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1.
食蚜蝇幼虫对麦蚜的控制作用十分明显。为了明确其食蚜蝇的消长动态及捕食作用,1985~1986年,进行了田间调查及室内饲养观察。 1.种类本地区麦田食蚜蝇有;大灰食蚜蝇(Syrphus corollae Fabricius)、斜斑鼓额食蚜蝇(Lasiopticus pyrastri(Lin))、长扁食蚜蝇(Sphaerophoria sp.)、黑带食蚜蝇(Epi- 相似文献
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3.
大灰食蚜蝇的生物学及对麦蚜控制作用的研究 总被引:4,自引:1,他引:4
1984~1987年研究结果表明大灰食蚜蝇在本区一年发生5代,以成虫或老熟幼虫在菜田浅土下越冬。第一、二代幼虫主要发生在麦田,为麦蚜捕食性天敌优势种。幼虫全期捕食量399.38±44.0头,以3龄幼虫捕食量最大。猎物蚜虫密度对捕食量的反应呈负加速曲线,属逆密度制约。田间笼罩试验单头幼虫平均能控制蚜量64.7头,其控制效果为74.8%。并根据蝇蚜比与蚜变系数的直线回归式,确立在现行麦蚜为害损失经济允许阈值小麦扬花、灌浆初期,百株蚜量500~600头,蝇蚜比1:80以下为田间利用指标。经大田验证是符合的。 相似文献
4.
本文采用捕食性天敌日控量的方法,对斜斑鼓额食蚜蝇末龄幼虫的捕食功能进行了测定。初步建立了日控蚜量(y)与苹果黄蚜密度(x)相关数学模型:y=-146.960+4.524x-0.021x~2(r=0.9976 P<0.05),当 x=107.71≈108头时.其最大日控蚜量 y=97头,失控点 x_1=175.6≈176头。 相似文献
5.
扬州地区农田常见食蚜蝇有11种,其中黑带食蚜蝇、门氏食蚜蝇、大灰食蚜蝇、短刺刺腿食蚜蝇、狭带食蚜蝇的发生量最多,是当地的优势种群。食蚜蝇以成虫、老熟幼虫、卵在林木的树皮下,在松柏等常绿树上越冬。黑带食蚜蝇种群密度季节性消长呈马鞍型,门氏食蚜蝇呈抛物线型。温度和天敌是影响种群数量变动的主要原因。食蚜蝇成虫需补充营养,在田间的分布与蚜虫密度、蜜源植物有一定关系。食蚜蝇捕食蚜虫的能力因虫种而异,黑带食蚜蝇、短刺刺腿食蚜蝇、门氏食蚜蝇一生的食蚜量分别为138.7、109.0、75.9头。食蚜蝇是一种捕食能力较强的天敌。 相似文献
6.
贵州东部地区茶园的食蚜蝇 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
1种类据在铜仁、松桃等地调查,该地区发生的食蚜蝇有:狭带食蚜蝇(SyrphusserariusWiedemann)、大灰食蚜蝇(S.corolaeFabricius)、黑带食蚜蝇(EpistrophebalteataDeGree)、四条小食蚜蝇(Pa... 相似文献
7.
在室内用桃蚜、蔷无网蚜、桃粉大尾蚜、菊花蚜虫4种蚜虫饲养大灰食蚜蝇幼虫取得比较满意的结果,幼虫成活率76~80%,蛹羽化率92~94%,子代卵孵化率84~91%。用豌豆修尾蚜饲养,幼虫成活率仅48%,蛹羽化率50%,子代卵孵化率无明显差异。在大灰食蚜蝇幼虫发育期中,前期用桃蚜饲养,后期改用修尾蚜饲养,对幼虫成活率及蛹羽化率仍有影响.食物(蚜虫)充足时,幼虫自残程度低,可以集体饲养。以1:10的益害比释放大灰食蚜蝇3日龄幼虫,防治非洲菊上的蚜虫,3天后蚜虫下降85.9%,效果显著。 相似文献
8.
用不同蚜虫饲养对大灰食蚜蝇生长发育的影响 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
在室温下分别用甘蓝蚜、豌豆蚜、桃蚜和大麻长管蚜饲养大灰食蚜蝇,幼虫历期分别为10.17天、10.29天、9.16天和9.50天,蛹期分别为8.69天、8.96天、8.46天和7.30天,蛹重分别为32.2毫克、32.3毫克、31.9毫克和26.6毫克,以大麻长管蚜饲养成虫获得率最高,达23.3%,桃蚜最低只有15.1%,研究表明,蚜虫种类对大灰食蚜蝇发育历期、蛹重及存活率有一定影响,人工饲养蚜蝇必需选择适合的蚜种。 相似文献
9.
黑带食蚜蝇生物学特性及捕食作用的研究 总被引:6,自引:0,他引:6
采用田间调查和室内饲养的方法,研究了黑带食蚜蝇Syrphus batteata的生物学特性和捕食作用。结果表明,该虫每年发生5代,以蛹在土壤中越冬,7-8月则以3代蛹越夏,各龄幼虫对蚜虫的功能反应均为Holling-Ⅱ型,随着幼虫的生长,其捕食量逐渐增大。 相似文献
10.
在20~25℃室温下用5种蚜虫分别饲养大灰食蚜蝇的结果表明,用麦长管蚜、禾谷缢管蚜、麦无网长管蚜、豌豆蚜作猎物,均能使食蚜蝇完成发育。幼虫期历期分别为11.0、10.2、10.1和10.6天,发育全期(幼虫+予蛹+蛹期)分别为29.0、30.6、27.4和26.1天,蛹重为33.9~40.7mg,差异不显著。但取食甘蓝蚜的食蚜蝇则不能完成个体发育。每天分别供应5、10、20、40和80头2~3龄麦无网长管蚜饲养食蚜蝇,在5头处理中,幼虫历期明显较长,予蛹及蛹期历期最短,其它4个处理间差异均不显著;幼虫成活率、蛹重和羽化率,则随取食蚜虫量的增加而明显增加。试验结果指出,人工饲养食蚜蝇必需选择适合的蚜种,虽然食蚜蝇幼虫取食86头2~3龄蚜虫即能完成发育,但提供更丰富的猎物还是必要的。 相似文献
11.
Fifteen species of dermestid beetles were recorded at ‘Evolution Canyon’ (EC), Lower Nahal Oren, Mt. Carmel, Israel. They
represent ~35% of known Israeli dermestid species. The following three species were recorded for the first time in Israel:Trogoderma svriaca Dalla Torre, 1911;Ctesias svriaca Ganglbauer, 1904; andAnthrenus (s.str.) jordaniens Pic, 1934. Adults of 13 species were collected on the more solar radiated, warmer and climatically more fluctuating south-facing
slope (SFS); ten species were collected on the opposite, north-facing slope (NFS), which was cooler and climatically more
stable. The abundance of adult dermestid beetles was 1.9 times higher on the SFS than on the NFS (86 and 47, respectively).
Species richness and abundance distribution at EC (three collecting stations on each slope and one at the valley bottom) were
significantly negatively correlated with the plant cover that consisted of trees and bushes (Spearmanr
s
,P=0.007 and 0.039, respectively) and perennials (Spearmanr
s
,P=0.039 and 0.077, respectively), indicating that non-woody plants were preferred by adult dermestid beetles. 相似文献
12.
Epidemiology of Toxigenic Fungi and their Associated Mycotoxins for Some Mediterranean Crops 总被引:9,自引:0,他引:9
Antonio Logrieco Antonio Bottalico Giuseppina Mulé Antonio Moretti Giancarlo Perrone 《European journal of plant pathology / European Foundation for Plant Pathology》2003,109(7):645-667
Recent data on the epidemiology of the common mycotoxigenic species of Fusarium, Alternaria, Aspergillus and Penicillium in infected or colonized plants, and in stored or processed plant products from the Mediterranean area are reviewed. Emphasis is placed on the toxigenicity of the causal fungal species and the natural occurrence of well known mycotoxins (aflatoxins, ochratoxins, fumonisins, trichothecenes, zearalenone, patulin, Alternaria-toxins and moniliformin), as well as some more recently described compounds (fusaproliferin, beauvericin) whose toxigenic potential is not yet well understood. Several Fusarium species reported from throughout the Mediterranean area are responsible of the formation of mycotoxins in infected plants and in plant products, including: Fusarium graminearum, F. culmorum, F. cerealis, F. avenaceum, F. sporotrichioides and F. poae, which produce deoxynivalenol, nivalenol, fusarenone, zearalenone, moniliformin, and T-2 toxin derivatives in wheat and other small grains affected by head blight or scab, and in maize affected by red ear rot. Moreover, strains of F. verticillioides, F. proliferatum, and F. subglutinans, that form fumonisins, beauvericin, fusaproliferin, and moniliformin, are commonly associated with maize affected by ear rot. Fumonisins, were also associated with Fusarium crown and root rot of asparagus and Fusarium endosepsis of figs, caused primarily by F. proliferatum. Toxigenic A. alternata strains and associated tenuazonic acid and alternariols were commonly found in black mould of tomato, black rot of olive and citrus, black point of small cereals, and black mould of several vegetables. Toxigenic strains of A. carbonarius and ochratoxin A were often found associated with black rot of grapes, whereas toxigenic strains of A. flavus and/or P. verrucosum, forming aflatoxins and ochratoxin A, respectively, were found in moulded plant products from small cereals, peanuts, figs, pea, oilseed rape, sunflower seeds, sesame seeds, pistachios, and almonds. Finally, toxigenic strains of P. expansum and patulin were frequently found in apple, pear and other fresh fruits affected by blue mould rot, as well as in derived juices and jams. 相似文献
13.
The genera ofMicrogaster Latreille 1804 andHygroplitis Thomson 1895 from China are presented systematically in this paper. Thirty-two species ofMicrogaster and three species ofHygroplitis are known in China. Diagnosis, character variation, distribution and host of each species among the two genera are presented,
including its host and distribution. Keys to the species ofMicrogaster andHygroplitis are given.
http://www.phytoparasitica.org posting Dec. 19, 2006. 相似文献
14.
Plant Viruses Transmitted by Whiteflies 总被引:18,自引:0,他引:18
David R. Jones 《European journal of plant pathology / European Foundation for Plant Pathology》2003,109(3):195-219
One-hundred and fourteen virus species are transmitted by whiteflies (family Aleyrodidae). Bemisia tabaci transmits 111 of these species while Trialeurodes vaporariorum and T. abutilonia transmit three species each. B. tabaci and T. vaporariorum are present in the European–Mediterranean region, though the former is restricted in its distribution. Of the whitefly-transmitted virus species, 90% belong to the Begomovirus genus, 6% to the Crinivirus genus and the remaining 4% are in the Closterovirus, Ipomovirus or Carlavirus genera. Other named, whitefly-transmitted viruses that have not yet been ranked as species are also documented. The names, abbreviations and synonyms of the whitefly-transmitted viruses are presented in tabulated form together with details of their whitefly vectors, natural hosts and distribution. Entries are also annotated with references. Whitefly-transmitted viruses affecting plants in the European–Mediterranean region have been highlighted in the text. 相似文献
15.
M. Fortass S. Diallo 《European journal of plant pathology / European Foundation for Plant Pathology》1993,99(4):219-226
Broad bean mottle virus (BBMV) was transmitted from infected to healthy faba-bean plants by the curculionid weevilsApion radiolus Kirby,Hypera variabilis Herbst,Pachytychius strumarius Gyll,Smicronyx cyaneus Gyll, andSitona lineatus L. The latter appeared to be an efficient vector: acquisition and inoculation occurred at the first bite, the rate of transmission was c. 41%, and virus retention lasted for at least seven days.S. lineatus transmitted the virus from faba bean to lentil and pea, but not to the three genotypes of chickpea tested. This is the first report on the generaHypera, Pachytychius, andSmicronyx as virus vectors, and onA. radiolus, H. variabilis, P. strumarius, andS. cyaneus as vectors of BBMV.Out of 351 samples of food legumes with symptoms suggestive of virus infection, 16, 11, 19, and 17% of the samples of chickpea, lentil, pea, and common bean, respectively, were found infected when tested for BBMV in DAS-ELISA. This is the first report on the natural occurrence of BBMV in chickpea, lentil, pea, and common bean. The virus should be regarded as a food-legume virus rather than a faba-bean virus solely, and is considered an actual threat to food legume improvement programmes. 相似文献
16.
B. Blanco-Urgoiti M. Tribodet S. Leclere F. Ponz C. Pérez de san román F.J. Legorburu C. Kerlan 《European journal of plant pathology / European Foundation for Plant Pathology》1998,104(8):811-819
A collection of 38 PVY isolates from seed potato batches, originating from several Western European countries, was characterized by using current biological, serological and molecular tools differentiating PVY strains and groups. The correlation between the three kinds of tests was good but not absolute. No single serological or PCR method was able to discriminate among the five isolate groups found. Twenty-nine isolates belonged to the PVYN strain and six to the PVYO strain. No PVYC was found. Two other isolates reacted serologically like PVYO, but were unable to elicit a hypersensitive response from the Nytbr gene and probably represent the PVYZ group. At the molecular level, these two isolates showed a combination of both PVYO and PVYN and could be recombinants of these strains. Another isolate reacted serologically like PVYO, but induced vein necrosis in tobacco, like PVYN-Wilga. Some PVYN isolates caused tuber ring necrosis in glasshouse conditions. These might belong to the PVYNTN group. The PVYNTN, PVYN-Wilga and PVYZ groups probably represent pathotypes within strains PVYN and PVYO, respectively. The present study also confirms previous reports showing a high genetic variation at the 5
end within the PVYN strain. 相似文献
17.
L. Blommers H. Helsen F. Vaal 《European journal of plant pathology / European Foundation for Plant Pathology》1988,94(2):95-103
The phenology of the autumn leafroller,Syndemis musculana, a local pest of apple, was studied in order to forecast larval emergence. From 1983–1986, peak flight as determined with sexpheromone traps was always between 13–18 May. The duration of embryonic development was determined at various constant temperatures and used to estimate the periods of egg hatch in these four years. Each year, most eggs should have hatched in the second decade of June.Differences in attack rates between apple cultivars seem to be explained largely by the variation in picking time. Larvae are only half grown at the beginning of harvest (cv. James Grieve), and have gone into hibernation when the latest variety (cv. Golden Delicious) is picked. Moreover, the varieties Cox's Orange Pippin and Belle de Boskoop, picked about half time, are liable to receive additional damage by caterpillars brought with the picked fruits into storage.Various hymenopterous parasites were reared from caterpillars. As the only leafroller in the orchard which hibernates as mature larva,S. musculana may promote winter survival of some parasitoids, like the eulophidColpyclypeus florus.Samenvatting De fenologie van de herfstbladroller (Syndemis musculana Hübner), een incidentele plaag op appel, werd nader bepaald met het doel het uitkomen van de eieren te kunnen voorspellen. In 1983–1986 viel de piekvlucht, bepaald met behulp van feromoonvallen, steeds tussen 13 en 18 mei.De ontwikkelingsduur van de eieren bij verschillende constante temperaturen werd gebruikt om de periode van uitkomen te schatten. De meeste eieren zullen ieder jaar in de eerste helft van juni uitkomen.Geconstateerde verschillen in schade tussen appelrassen blijken goeddeels terug te voeren op verschillen in pluktijdstip. De rupsen van de herfstbladroller zijn pas half-was als de eerste appels eind augustus geplukt worden, terwijl tegen het einde van de oogst begin oktober de meeste al in winterslaap zijn. Met name tussentijdse rassen, als Cox's Orange Pippin and Schone van Boskoop, lopen extra schade op doordat grotere rupsen met de geplukte vruchten in de kist terecht komen.Uit de rupsen werden negen, al van andere boomgaardbladrollers bekende, sluipwespen gekweekt, Omdat deze bladrollersoort, als enige in de boomgaard, als volgroeide rups overwintert, lijkt zij bij uitstek geschikt als winterwaard.This study was carried out at the Experimental Orchard De Schuilenburg, Schuilenburg 3, 4041 BK Kesteren, the Netherlands, to which address correspondence should be addressed. 相似文献
18.
Paul W. J. Taylor Rebecca Ford 《European journal of plant pathology / European Foundation for Plant Pathology》2007,119(1):127-133
Molecular diagnostic techniques have been developed to differentiate the Ascochyta pathogens that infect cool season food and feed legumes, as well as to improve the sensitivity of detecting latent infection
in plant tissues. A seed sampling technique was developed to detect a 1% level of infection by Ascochyta rabiei in commercial chickpea seed. The Ascochyta pathogens were shown to be genetically diverse in countries where the pathogen and host have coexisted for a long time. However,
where the pathogen was recently introduced, such as A. rabiei to Australia, the level of diversity remained relatively low, even as the pathogen spread to all chickpea-growing areas.
Pathogenic variability of A. rabiei and Ascochyta pinodes pathogens in chickpea and field pea respectively, appears to be quantitative, where measures of disease severity were based
on aggressiveness (quantitative level of infection) rather than on true qualitative virulence. In contrast, qualitative differences
in pathogenicity in lentil and faba bean genotypes indicated the existence of pathotypes of Ascochyta lentis and Ascochyta fabae. Therefore, reports of pathotype discrimination based on quantitative differences in pathogenicity in a set of specific genotypes
is questionable for several of the ascochyta-legume pathosystems such as A. rabiei and A. pinodes. This is not surprising since host resistance to these pathogens has been reported to be mainly quantitative, making it difficult
for the pathogen to overcome specific resistance genes and form pathotypes. For robust pathogenicity assessment, there needs
to be consistency in selection of differential host genotypes, screening conditions and disease evaluation techniques for
each of the Ascochyta sp. in legume-growing countries throughout the world. Nevertheless, knowledge of pathotype diversity and aggressiveness within
populations is important in the selection of resistant genotypes. 相似文献
19.
F. K. Crutcher M. A. Henry‐Gregory H. H. Wilkinson S. E. Duke T. Wheeler C. M. Kenerley 《Plant pathology》2018,67(4):839-847
In the summer of 2004 an epidemic of sclerotinia blight of peanut, a disease caused by Sclerotinia minor, occurred in Texas in fields where the disease was never previously detected. The disease was observed on many plants within one of the fields (>3000 disease foci), although most foci were <1 m. It is hypothesized that these observations were inconsistent with the recent introduction of a monocyclic pathogen, even if disease developed under conducive environmental conditions. The pattern of disease is most suggestive of the presence of foliar (ascospore) infections, although air temperature was above the known limits for apothecia development if the pathogen had arrived in the field in 2004 peanut seed. To further examine this epidemic, 232 isolates were collected, across a variety of spatial scales spanning this field and other Texas peanut fields, and evaluated for aggressiveness, fungicide sensitivity and genotypic diversity. There was wide variation among isolates for the phenotypic characteristics measured, but there was no evidence that a genotypically unique, highly aggressive, and fungicide resistant isolate had been introduced or evolved. The predominant genotype, TX1, which contained 154 isolates, was found in every county and field population. 相似文献
20.
Pedro W. Crous J.Z. Groenewald Walter Gams 《European journal of plant pathology / European Foundation for Plant Pathology》2003,109(8):841-850
Four species so far classified in Pseudocercosporella or Ramulispora (hyphomycetes) are associated with eyespot disease symptoms of cereals. Two of these have been linked to teleomorphs that were described in Tapesia. Sequence data derived from the Internal Transcribed Spacer region (ITS1, 5.8S and ITS2) of the rDNA operon showed, however, that the eyespot fungi associated with Tapesia are not congeneric with Ramulispora sorghi, the type of Ramulispora. The genus name Tapesia is now rejected in favour of the conserved name Mollisia, which appears to comprise heterogeneous fungi. Tapesia yallundae is not closely related to the type of Mollisia, M. cinerea, but clusters separately, being more closely allied to species with Cadophora anamorphs. A new holomorph genus, Oculimacula, is therefore proposed for teleomorphs of the eyespot fungi, while the anamorphs are accommodated in Helgardia gen. nov. 相似文献