家兔与大鼠胫骨前肌的生后发育

为探讨家兔、大鼠胫骨前肌在生后各日龄阶段前、后亚体内快慢肌纤维的发育情况，应用大体解剖结合组织化学法明确其肌亚体，并作琥珀酸脱氢酶（SDH）染色，图象分析两型肌纤维的直径特征。用电生理记录仪，分别测量肌前、后亚体功能。结果表明：家兔与大鼠各肌亚体划分在生后发育中逐渐分界清楚，生后2、3天均未能分出Ⅰ、Ⅱ型肌纤维，也未见有原始肌束。Ⅰ、Ⅱ型肌纤维比例随年龄增长而变化，Ⅱ型纤维比例增大。Ⅱ型纤维直径均大于Ⅰ型纤维，葡萄状运动神经末梢支配慢肌纤维，斑点状运动终板位于快肌纤维，前后肌亚体诱发电位表明其特殊的功能。     

兔、猫和人的腓肠肌外侧头肌亚体与肌纤维型比较研究

目的是探讨兔、猫与人的腓肠肌外侧头肌亚体与肌纤维型的分布。采用人体解剖结合组织化学方法确定其肌亚体，并作肌动球朊ATP酶酸碱法染色，毛细血管数量统计及其三型肌纤维的直径与面积的图象分析。结果表明，兔、猫与人各肌亚体FG型纤维数比例为最高，FOG型纤维居中，SO型肌纤维最少。各肌亚体SO型纤维毛细血管数目最多，家兔、猫与人均为为内侧亚体的毛细血管／mm^2数目为最多。各肌亚体SO型纤维直径与面积为最小。说明人与哺乳动物各肌亚体均见有包裹纤维和快缩纤维的同型聚集。     

犊牛小肠肌间神经丛NOS阳性神经元的发育学变化

用NADPH-黄递酶组织化学方法对1、4和6月龄利杂犊牛小肠肌间神经丛NoS阳性神经元的形态、分布和数量进行了比较研究。结果显示，利杂犊牛小肠肌间神经丛NOS阳性神经元和阳性神经纤维形成清晰的三级网状结构，NOS阳性神经元形态各异，聚集在一起构成大小不等的神经节。小肠各段神经丛中NOS阳性神经元的密度随年龄增长而降低；4月龄到6月龄犊牛空肠肌间神经节的NOS阳性神经元数量变化与十二指肠和回肠相比变化较大；4月龄以空肠的肌间神经丛NOS阳性神经元的核质比（为0．16）最小，回肠与空肠的核质比差异不显著（P〉0．05），回肠、空肠与十二指肠的核质比差异显著（P〈0．05），6月龄空肠的核质比（为0．25）最大，但小肠各段的核质比相互间差异不显著（P〉0．05）。证实，犊牛小肠各段肌问神经丛NOS阳性神经元核质比的发育变化可能与其功能的变化有关。     

不同品种家兔背最长肌肌纤维类型的发育性变化特点研究

为了研究不同品种家兔背最长肌肌纤维类型的发育性变化特点,试验采用RT-PCR方法检测齐卡巨型白兔和加利福尼亚兔背最长肌中I、2A、2B和2D 4种肌球蛋白重链(My HC)的基因表达。结果表明:齐卡巨型白兔和加利福尼亚兔背最长肌中均存在4种肌纤维类型,从35日龄到10月龄,不同品种家兔背最长肌肌纤维组成存在差异,其中齐卡巨型白兔背最长肌My HC-2B型肌纤维含量显著或极显著高于加利福尼亚兔,而My HC-2D型肌纤维含量明显低于加利福尼亚兔,2个品种家兔背最长肌My HC-I和My HC-2A型肌纤维含量均比较低,说明My HC类型可能与2个品种家兔体重的差异有直接关系。     

神经型犬瘟热的治疗与剖检变化

对一例神经型犬瘟热病的中药治疗试验,并对病死犬进行了剖检,对肺病变部位进行了细菌分离培养,分别对脑组织和腰部脊髓进行石蜡切片。结果表明,在犬的肺组织中分离出葡萄球菌,小脑颗粒细胞层出现坏死灶,大脑皮层血管充血,但在脑组织和腰部脊髓中未发现细胞内包涵体。     

吡虫啉亚致死剂量对2种色型豌豆蚜生长发育和种群参数的影响

以不同亚致死剂量的吡虫啉分别处理2种色型豌豆蚜,采用实验种群生命表的方法,测定了不同亚致死剂量的吡虫啉处理2种色型豌豆蚜后其F₀及F₁代生长发育和种群参数的变化。结果表明：经处理的2种色型成蚜后,其平均产蚜量均显著低于同色组对照（P<0.05）,平均寿命表现为LC₂₀处理后均显著短于同色组对照（P<0.05）,而LC₁₀和LC₅处理后平均寿命与对照无显著差异,LC₂₀处理后红、绿色型成蚜的平均产蚜量（16.82和 21.44头）和平均寿命（2.84 d,3.60 d）均达到最小值;LC₂₀处理2种色型成蚜后,F₁代若虫期与同色组对照差异不显著,而成虫寿命显著短于同色组对照（P<0.05）,若蚜存活率均高于LC₁₀处理,LC₅处理后F₁代红、绿色型豌豆蚜平均繁殖力均达到最大值81.95头和72.27头;不同亚致死剂量处理后F₁代2种色型成虫产蚜高峰期也存在差异,绿色型均集中在3～7 d,而红色型产蚜高峰期均晚于绿色型;除LC₂₀处理后F₁代绿色型豌豆蚜净增殖率（R₀）（44.22）,平均世代周期（T）（11.29）与同色组对照差异显著外,2种色型豌豆蚜的其余参数在LC₂₀,LC₁₀和LC₅处理下均与同色组对照差异不显著。表明吡虫啉不同亚致死剂量处理2种色型成蚜后,对其F₀代寿命和繁殖力均起到抑制作用,且红色型较绿色型敏感,但对F₁代影响表现为高浓度较低浓度显著。     

奶牛产犊后不同日龄注射口蹄疫亚I型疫苗对产奶量的影响

本文对奶牛产犊后不同日龄注射口蹄疫(FMD)亚I型疫苗对产奶量的影响进行了研究,初步得出结论:奶牛在产犊后2周注射疫苗效果比较好。     

吡虫啉、阿维菌素和高效氯氰菊酯亚致死剂量对绿色型豌豆蚜发育及繁殖的影响

为了了解吡虫啉,阿维菌素和高效氯氰菊酯不同亚致死剂量对绿色型豌豆蚜实验种群参数的影响,阐明绿色型豌豆蚜发育及繁殖与亚致死剂量的关系,并为豌豆蚜的综合防治提供理论依据。在22~24℃,光照周期L∶D=16 h∶8 h,相对湿度(RH)70%~80%条件下,采用带虫浸叶法确定吡虫啉,阿维菌素和高效氯氰菊酯对绿色型豌豆蚜的亚致死剂量,通过叶碟饲养,记录其发育历期、产蚜量和寿命。结果表明,吡虫啉,阿维菌素和高效氯氰菊酯LC₂₀、LC₁₀分别处理成蚜后,成蚜平均寿命和平均产蚜量均显著低于对照(P<0.05),其中阿维菌素LC₂₀处理平均寿命最短为3.34 d,高效氯氰菊酯LC₂₀处理平均产蚜量最低为14.30头;F₁代除3龄历期无显著差异外(P>0.05),其余各龄期历期变化规律不明显,但成虫期、存活率、平均产蚜量、净增殖率及平均世代周期均表现为LC₁₀大于LC₂₀,在阿维菌素LC₁₀下,F₁代成蚜寿命、成蚜平均产蚜量、净增殖率及平均世代周期达到最大值且均大于对照,分别为9.76,77.76,65.32,12.41。表明吡虫啉,阿维菌素和高效氯氰菊酯不同亚致死剂量处理成蚜后,对其寿命和繁殖力均起到抑制作用,但对F₁代影响表现为大部分生物学参数随亚致死剂量降低而升高。     

志贺样毒素Ⅱ型变异体A亚单位及酶活性部位的基因缺失、突变株表达产物免疫生物学特性

重组志贺样毒素Ⅱ型变异体A亚单位pGEX-Ansp及其酶活性部位的基因缺失株pGEX-Ade及突变株pGEX-Amu转化的大肠杆菌经诱导后,表达产物经超声波裂解并滤过除菌.ICR小鼠腹腔注射三种重组质粒转化菌诱导后菌体裂解物的除菌滤液,以检验重组表达产物的毒性和免疫原性;在Vero细胞上检测重组菌表达产物对Vero细胞的半数致死量(CD50)及免疫鼠血清对SLT-Ⅱe毒素的中和实验三方面来比较pGEX-Ansp、pGEX-Ade和pGEX-Amu的生物学特性,结果表明这三种基因工程菌表达产物经腹腔注射后可以诱导机体产生一定程度的保护性抗体.在Vero细胞上,pGEX-Ansp的表达产物可在一定程度上使Vero细胞产生细胞病变,pGEX-Amu的表达产物可在一定程度上抑制Vero细胞单层形成时间,而pGEX-Ade对Vero细胞的生长无影响.     

类志贺氏菌毒素Ⅱ型变异体B亚单位基因的表达与鉴定

将由 Ｐ Ｃ Ｒ 扩增并克隆在ｐ Ｕ Ｃ１８ 质粒载体中的ｓｌｔⅡｅ Ｂ基因切出,并按预定的阅读框架插入表达性质粒载体 ｐ Ｇ Ｅ Ｘ６ｐ１ 中的谷胱苷肽转移酶（ Ｇ Ｓ Ｔ）基因的下游。重组质粒 ｐｐｐｓｌｔⅡｅ Ｂ在大肠杆菌 Ｂ Ｌ２１ 中以融合蛋白的形式表达 Ｓ Ｌ ＴⅡｅ Ｂ蛋白（命名为 Ｇ Ｓ Ｔ Ｓ Ｌ ＴⅡｅ Ｂ）,即 Ｓ Ｌ ＴⅡｅ Ｂ蛋白（７５６８ｋ Ｄ）与谷胱苷肽转移酶（２７３３５ｋ Ｄ）相连组成分子量为 ３４８８５ｋ Ｄ 的融合蛋白。通过对重组大肠杆菌 Ｐ Ｐ Ｓ Ｌ ＴⅡｅ Ｂ的菌体裂解物的 Ｓ Ｄ Ｓ Ｐ Ａ Ｇ Ｅ 电泳分析,以及根据抗原抗体结合反应的免疫学特性,通过 Ｗｅｓｔｅｒｎｂｌｏｔ 鉴定,重组大肠杆菌 Ｐ Ｐ Ｓ Ｌ ＴⅡｅ Ｂ（含有重组质粒 ｐｐｓｌｔⅡｅ Ｂ的大肠杆菌 Ｂ Ｌ２１）可以大量表达融合蛋白形式的 Ｓ Ｌ ＴⅡｅ Ｂ。根据 Ｇ Ｓ Ｔ 可与其底物谷胱苷肽结合的特性,用谷胱苷肽结合的 Ｓｅｐｈａｒｏｓｅ ４ Ｂ制备的亲和凝胶纯化表达产物,纯化的表达产物经 Ｓ Ｄ Ｓ Ｐ Ａ Ｇ Ｅ,可以鉴定到分子量约为 ３５ｋ Ｄ 的蛋白条带,这与融合蛋白形式的 Ｓ Ｌ ＴⅡｅ Ｂ分子量（３４８８５ｋ Ｄ）相当。     

大鼠与家兔生后发育期趾浅屈肌纤维间的比较

肌纤维的分类建立在它们所含有的不同肌球蛋白重链(MHC)异构体基础上,对大鼠和家兔生后发育各年龄阶段趾浅屈肌采用标准的肌动球蛋白ATP酶和琥珀酸脱氢酶组织化学染色。在生后2周龄至24周龄的大鼠和家兔,I型和ⅡⅩ型肌纤维百分比例趋于减少,而ⅡA型和ⅡB型纤维百分比例则增加。进行大量单肌纤维的组织化学特征的比较和肌纤维间相关性探讨,结果表明,动物平均体重与趾浅屈肌的平均湿重随着生后发育逐渐增加。Ⅰ,ⅡⅩ,ⅡA型和ⅡB型纤维均在生后各年龄组的全部肌肉内被发现,但生后2日龄组是个例外。在生后发育期间,雄性大鼠和家兔ⅡB型纤维的平均肌纤维型构成要大于雌性大鼠和家兔,而雄性大鼠和家兔Ⅰ,ⅡⅩ型和ⅡA型3种氧化组织化学分类的肌纤维型构成均小于雌性大鼠和家兔。大鼠Ⅰ,ⅡⅩ,ⅡA型和ⅡB型纤维的平均横切面积明显小于家兔的同类型肌纤维,在大鼠和家兔可见明显的性别差异。在大鼠和家兔的ⅡⅩ型纤维横切面积是最小的,Ⅰ型和ⅡA型纤维呈中等大小横切面积,ⅡB型纤维横切面积最大。此研究有助于我们尝试研究啮齿类动物快肌纤维生理特征的适应性。     

不同遗传型鸡肌纤维超微结构的研究

电镜观察红宝鸡,苏北地方鸡及杂种鸡肌纤维超微结构表明,不同遗传型肌原纤维在直径、肌节长度、Ⅰ带、A带长度不仅存在差异,而且在肌原纤维间肌质、线粒体、肌糖元、脂肪滴含量亦存在差异。分析表明,鸡肌纤维的超徼结构与鸡生长速度,肉质有密切关系。     

The Postnatal Development of the Bovine Leydig Cell Population

Contents: The postnatal development of the bovine Leydig cell population from week 4 to young adulthood (75–100 weeks) was examined with morphometric techniques using perfusion-fixed samples and histological, semithin and ultrathin sections. Leydig cell mass per testis increases from 0.15 g to 3.62g between weeks 4 and 16, from 3.64 g to 5.93 g between weeks 20 and 30 and from 7.28 g to 10.47 g between 1 year and 1 1/2 to 2 years. Relative Leydig cell volume per unit is largest in week 16 (17.1 %). Calculated number of Leydig cells per testis amounts to 0.42 ± 10⁹ in week 4 and 6.02 ± 10⁹ in the adult group. Leydig cell nuclear diameter in week 4 (5.6 ± 0.3 pm) is significantly smaller and in week 75–100 (7.4 ± 0.4 μm) significantly larger than in weeks 8 through 52. Irrespective of varying Leydig cell size, the relative content of eR (about 48%) and mitochondria (about 8%) fluctuates in narrow limits during the entire period. The individual Leydig cell of week 4 has less than 20%, of week 8 about 30%, of weeks 16 through 52 about 50% of the volume of a Leydig cell of young adult (75–100 weeks) animals .     

Postnatal Osteological Development of the Hyoid Bone in the New Zealand White Rabbit

This study augments knowledge of bone growth by observing the development of the hyoid bone in the New Zealand White rabbit. Preserved hyoid bones representing five different age periods, each period including five individuals and the total number of animals being 25, were fixed in 3.5% formaldehyde solution and 95% ethanol, followed by a pure acetone bath. They were then stained with an alcian blue–alizarin red combination. The mode of bone formation was intracartilaginous type ossification. While the basihyoideum and thyrohyoideum were observed to start ossifying first at prenatal stage, indicating that they are the main skeletal structures of the hyoid apparatus, the ceratohyoideum and lingual process began to ossify in the second and third periods. The separately occurring primary ossification centres fused completely among themselves in the fifth period. Because no further ossification centers were observed and the ossified parts continued the development and growth, the research was terminated after 10 weeks of age.     

Postnatal Osteological Development of the Cervical Vertebrae in the New Zealand White Rabbit

This study used the New Zealand White rabbit to reveal the normal ossification development of the cervical component of the spine. Preserved cervical vertebrae representing five different age periods, each period including five individuals and the total number of animals being 25, were fixed in 3.5% formaldehyde solution and 95% ethanol, followed by a pure acetone bath. The materials were then stained with an alcian blue–alizarin red combination. The ossification centres were identical over time, and the pattern of fusion among them was homogenous and constant in appearance. There were three different primary ossification centres in all the cervical vertebrae except the axis, which showed four primary ossification centres. The dorsally located primary ossification centres later formed the pedicles of the neural arches, while the ventral centres constituted the body of each vertebra. The study was terminated at 10 weeks of age because the ossification centres observed in the cervical vertebrae completed their fusion and no further ossification centres were observed.     

猪腮腺分泌蛋白在腮腺生后发育过程中表达特性研究

腮腺的解剖结构和分泌特点,决定了它具备进行生物反应器和抗病育种研究的良好条件。猪肋腺分泌蛋白(PSP)基因在腮腺中特异性表达,但PSP的表达量尚无报道。本研究利用荧光定量PCR对猪PSP在腮腺生后发育不同阶段的表达进行研究。结果表明:PSP在不同发育期的腮腺中高效表达,而且表达量的变化在可接受的范围内。因此可以利用猪PSP基因的调控区作为转基因生物反应器的转基因平台。     

Postnatal testicular development and actin appearance in the seminiferous epithelium of the Habu,Trimeresurus flavoviridis

The postnatal testicular development and actin distribution in the seminiferous epithelium were examined by light microscopy, using the testes of the Habu (Trimeresurus flavoviridis; snake) from 0-year-old to 3-year-old. At 0-year-old (about 1 month after birth), the testis was quite small in size, and the seminiferous epithelium was composed of only Sertoli cells and large spermatogonia. Actin immunoreactivity was observed in the peritubular myoid cells, but could not be detected in the seminiferous epithelium. At 1-year-old (about 10 months after birth), the testicular size increased to a great degree. In the seminiferous epithelium, spermatocytes newly appeared. Actin could still not be detected in the seminiferous epithelium. At 2-year-old (about 1 year and 10 months after birth), the testes continued to develop in size. In the seminiferous epithelium, elongate spermatids and round spermatids were frequently seen, in addition to Sertoli cells, spermatogonia and spermatocytes. Thus, active spermatogenesis was clearly recognized at this age. Moreover, the actin distribution in the seminiferous epithelium was observed at the site between Sertoli cells and spermatids, as well as that at adult stage. The immunoreactivity of actin in the peritubular myoid cells gradually increased from 0-year-old to 2-year-old. Conclusively, it seems likely that spermatogenesis in the Habu initiates at 2-year-old, accompanying with the appearance of actin in the seminiferous epithelium.     

Evaluation of jitter by stimulated single-fiber electromyography in normal dogs

Single-fiber electromyography (SFEMG), a technique used to investigate neuromuscular transmission, has been described previously in the pelvic limb of dogs. Because preferential involvement of isolated muscle groups can occur in disorders of neuromuscular transmission, SFEMG was done in the peroneus longus (PL), extensor carpi radialis (ECR), and orbicularis oculi (OO) muscles of 10 adult, clinically normal dogs. Jitter was calculated as the mean absolute value of the consecutive differences in latency of 50 single muscle fiber action potentials after stimulation of intramuscular nerve bundles at the level of the motor point in at least 20 muscle fibers per muscle. Bilateral recordings were performed in 3 dogs. Mean jitter values were determined for each muscle, and differences among muscle groups and among dogs were compared. The upper limits of mean consecutive difference (mean plus 3 standard deviations) for the PL, ECR, and OO muscles were 21.94, 22.53, and 23.39 micros, respectively, and the upper limit of mean consecutive difference for individual muscle fibers in the respective fiber pools was 28.62, 36.39, and 35.68 micros. Jitter values for the ECR and OO were significantly higher than the jitter value for the PL muscle (P < .05). Significant differences among muscles or dogs or between sides were not observed for the ECR. Significant differences among dogs were observed for OO jitter values and were attributed to extremely low jitter values in 1 dog. Significant differences were demonstrated between sides for the PL and were attributed to small sample size. Results of this study provide normative data that can be used in the application of the stimulated SFEMG technique to dogs with suspected disorders of neuromuscular transmission.     

Preliminary Study on Age- and Sex-Dependent Alterations in the Composition of Skeletal Muscle Fibers of Brasileiro de Hipismo Horses

The aim of this work was to characterize the distribution of myofibers in the gluteus medius muscle of inactive horses of the Brasileiro de Hipismo (BH) breed at different ages by means of histochemical analyses, according to sex and depth of the biopsy. A total of 78 inactive horses (9 castrated males, 35 stallions, and 34 females) of the BH breed, aged 1 to 4 years, were used. A percutaneous muscle biopsy was obtained with a 6.0-mm Bergström-type needle, which allowed the removal of muscle fragments at depths of 20 and 60 mm. Myofiber types were determined based on myofibrillar adenosine triphosphatase (mATPase) and nicotinamide dinucleotide tetrazolium reductase (NADH-TR) techniques. Morphometry of the fibers was determined based on cross-sectional area (CSA), mean frequency (F), and relative cross-sectional area (RCSA). The current study demonstrated that BH horses 3 and 4 years of age show a greater percentage of, and area occupied by, type IIA fibers and lower percentage of type IIX fibers in the gluteus medius muscle compared with horses 1 and 2 years of age. No difference was found between sexes in the frequency of and area occupied by the different fiber types at any of the depths and ages studied. In this study, females showed a greater CSA for all fibers in comparison with males, at 1 year of age. The results of the current study indicate that the gluteus medius muscle of inactive BH horses shows modifications in its structural and biochemical composition during the growth of the animals, leading to a better oxidative capacity.