油菜多聚不饱和脂肪酸育种研究进展

自菜油中的芥酸和饼粕中的硫甙通过育种途径成功地得到改良(芥酸含量从45％左右降到1％以下;硫甙含量从每克脱脂饼粕含200μmol左右降到30μmol)以来,油菜品质改良的重点已转移到多聚不饱和脂肪酸(也称多烯酸)育种上,即高亚油酸(>30％)、低亚麻酸(<3％)育种。 在低芥酸油中,目前亚油酸(18:2)含量偏低(约占总脂肪酸含量的20％),而亚麻     

我国油菜品种芥酸含量的变异及其地理分布状况初析

芥酸(C_(22):1)是十字花科植物特有的脂肪酸,未经改良的油菜品种含量较高,约为50%左右。由于芥酸的碳链较长,人体不易消化吸收,同时在肪脂酸总成分中占的比例较大,限制了营养价值较高的油酸(C_(18):1)、亚油酸(G_(18):2)的含量。因此,降低脂肪酸中的芥酸含量成为六十年代以来油菜籽品质改良的中心目标之一。目前国内外巳先后育成一大批低芥酸新品种(系)。但由于低芥基因源自西德饲用油菜“Liho”,带来的问题是低芥品种遗传基础狭窄,抗性差,产量不理想。我国油菜品种资源丰富,据中国农科院油料作     

澳大利亚油菜育种的进展

澳大利亚油菜育种研究是在七十年代初世界油菜品质育种高潮到来时开始的。直接从低芥酸和双低育种起步,没有经历常规育种的阶段。至今已具有一定的研究力量,发展速度较快,尤其在双低油菜的抗黑胫病育种,芥菜型油菜的品质改良等方面处于世界领先地位。     

新疆野生油菜与野芥品质性状的比较研究

对新疆野生油菜和加拿大野芥（ＳｉｎａｐｉｓａｒｖｅｎｓｉｓＬ．）的含油量,脂肪酸组成,蛋白质含量,氨基酯组成和硫代葡萄糖甙组成等研究结果表明,新疆野生油菜和加拿大野芥的品质性状差异不大,新疆野生油菜与野芥的相比,两种野生油菜与甘蓝型低芥酸油菜相比较,虽然某些成分有些差异,但这些性状在目前利用价值不大。     

双低菜籽油的保健作用与高含油量优质油菜育种及高效益思考

根据前人对双低(低芥酸、低硫苷)菜籽油保健功效的研究,菜籽油脂肪酸组成比较平衡,特别是饱和脂肪酸含量低,油酸、亚油酸和亚麻酸含量适宜,维生素E和植物甾醇含量丰富,有利于人体健康,是食用植物油中的优质油品。鉴于我国居民膳食中α-亚麻酸摄入不足,以及我国食用植物油存储时间短、消费周转快,提出目前双低油菜育种中亚麻酸含量(9%左右)不宜降低,还应适当提高,以补充我国居民对亚麻酸摄入量的不足,这也是我国油菜品质改良应作出的科学选择之一。论述了油菜的高含油量品种和油菜生产的全程机械化,给农民和企业带来的良好经济效益以及在我国油菜高效化生产中的作用。     

植物油脂中脂肪酸成分改良的生物技术研究进展

回顾近年来植物油脂中脂肪酸成分改良的育种研究及成果,并展望未来通过基因工程等改良脂肪酸成分的研究。通过自然突变筛选和人工诱变等手段,高油酸含量育种取得了较大进展,且高油酸油菜和大豆品种已成功推向市场。通过基因工程与传统育种手段相结合,已创造了芥酸含量为70%以上的油菜种质。通过导入外源基因,使得传统油料作物生产出含特殊脂肪酸的工业或能源用油脂成为可能。然而,对植物中脂肪酸代谢途径及其酶学活性调控的分子基础知识不足,仍然是制约油脂中脂肪酸成分调控的瓶颈因素。     

甘蓝型油菜杂交组合的杂种优势和配合力研究

油菜杂种优势利用目前所面临的问题是如何在提高产量的同时,提高杂交油菜菜籽的商品价值。在这一点上最现实的问题是要克服已有“三系”的高芥酸和高硫甙等品质性状,即将低芥酸和低流甙基因结合到三系材料的遗传背景中去。这是近期一个重要的育种目标。由于油菜品质性状和产量性状之间的负相关性,而有必要去评价这些等位基因在合成的亲本品种及其杂交组合中在产量和其他性状的配合力和变异。为此,进行了本次甘蓝型油菜非完全双列杂交试验。     

甘蓝型黄籽油菜产量和品质性状的综合选择

以甘蓝型黄籽油菜为试验材料,研究芥酸和硫甙含量的变化对于油分和产量的影响,结果表明:黄籽油菜单株产量和产量构成因素的关系与黑籽油菜相似,含油量和产量呈正相关,硫甙含量与油份呈负相关,芥酸和硫甙含量与产量的相关一般不显著,但低芥育种可能使油份降低,低硫育种可能导致产量下降,而双低材料表现比低芥、低硫材料均好。多元回归分析证明,三个主要品质性状(含油量、芥酸和硫甙含量)的综合作用,不会限制产量的提高。本文还就甘蓝型黄籽油菜的育种程序和方法进行了讨论。     

云南芥菜型油菜资源品质及苗期耐旱性评价

为研究芥菜型油菜的耐旱性，对150份云南芥菜型油菜地方品种的品质及苗期不同干旱程度下植株地上 及地下部进行研究。结果表明，参试芥菜型油菜耐旱性总体表现较好，品质变异丰富，其中油酸、芥酸变异系数大 于1，依据品质性状参试品种大致聚为三类；中度及重度干旱均能显著影响油菜地上部及根系的生长，其中对根系 影响更大；各品质性状与耐旱性相关分析表明，中度干旱条件下，耐旱性与含油量及芥酸、花生烯酸2种极长链脂肪 酸呈显著正相关，与5种长链脂肪酸硬脂酸、棕榈酸、油酸、亚油酸、亚麻酸为显著负相关，而重度干旱条件下均不相 关，同一品种在不同程度干旱下其耐旱性有差别；含油量与极长链脂肪酸呈显著正相关，与长链脂肪酸及蛋白含量 呈显著负相关，极长链脂肪酸与长链脂肪酸间呈极显著负相关。共筛出8个综合耐旱性强的材料。     

油料作物品质相关性状全基因组关联分析研究进展

油料作物是人们日常生活中必不可少的食用油及营养来源之一。随着人们对食用油品质要求的提高，品质性状成为近年来油料作物品种选育的重要育种目标之一。品质性状是一种复杂的数量性状，所以传统育种选育效率低，周期长。然而，基于连锁不平衡原理的全基因组关联分析为挖掘多基因控制的数量性状候选基因提供了新的途径。目前由于其定位精度高、广度大、周期短等优点已经在许多作物上得到了应用。本文对全基因组关联分析在揭示大豆、油菜、花生、芝麻、胡麻、向日葵等几种重要油料作物的含油率、脂肪酸、蛋白质含量等品质相关性状中的研究进行了总结，并对目前研究存在的不足进行了剖析，最后对未来发展趋势进行了展望，旨在为今后利用GWAS解析各种油料作物品质相关性状的遗传基础及选育高品质油料作物材料提供理论依据和参考。     

Factors in the Reduction in Grain Number in Winter Wheat by Early-Sowing in Yamaguchi

Abstract

Grain number per spike of wheat is lower in early sowing than in the conventional standard cultivation in Yamaguchi, Prefecture, Japan. Components of the grain number per spike in five cultivars were analyzed with respect to temperature during the spike development period throughout three growing seasons 2001/2002, 2002/2003 and 2003/2004 to find the cause of the problem of early sowing cultivation. The plants sown in early-October and late-November were called the early sown group and the standard group, respectively, in the following. Three of the five cultivars, Hokushin, Akitakko and Nanbukomugi, showed a strong winter habit, which requires very cold temperatures for spike differentiation. The other two cultivars, Iwainodaichi and Airakomugi, had a moderate winter habit. Grain number per spike and grain yield were decreased by early-sowing (compare with the standard group) in almost all cultivars throughout the three growing seasons. The three cultivars which had a strong winter habit had fewer spikelets per spike in the early-sown group than in the standard group. The other two cultivars which had a moderate winter habit had fewer grains per spikelet in the early-sown group. The higher the temperature during the spikelet formation phase, which is from flag leaf initiation to terminal spikelet initiation, the higher the number of spikelets per spike in the standard group. The spikelet number per spike in the early-sown group increased with the increase in productive tillers under fertile conditions. Such conditions also increased the grain number per spike.     

Allelopathy in Agroecosystems in Spain

Summary

This paper reviews the effects of allelopathic interactions in agroecosystems in Spain on plant physiological activity and their ecological advantages. The phenological stage of growth of donor plants and the effective allelochemicals in the soil solution while studying the role of phenolic compounds were highlighting. Finally possible future prospects and conclusions regarding weed control by allelochemi-cals under integrated crop management strategies are discussed.     

2009年中国稻米市场分析及2010年展望

以翔实的资料对2009年中国稻米生产、消费、进出口、供求平衡、库存、价格走势、购销政策和国际稻米供求等情况进行了全面地分析,对影响2010年稻米市场价格走势的各种因素进行了深入研究,并在此基础上对2010年我国稻米市场价格走势进行了预测,结论是我国稻米价格仍呈上行趋势。     

Advances in Variable Rate Technology Application in Potato in The Netherlands

Precision agriculture is a farming management concept based on observing, measuring and responding to inter- and intra-field variability in crops. In this paper, we focus on responding to intra-field variability in potato crops and analyse variable rate applications (VRAs). We made an overview of potential VRAs in potato crop management in The Netherlands. We identified 13 potential VRAs in potato, ranging from soil tillage to planting to crop care to selective harvest. We ranked them on availability of ‘proof of concept’ and on-farm test results. For five VRAs, we found test results allowing to make a cost-benefit assessment. These five VRAs were as follows: planting, soil herbicide weed control, N side dress, late blight control and haulm killing. They use one of two types of spatial data: soil maps or biomass index maps. Data on costs and savings of the VRAs showed that the investments in VRAs will pay off under practical conditions in The Netherlands. Savings on pesticide use and N-fertilizer use with the VRAs were on average about 25%, which benefits the environment too. We foresee a slow but gradual adoption of VRAs in potato production. More VRAs will become available given ongoing R&D. The perspectives of VRAs in potatoes are discussed.     

我国高粱育种研究进展

对我国高粱育种的主要途径和研究方向进行了概述,针对目前高粱产量徘徊现象,提出了高粱超高产育种设想,并对其技术路线进行了探讨。     

Diurnal changes in net photosynthetic rate in potato in two environments

Summary Diurnal changes in net photosynthetic rate were measured in a furrow-irrigated potato crop and in a riverbed crop where the water table was always maintained at 20–28 cm from the soil surface. In the irrigated crop, the photosynthetic rate during mid-afternoon was about half the peak rate observed at noon. This reduction was accompanied by a near tripling of stomatal resistance, a 45% reduction in transpiration, and a 5-fold increase in the difference between leaf and air temperatures. No such changes were observed in the riverbed crop where the photosynthetic rate remained nearly constant at about 0.9 mg m⁻² s⁻¹ between 9 a.m. and 4 p.m. Tuber yield in the riverbed crop was about 30% higher than in the irrigated crop.     

我国干热区甘蔗抗旱植蔗主要问题研讨

我国干热蔗区是我国甘蔗糖业的重要生产基地,蔗区光热资源丰富,唯降水分布不均成为植蔗生产的主要限制因子;根据蔗区植蔗特点和甘蔗需水规律,苗期抗旱是干热蔗区抗旱植蔗的关键,保证较多的总苗数和足够的生长量是苗期抗旱植蔗需解决的关键技术难题,制定相应的苗期抗旱植蔗栽培技术措施是解决该难题的重要保障;该观点为我国干热蔗区植蔗生产、甘蔗引育种提供理论和技术支持。     

棉花体细胞无性系变异的研究进展

体细胞无性系变异是一种重要的细胞工程育种技术,其应用于棉花育种的前提是建立高效的组织培养诱导再生植株体系.本文简要综述了棉花离体诱导植株再生研究的现状,重点讨论了棉花体细胞无性系变异的表现、利用方法及机理,提出了当前研究存在的问题并对今后的研究进行了展望.