桦天然次生林各组分营养元素含量总的序列是草本层树叶凋落物层灌木层枝根干,乔木层中各元素含量为NKP;营养元素(N、P、K)总积累量为512.04 kg/hm~2,乔木层、林下层植被、凋落物层分别占46.12%、32.66%和21.22%,乔木层养分积累量较低;养分年吸收量、归还量、留存量分别为94.52、74.80、19.72 kg/(hm~2·a),循环系数、利用系数和周转时间分别为0.79、0.40和3.16 a,循环速率依次为NKP。该林分循环速率快,周转期短,利于土壤肥力维持,利于林地生产力的发展,在生产实践中合理经营和管理光皮桦林分,对森林生态系统的营养循环及维持和改善林地土壤肥力有着积极的意义。     

Browsing Damage on Pine (Pinus sylvestris and P. contorta) by a migrating moose (Alces alces) Population in Winter: Relation to Habitat Composition and Road Barriers

In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads.     

Effects of Root Freezing on the Physiology and Growth of Picea glauca,Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana Seedlings Under Different Soil Moisture Regimes

The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage.     

Stand Structure in Pine,Spruce and Deciduous Forests: A Comparison Between Finnish and Russian Karelia

This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland.     

Growth and Terminal Bud Formation in Picea abies Seedlings Grown with Alternating Diurnal Temperature and Different Light Qualities

The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions.     

CAD与建筑设计的关系

本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。     

Natural Regeneration in Clear-cuts: Effects of Scarification,Slash Removal and Clear-cut Age

The effects of soil scarification (mounding), slash removal and clear-cut age on the natural regeneration in clear-cuts was evaluated using data from four sites in southern Sweden. The treatments were carried out during a good seed and establishment year for birch ( Betula pubescens Ehrh. and B. pendula Roth). Scarification had the strongest positive effect on the density of naturally regenerated seedlings, especially in birch, but also in pine ( Pinus sylvestris L.) and spruce [ Picea abies (L.) Karst]. Slash removal had a positive effect on birch density. No statistically significant effect of clear-cut age was found. In addition, no statistically significant interactions between clear-cut age and scarification or slash removal were found. The ingrowth of field vegetation was the fastest in areas that were not scarified, less rapid in areas scarified on old clear-cuts, and the slowest after scarification in fresh clear-cuts. In conclusion, it may be possible to control the density of birch during a good establishment year for birch. If birch is desired, the best combination of treatments is to remove the slash and scarify; otherwise, these treatments should be avoided.     

Risk Perception Among Non-industrial Private Forest Owners

Based on an enquiry, risk perception among non-industrial private forest owners is described in relation to climate change and forestry hazards. Of the respondents, 11% took action to remedy the effects of climate change. Out of a given set, hazards were ranked according to each respondent's experience of recent substantial financial loss to the estate and in relation to his or her willingness to make investments aimed at risk reduction. For each hazard, the respondent assessed the risk in four classes ranging from very high to negligible risk. Six hazards were considered most problematic in all three aspects: browsing damage, falling timber prices, damage by wind, spruce bark beetle, root rot and pine weevil. A majority of the respondents claimed to take action to reduce the risk associated with at least one hazard, while 35% did not know whether they did. Excluding climate change, the need for decision support was the largest in relation to damage by wind owing to a combination of perceived high risk and a high level of ignorance in relation to whether risk-reducing measures were taken.     

Interactions in decomposition and N mineralization between tropical legume residue components

In situ produced plant residues contain a mixture of different plant components of varying quality. To assess synergistic or antagonistic interactions occurring during the decomposition and mineralization of such mixtures, individual plant parts (stems, leaves, leaf litter and roots) or the mixture of stems, leaves and leaf litter of the agroforestry species pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan) or of crop residues of peanut (Arachis hypogaea) or of the weed hairy indigo (Indigofera hirsuta) were incubated in pots for 19 weeks. Periodically, remaining plant residues were sieved out (>2 mm), weighed and N content as well as soil mineral N determined. Above- and below-ground residues of peanut decomposed fastest and showed the largest N release in agreement with their high N concentration and low-acid detergent fibre (ADF) : N ratio. Hairy indigo was hypothesized to be of lower quality than pigeonpea because of its high-polyphenol content. However, it decomposed faster than pigeonpea, largely because of the higher N and lower lignin concentration of its components. Ranking of individual plant components for N mineralization resulted in the following pattern, leaves > leaf litter > roots > stems. In mixtures of the different plant components a similar species order in decomposition was obtained, e.g. peanut > hairy indigo > pigeonpea. The amount of N released from the mixture was dominated by stem material that comprised 46–61% of the mixture. The interactions in mixtures were relatively small for peanut (generally high-quality components) as well as for pigeonpea (low proportion of high-quality components, i.e. N rich leaf material). However, a positive interaction occurred during later stages of N mineralization in the mixture of hairy indigo as it had a significant proportion of N rich components and absence of highly reactive polyphenols. Thus, for plants with low to intermediate chemical quality attributes, manipulating plant composition (e.g. by varying harvest age, affecting stem and leaf proportions) will be important to obtain significant interactions during decomposition when its components are mixed.     

Pasture production and tree growth in a young pine plantation fertilized with inorganic fertilizers and milk sewage in northwestern Spain

The use of organic waste materials such as milk sewage as an organic fertilizer could have the dual advantages of organic-waste disposal and reduced dependence on inorganic fertilizers. The effects of fertilization with (1) conventional mineral fertilization, (2) milk sewage sludge at 40 kg N ha⁻¹ target rate and (3) no fertilization on pasture production and tree growth were examined in an experiment consisting of two pasture mixtures under a one-year-old Pinus radiata plantation with a density of 2500 trees ha⁻¹. The two pasture mixtures were: (1) Dactylis glomerata L. var. saborto (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹); (2) Lolium perenne L. var. Tove (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹). The experiment began in the spring of 1995 using a randomized block design with three replicates in Castro Riberas de Lea (Lugo, Galicia, north-western Spain). Plot size was 12 × 8 m², with a 1 m buffer strip between plots. Two-year data showed that fertilization with either material had a positive effect on pasture production, with no significant difference between the two fertilization treatments. Tree growth in the milk sewage sludge plot was significantly higher than in the control plots. Inorganic fertilization increased pasture production, but affected tree growth negatively. The results show that milk sewage sludge could be used as a fertilizer in silvo-pastoral systems. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.