河北省昆虫病原线虫资源调查

采用大腊螟诱捕法，对采自河北省的1975个土样进行昆虫病原线虫分离。共分离出斯氏属线虫17个种群，异小杆属线虫49个种群，土壤带线虫率为3．34％。在斯氏属线虫中，其中格氏线虫有2个种群，新种A有一个种群，新种B有14个种群；而49个异小杆线虫种群均为嗜菌异小杆线虫。在河北南部邯郸及邢台地区，以斯氏线虫为主，而在中北部地区则以异小杆线虫为主。同时明确土样中的带线虫率与土壤植被以及土壤质地密切相关。未耕地以及以果树、蔬菜和大田作物为植被的土壤带线虫率分别为6．59％、5．13％、3．15％和2．9％；沙土、沙壤土、壤土以及粘土的带线虫率分别为8．57％、3．17％、3．36％和0。     

北京地区昆虫病原线虫的自然发生情况初步调查

用大蜡螟诱集法,对在北京地区采集的175个土样进行了线虫分离,得到斯氏属线虫5个,异小杆属线虫6个,小杆线虫2个。土样有线虫率为13.1％。土样有线虫率与植被、土壤质地有关。从4种植被下采集土样的有线虫率分别是:果园28.2％、菜地10.5％、大田作物7.7％、未耕地0。4种土壤质地中土样有线虫率为:松沙土20.8％、砂壤土15.1％、中壤土12.2％、轻壤土5.4％。本土线虫对桃小食心虫、韭菜蛆、小木蠹蛾、二化螟的侵染力均高于引进的线虫。     

莲潜根线虫回收率的影响因素初步研究

不同温度，PH值和分离时间对莲潜根线虫回收率的影响表明，以30℃，PH=7时分离回收率最高，温度在15℃时，分离7天，回收率达100％。     

郑州市绿地草坪重要植物寄生线虫鉴定

郑州市部分绿地草坪草存在植株矮小，长势衰弱，叶片枯黄等现象，推测其可能受植物线虫危害。为明确危害郑州市绿地草坪草的寄生线虫种类以及分布情况，2020—2021年，从郑州市12县/区辖区内的30个公园绿地随机采集136份草坪草疑似发病样品。采用浅盘法和漂浮法分离样品中的植物线虫，利用形态学和分子生物学鉴定相结合的方法，对分离到的植物线虫进行种类鉴定。结果表明，18个地区中的98份样品中检测到植物寄生线虫，检出率高达72.1%，覆盖调查地区的60.0%。同时，发现不同公园或绿地之间土壤中线虫数量差异悬殊，其中上街东虢湖公园线虫密度可达98.68条/100 m L土，而新郑龙湖城市湿地公园线虫密度仅为1.10条/100 mL土。种类鉴定结果显示，本次调查共检测到9种重要草坪草植物寄生线虫：小叶螺旋线虫（Helicotylenchus microlobus）、花生茎线虫（Ditylenchus arachis）、马铃薯腐烂茎线虫（D. destructor）、茎线虫属线虫（Ditylenchus sp.）、菲利普孢囊线虫（Heterodera filipjevi）、南方根结线虫（Meloido...     

改进型线虫分离器分离线虫及计数方法比较

改进型线虫分离器(见参考文献1)集"贝尔曼漏斗法"和"浅盘分离法"的优点于一体,保证了一次分离较大量的样品.当被分离样品内线虫数量较多时,通常采用收集10mL线虫分离液做样品定量计数时会丢失很多线虫.为了在植物线虫检疫的实际工作中更准确分离计数线虫,我们对使用改进型线虫分离器线虫分离计数方法进行了比较试验.以确证分离器的分离效率.     

拟青霉云南菌株的杀线虫作用

测定了来自云南部分地区的拟青霉36株菌株对全齿复活线虫的杀虫作用。结果表明，除已知种淡紫拟青霉对线虫有毒杀作用外，拟青霉属中其余菌株对线虫也有一定的杀虫作用。其中，采自昆明西山的环链拟青霉．11号菌株对线虫有很强的降解作用，在CMV和沙氏培养基上，24h对线虫的致死率分别为68．7％和90．8％；一株待定种A-43-1菌株对线虫有很强的致死作用，在CMA培养基上，24h对线虫的致死率达94．7％，并且其分泌的红色素能被线虫吸收，使虫体变红。     

从拉脱维亚进境的介质中截获桑沃滑刃线虫

2006年2月，广东南海局接受了一批来自拉脱维亚介质的报检，该批介质为原厂包装未使用过的介质，主要成分为苔藓（peat—moss）。介质经我实验室浅盘法浸泡，分离得到4个属（种）的植物寄生线虫，包括有：滑刃线虫（Aphelenchoides sp．）、茎线虫（Ditylenchus sp．）、垫刃线虫（Tylenchus sp．）和长尾线虫（Seinura sp．）。由于滑刃线虫的数量相对较多，在分离的线虫种群中占绝对优势，我们对该线虫进行了细致的观察，并对相关形态特征进行了测量，获得了许多数据。通过查阅滑刃线虫分类鉴定资料，鉴定该虫为桑沃滑刃线虫（Aphelenchoides sansvali Chaturvedi ，Singh and Khera，1979），该虫的形态特征及测量数值如下。     

线虫分离器的改进和松材线虫分离特点

对发现松材线虫和另一种伞滑刃线虫的两个木样 ,采用薄木片 (3 0 ) g进行线虫分离 ,线虫逸出有两个高峰期 ,分别是木样浸泡后第 8～ 1 1h和第 1 4～ 1 5h。所设计的分离器结合浅盘法和贝尔曼漏斗法分离线虫的优点 ,可用于线虫的定性分析和定量分析。木包装自身含水量低 ,线虫逸出高峰出现相对较早。     

草坪常用化学药剂对昆虫病原线虫存活和侵染率的影响

测定了草坪上常用的14种化学药剂对蝼蛄斯氏线、长尾斯氏线虫X-7品系和小卷蛾斯氏线虫All品系存活和侵染率的影响。杀虫剂乙酰甲胺磷在高浓度和推荐浓度下对蝼蛄斯氏线虫、长尾斯氏线虫和小卷蛾斯氏线虫的致死率分别为21％和9．5％，13％和5．5％，5．5％和2％；敌百虫在高浓度和推荐浓度下对蝼蛄斯氏线虫的致死率分别高达94．5％和92．5％，在高浓度下对长尾斯氏线虫的致死率为8％，对小卷蛾斯氏线虫没有明显致死作用；克蛾宝对3种线虫的致死作用均比乙酰甲胺磷和敌百虫低。杀菌剂对3种线虫的存活均无影响。除草剂2，4-D丁酯对3种线虫低浓度和高浓度下致死率分别为2％、6％、3．5％和5％、85．5％、6％。经化学药剂处理24h后的线虫侵染黄粉虫9-11龄幼虫，对线虫存活没有影响或者影响较小的化学药剂对线虫的侵染率都没有明显的影响，但剂型为10％可湿性粉剂的吡虫啉对长尾斯氏线虫，以及高浓度的2，4-D丁酯对小卷蛾斯氏线虫的侵染率有明显抑制作用。     

海南岛反季节蔬菜根际寄生线虫种类调查与分布

从海南岛10个县/市,9科31种蔬菜采集其根际土壤样本59份,用浅盘分离法分离线虫,并对其进行了系统形态学观测.结果表明,共分离得到19属寄生线虫.其中发生最普遍的线虫为肾状线虫属(Rotylenchulus),检出率为55.93％,寄主多达8科21种蔬菜;滑刃属(Aphelenchus)次之,检出率为47.46％,寄主多达9科24种;螺旋属(Helicotylenchus)、丝尾垫刃属(Filenchus)和根结属(Me loidogyne)分布相对较广,检出率分别为35.59％、33.90％和23.73％,寄主也比较多;拟滑刃属(phelenchoides)等其他14属较少或零星发生.在养心菜(Sedum aizoon)检出滑刃属线虫为国内首次报道.     

Dermestid beetles in ‘evolution Canyon’, lower Nahal Oren, Mt. Carmel, including new records for Israel

Fifteen species of dermestid beetles were recorded at ‘Evolution Canyon’ (EC), Lower Nahal Oren, Mt. Carmel, Israel. They represent ~35% of known Israeli dermestid species. The following three species were recorded for the first time in Israel:Trogoderma svriaca Dalla Torre, 1911;Ctesias svriaca Ganglbauer, 1904; andAnthrenus (s.str.) jordaniens Pic, 1934. Adults of 13 species were collected on the more solar radiated, warmer and climatically more fluctuating south-facing slope (SFS); ten species were collected on the opposite, north-facing slope (NFS), which was cooler and climatically more stable. The abundance of adult dermestid beetles was 1.9 times higher on the SFS than on the NFS (86 and 47, respectively). Species richness and abundance distribution at EC (three collecting stations on each slope and one at the valley bottom) were significantly negatively correlated with the plant cover that consisted of trees and bushes (Spearmanr _s ,P=0.007 and 0.039, respectively) and perennials (Spearmanr _s ,P=0.039 and 0.077, respectively), indicating that non-woody plants were preferred by adult dermestid beetles.     

Epidemiology of Toxigenic Fungi and their Associated Mycotoxins for Some Mediterranean Crops

Recent data on the epidemiology of the common mycotoxigenic species of Fusarium, Alternaria, Aspergillus and Penicillium in infected or colonized plants, and in stored or processed plant products from the Mediterranean area are reviewed. Emphasis is placed on the toxigenicity of the causal fungal species and the natural occurrence of well known mycotoxins (aflatoxins, ochratoxins, fumonisins, trichothecenes, zearalenone, patulin, Alternaria-toxins and moniliformin), as well as some more recently described compounds (fusaproliferin, beauvericin) whose toxigenic potential is not yet well understood. Several Fusarium species reported from throughout the Mediterranean area are responsible of the formation of mycotoxins in infected plants and in plant products, including: Fusarium graminearum, F. culmorum, F. cerealis, F. avenaceum, F. sporotrichioides and F. poae, which produce deoxynivalenol, nivalenol, fusarenone, zearalenone, moniliformin, and T-2 toxin derivatives in wheat and other small grains affected by head blight or scab, and in maize affected by red ear rot. Moreover, strains of F. verticillioides, F. proliferatum, and F. subglutinans, that form fumonisins, beauvericin, fusaproliferin, and moniliformin, are commonly associated with maize affected by ear rot. Fumonisins, were also associated with Fusarium crown and root rot of asparagus and Fusarium endosepsis of figs, caused primarily by F. proliferatum. Toxigenic A. alternata strains and associated tenuazonic acid and alternariols were commonly found in black mould of tomato, black rot of olive and citrus, black point of small cereals, and black mould of several vegetables. Toxigenic strains of A. carbonarius and ochratoxin A were often found associated with black rot of grapes, whereas toxigenic strains of A. flavus and/or P. verrucosum, forming aflatoxins and ochratoxin A, respectively, were found in moulded plant products from small cereals, peanuts, figs, pea, oilseed rape, sunflower seeds, sesame seeds, pistachios, and almonds. Finally, toxigenic strains of P. expansum and patulin were frequently found in apple, pear and other fresh fruits affected by blue mould rot, as well as in derived juices and jams.     

A survey of the genera of<Emphasis Type="Italic">Microgaster</Emphasis> latreille and<Emphasis Type="Italic">Hygroplitis</Emphasis> thomson (Hymenoptera: Braconidae: Microgastrinae) from China

The genera ofMicrogaster Latreille 1804 andHygroplitis Thomson 1895 from China are presented systematically in this paper. Thirty-two species ofMicrogaster and three species ofHygroplitis are known in China. Diagnosis, character variation, distribution and host of each species among the two genera are presented, including its host and distribution. Keys to the species ofMicrogaster andHygroplitis are given. http://www.phytoparasitica.org posting Dec. 19, 2006.     

Plant Viruses Transmitted by Whiteflies

One-hundred and fourteen virus species are transmitted by whiteflies (family Aleyrodidae). Bemisia tabaci transmits 111 of these species while Trialeurodes vaporariorum and T. abutilonia transmit three species each. B. tabaci and T. vaporariorum are present in the European–Mediterranean region, though the former is restricted in its distribution. Of the whitefly-transmitted virus species, 90% belong to the Begomovirus genus, 6% to the Crinivirus genus and the remaining 4% are in the Closterovirus, Ipomovirus or Carlavirus genera. Other named, whitefly-transmitted viruses that have not yet been ranked as species are also documented. The names, abbreviations and synonyms of the whitefly-transmitted viruses are presented in tabulated form together with details of their whitefly vectors, natural hosts and distribution. Entries are also annotated with references. Whitefly-transmitted viruses affecting plants in the European–Mediterranean region have been highlighted in the text.     

Broad bean mottle virus in Morocco; curculionid vectors,and natural occurrence in food legumes other than faba bean (Vicia faba)

Broad bean mottle virus (BBMV) was transmitted from infected to healthy faba-bean plants by the curculionid weevilsApion radiolus Kirby,Hypera variabilis Herbst,Pachytychius strumarius Gyll,Smicronyx cyaneus Gyll, andSitona lineatus L. The latter appeared to be an efficient vector: acquisition and inoculation occurred at the first bite, the rate of transmission was c. 41%, and virus retention lasted for at least seven days.S. lineatus transmitted the virus from faba bean to lentil and pea, but not to the three genotypes of chickpea tested. This is the first report on the generaHypera, Pachytychius, andSmicronyx as virus vectors, and onA. radiolus, H. variabilis, P. strumarius, andS. cyaneus as vectors of BBMV.Out of 351 samples of food legumes with symptoms suggestive of virus infection, 16, 11, 19, and 17% of the samples of chickpea, lentil, pea, and common bean, respectively, were found infected when tested for BBMV in DAS-ELISA. This is the first report on the natural occurrence of BBMV in chickpea, lentil, pea, and common bean. The virus should be regarded as a food-legume virus rather than a faba-bean virus solely, and is considered an actual threat to food legume improvement programmes.     

Characterization of potato potyvirus Y (PVY) isolates from seed potato batches. Situation of the NTN, Wilga and Z isolates

A collection of 38 PVY isolates from seed potato batches, originating from several Western European countries, was characterized by using current biological, serological and molecular tools differentiating PVY strains and groups. The correlation between the three kinds of tests was good but not absolute. No single serological or PCR method was able to discriminate among the five isolate groups found. Twenty-nine isolates belonged to the PVY^N strain and six to the PVY^O strain. No PVY^C was found. Two other isolates reacted serologically like PVY^O, but were unable to elicit a hypersensitive response from the Ny_tbr gene and probably represent the PVY^Z group. At the molecular level, these two isolates showed a combination of both PVY^O and PVY^N and could be recombinants of these strains. Another isolate reacted serologically like PVY^O, but induced vein necrosis in tobacco, like PVY^N-Wilga. Some PVY^N isolates caused tuber ring necrosis in glasshouse conditions. These might belong to the PVY^NTN group. The PVY^NTN, PVY^N-Wilga and PVY^Z groups probably represent pathotypes within strains PVY^N and PVY^O, respectively. The present study also confirms previous reports showing a high genetic variation at the 5 end within the PVYN strain.     

The autumn leafroller: Phenology,damage and parasitoids in a Dutch apple orchard

The phenology of the autumn leafroller,Syndemis musculana, a local pest of apple, was studied in order to forecast larval emergence. From 1983–1986, peak flight as determined with sexpheromone traps was always between 13–18 May. The duration of embryonic development was determined at various constant temperatures and used to estimate the periods of egg hatch in these four years. Each year, most eggs should have hatched in the second decade of June.Differences in attack rates between apple cultivars seem to be explained largely by the variation in picking time. Larvae are only half grown at the beginning of harvest (cv. James Grieve), and have gone into hibernation when the latest variety (cv. Golden Delicious) is picked. Moreover, the varieties Cox's Orange Pippin and Belle de Boskoop, picked about half time, are liable to receive additional damage by caterpillars brought with the picked fruits into storage.Various hymenopterous parasites were reared from caterpillars. As the only leafroller in the orchard which hibernates as mature larva,S. musculana may promote winter survival of some parasitoids, like the eulophidColpyclypeus florus.Samenvatting De fenologie van de herfstbladroller (Syndemis musculana Hübner), een incidentele plaag op appel, werd nader bepaald met het doel het uitkomen van de eieren te kunnen voorspellen. In 1983–1986 viel de piekvlucht, bepaald met behulp van feromoonvallen, steeds tussen 13 en 18 mei.De ontwikkelingsduur van de eieren bij verschillende constante temperaturen werd gebruikt om de periode van uitkomen te schatten. De meeste eieren zullen ieder jaar in de eerste helft van juni uitkomen.Geconstateerde verschillen in schade tussen appelrassen blijken goeddeels terug te voeren op verschillen in pluktijdstip. De rupsen van de herfstbladroller zijn pas half-was als de eerste appels eind augustus geplukt worden, terwijl tegen het einde van de oogst begin oktober de meeste al in winterslaap zijn. Met name tussentijdse rassen, als Cox's Orange Pippin and Schone van Boskoop, lopen extra schade op doordat grotere rupsen met de geplukte vruchten in de kist terecht komen.Uit de rupsen werden negen, al van andere boomgaardbladrollers bekende, sluipwespen gekweekt, Omdat deze bladrollersoort, als enige in de boomgaard, als volgroeide rups overwintert, lijkt zij bij uitstek geschikt als winterwaard.This study was carried out at the Experimental Orchard De Schuilenburg, Schuilenburg 3, 4041 BK Kesteren, the Netherlands, to which address correspondence should be addressed.     

Diagnostics,genetic diversity and pathogenic variation of ascochyta blight of cool season food and feed legumes

Molecular diagnostic techniques have been developed to differentiate the Ascochyta pathogens that infect cool season food and feed legumes, as well as to improve the sensitivity of detecting latent infection in plant tissues. A seed sampling technique was developed to detect a 1% level of infection by Ascochyta rabiei in commercial chickpea seed. The Ascochyta pathogens were shown to be genetically diverse in countries where the pathogen and host have coexisted for a long time. However, where the pathogen was recently introduced, such as A. rabiei to Australia, the level of diversity remained relatively low, even as the pathogen spread to all chickpea-growing areas. Pathogenic variability of A. rabiei and Ascochyta pinodes pathogens in chickpea and field pea respectively, appears to be quantitative, where measures of disease severity were based on aggressiveness (quantitative level of infection) rather than on true qualitative virulence. In contrast, qualitative differences in pathogenicity in lentil and faba bean genotypes indicated the existence of pathotypes of Ascochyta lentis and Ascochyta fabae. Therefore, reports of pathotype discrimination based on quantitative differences in pathogenicity in a set of specific genotypes is questionable for several of the ascochyta-legume pathosystems such as A. rabiei and A. pinodes. This is not surprising since host resistance to these pathogens has been reported to be mainly quantitative, making it difficult for the pathogen to overcome specific resistance genes and form pathotypes. For robust pathogenicity assessment, there needs to be consistency in selection of differential host genotypes, screening conditions and disease evaluation techniques for each of the Ascochyta sp. in legume-growing countries throughout the world. Nevertheless, knowledge of pathotype diversity and aggressiveness within populations is important in the selection of resistant genotypes.     

Characterization of Sclerotinia minor populations in Texas peanut fields

In the summer of 2004 an epidemic of sclerotinia blight of peanut, a disease caused by Sclerotinia minor, occurred in Texas in fields where the disease was never previously detected. The disease was observed on many plants within one of the fields (>3000 disease foci), although most foci were <1 m. It is hypothesized that these observations were inconsistent with the recent introduction of a monocyclic pathogen, even if disease developed under conducive environmental conditions. The pattern of disease is most suggestive of the presence of foliar (ascospore) infections, although air temperature was above the known limits for apothecia development if the pathogen had arrived in the field in 2004 peanut seed. To further examine this epidemic, 232 isolates were collected, across a variety of spatial scales spanning this field and other Texas peanut fields, and evaluated for aggressiveness, fungicide sensitivity and genotypic diversity. There was wide variation among isolates for the phenotypic characteristics measured, but there was no evidence that a genotypically unique, highly aggressive, and fungicide resistant isolate had been introduced or evolved. The predominant genotype, TX1, which contained 154 isolates, was found in every county and field population.     

Eyespot of Cereals Revisited: ITS phylogeny Reveals New Species Relationships

Four species so far classified in Pseudocercosporella or Ramulispora (hyphomycetes) are associated with eyespot disease symptoms of cereals. Two of these have been linked to teleomorphs that were described in Tapesia. Sequence data derived from the Internal Transcribed Spacer region (ITS1, 5.8S and ITS2) of the rDNA operon showed, however, that the eyespot fungi associated with Tapesia are not congeneric with Ramulispora sorghi, the type of Ramulispora. The genus name Tapesia is now rejected in favour of the conserved name Mollisia, which appears to comprise heterogeneous fungi. Tapesia yallundae is not closely related to the type of Mollisia, M. cinerea, but clusters separately, being more closely allied to species with Cadophora anamorphs. A new holomorph genus, Oculimacula, is therefore proposed for teleomorphs of the eyespot fungi, while the anamorphs are accommodated in Helgardia gen. nov.