Uptake and translocation of non-ionised pesticides in the emergent aquatic plant parrot feather Myriophyllum aquaticum

The uptake of four (14)C-labelled non-ionised compounds, the methyl carbamoyloxime insecticide/nematicide oxamyl and three model phenylureas, from solution by rooted stems of the aquatic plant parrot feather [Myriophyllum aquaticum (Vell.) Verdc], together with translocation to the emergent shoots, was measured over periods of 24 and 48 h. Uptake into the submerged tissues of roots and stem base could be ascribed to two processes: movement into the aqueous phase of cells and then partitioning onto the plant solids. This latter process was related to lipophilicity (as measured by the l-octanol/water partition coefficient, K(ow)) and gave rise to high uptake rates of the most lipophilic compounds. Translocation to shoots was passive and was optimal at log K(ow) approximately 1.8, at which the efficiency of translocation of compound was about 40% of that of water. This optimum log K(ow) was identical to that observed previously in barley, although the translocation efficiency was somewhat less in parrot feather. Solvation parameters were applied to model uptake and translocation of a set of ten compounds by barley with the particular objective of understanding why translocation efficiency is lower at log K(ow) > 1.8.     

植物生长调节剂Z-S对高产旱稻花后光合及产量的影响

对高产旱稻北农大65在三叶一心、拔节期和孕穗期叶面喷施植物生长调节剂Z-S,研究Z-S对高产旱稻花后光合及产量的影响。结果表明:随Z-S喷施浓度的增加,蒸腾速率、光合速率及气孔导度与对照比较均有所增加,穗数、千粒重及产量也有显著上升,均以低浓度最高。低浓度在灌浆中期光合有效辐射利用率显著提高,说明喷施适宜浓度的Z-S可以提高光能利用率,进而提高产量。     

外来入侵植物病毒在我国的发生、危害与管理

外来入侵植物病毒已经严重威胁全球多个国家和地区的农业生产。预防和控制入侵植物病毒能够确保农业安全生产和可持续发展。本文详细地总结与综述了我国重要外来入侵植物病毒发生与危害情况。结合国内外生物入侵防治经验与我国入侵植物病毒的实际情况,分析了我国植物病毒入侵防控面临的挑战,提出了我国入侵植物病毒防控的几种通用措施。     

Photosynthetic and growth responses of zea mays L and four weed species following post-emergence treatments with mesotrione and atrazinet

We compared photosynthesis and growth of Zea mays L (corn) and four weed species, Setaria viridis (L) Beauv (green foxtail), Echinochloa crus-galli (L) Beauv (barnyardgrass), Abutilon theophrasti Medic (velvetleaf), and Amaranthus retroflexus L (redroot pigweed), following foliar applications with atrazine, mesotrione, or a combination of atrazine and mesotrione in two greenhouse experiments. Plant responses to the three herbicide treatments were compared with responses of untreated plants (control). Photosynthesis on day 14 and dry mass of Z mays was not reduced by any of the herbicide treatments. Photosynthesis and dry mass of E crus-galli, A retroflexus and A theophrasti were significantly reduced by mesotrione and atrazine alone and in combination. Photosynthesis on day 14 and dry mass of large Sviridis plants were not suppressed by either herbicide applied alone. The mesotrione plus atrazine treatment was the most effective treatment for grass weed control because plants did not regain photosynthetic capacity and had significantly lower dry mass. Shoot dry mass of broadleaf weeds was significantly reduced by all three herbicide treatments, except for A retroflexus treated with mesotrione alone.     

中国草地外来生物入侵现状与防控建议

草地是我国生态系统的重要组成部分,更是我国畜牧业发展的重要物质基础。外来生物入侵迫使我国脆弱的草地生态系统雪上加霜,严重威胁生态安全、生物安全和畜牧业高质量发展。本文全面总结了我国草地外来入侵生物的物种组成、来源及其危害,系统分析了重要外来生物的入侵扩散机制和防控现状。根据文献统计,我国草地外来入侵生物共有176种,包括入侵植物145种,入侵动物25种,入侵微生物6种,它们主要来源于北美洲。大量外来生物入侵直接影响了草地物种多样性,破坏了草地生态系统的结构和功能,严重威胁人畜健康和社会经济可持续发展。草地外来生物成功入侵与其自身的生物学生态学特性、与本地种的相互作用和环境条件的可入侵性密切相关,虽然目前利用化学防治、生物防治和生态控制等技术可以进行有效防治,但防控的实效性、可持续性差,建议建立基于智能识别与监测预警,集成应急阻截和持续减灾等关键技术的系统解决方案,实现外来入侵物种早发现、早治理,为快速抑制扩散蔓延和区域持续减灾提供科技支撑。     

台湾新发生重大外来入侵物种——虎纹非洲大蜗牛的检疫鉴定

虎纹非洲大蜗牛Achatina panthera (Férussac, 1832)是近年来台湾新发生的重大外来入侵物种, 对农林生产和人畜健康构成严重威胁, 目前中国大陆尚无分布?本文厘清了该蜗牛分类历史和系统学地位, 通过核对实物标本结合现有文献, 重新描述了虎纹非洲大蜗牛的形态特征, 并与近似种的主要形态鉴别特征进行了比对?首次测定该蜗牛的COⅠ基因序列, 并建立了分子比对鉴定方法?最后提出了相应的检疫风险管理措施, 可为有关部门应对虎纹非洲大蜗牛的入侵提供科学依据?     

Effects of hydrology on the growth and physiology of an invasive exotic, Lygodium microphyllum (Old World climbing fern)

We conducted a glasshouse study to examine effects of hydrology on the growth and physiology of Lygodium microphyllum (Old World climbing fern), an invasive exotic that is rapidly colonising forested wetlands in Florida, USA. We assessed the fern's growth and physiological responses to three hydrological treatments – flood, drought and field capacity. To further explore the physiology of the treatment responses of L. microphyllum , we also sprayed each plant with gibberellic acid, paclobutrazol (gibberellin inhibitor) or a water control solution (at a rate of 5 mL three times per week) using a 3 × 3 factorial design. Flooding reduced relative growth rate by 55%, whereas periodic exposure of ferns to a soil water potential of −1 MPa did not affect growth or physiology. Flooding led to substantial decreases in specific leaf area and area-based rates of pinna photosynthesis, resulting in a 64% lower rate of photosynthesis per unit pinna mass. Application of growth regulators had no effect on fern growth, morphology or physiology. Even though flooding substantially reduced growth, L. microphyllum still showed a positive relative growth rate after >2 months of inundated soils. This apparent hydrological plasticity is likely a contributing factor to the introduced fern's widespread establishment across a range of plant communities within the Florida Everglades ecosystem. Short-term manipulation of site hydrology does not appear to be an effective management option. Consequently, this has considerable implications for the Everglades, which is undergoing a 30-year system-wide hydrological restoration.     

Performance of the invasive Eupatorium catarium and Ageratum conyzoides in comparison with a common native plant under varying levels of light and moisture

Invasive alien plants are often found to be more plastic than the natives, which enable the former to outperform the native plants under some, or in a wide range, of environmental conditions. In addition, their performance under non‐competitive conditions might not predict their performance under competitive conditions. The performance of the recent invader, Eupatorium catarium, was compared with that of a historical invader, Ageratum conyzoides, and a common native plant, Vernonia cinerea, under varying levels of light and moisture with and without competition. When grown alone and in response to decreases in light levels, E. catarium and V. cinerea were more plastic in their root‐to‐shoot ratio than A. conyzoides, while V. cinerea was more plastic in its specific leaf area (SLA) than E. catarium and A. conyzoides. Eupatorium catarium was more plastic than A. conyzoides and V. cinerea in the SLA in response to the drought treatment. However, these differences in trait plasticities did not lead to a difference in biomass production under each light and moisture treatment combination. When E. catarium was competing with either A. conyzoides or V. cinerea, the interacting species also did not differ in their biomass production and relative interaction intensity under each light and moisture treatment combination. These results indicate that the two invasive species and the native plant do not differ in their performance under relatively low soil nutrient conditions, regardless of the moisture, light and competition treatments that are imposed. Therefore, E. catarium and A. conyzoides cannot outperform V. cinerea under low nutrient conditions, regardless of the light and water availability.     

From weed biology to successful control: an example of successful management of Ludwigia grandiflora in Germany

Ludwigia grandiflora (water primrose), a native to the Americas, is one of the most important invasive alien aquatic plants in Europe. In Germany, a first population was found in an oxbow lake of the River Leda in Lower Saxony, north‐western Germany, in 2004. Ludwigia grandiflora formed both dense monospecific patches and mixed stands with native plants. A study on the biology of L. grandiflora documented that the plants regrow in spring from vegetative means only, even though viable seed production occurred. Hand weeding was successfully tested in different sampling sites as a sustainable management tool and subsequently used for the management of this species. Within 3 days, more than 99% of the biomass (25 tonnes of fresh mass) was harvested in 2013. Afterwards, a one‐day post‐treatment in the same year, two‐one‐day treatments in 2014 and one‐one‐day treatment in 2015 were made to harvest the regrown plants. After the first year, plant regrowth occurred only in one extremely muddy site, while in more than 99% of the water body, L. grandiflora was eradicated. Even though L. grandiflora was not completely eradicated from the water, a total eradication seems achievable within the next few years. The study documented the difficulties in the management of aquatic weeds, particularly in heterogeneous habitats with varying sediment structure. Management measures must be adapted to the infested habitat and species biology, which is mandatory for successful management of all aquatic weeds.     

北方旱区不同树种抗氧化酶活性变化及与抗旱性的关系

通过对在干旱胁迫处理下的刺槐(Robinia pseudoaacia),栾树(Koelreuteria paniculata),五角枫(Acermono),君迁子(Diospyros lotus),苦楝(Melia azedarach)5个树种的1年生幼苗的超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)、过氧化物酶(POD)3种保护酶活性、丙二醛(MDA)含量、叶片相对电导率和树高相对生长速率等生理指标的测定,结果表明:随着干旱胁迫强度的增加,5树种的各生理指标均有不同程度的变化,保护酶活性和MDA及相对电导率不断升高,相对生长速率则不断下降。其中苦楝的酶系统活性最高,MDA的含量较低,相对电导率最小,受干旱胁迫的影响最小,从而能维持最高的生长速率,和其它树种差别显著;君迁子的3种保护酶活性和相对生长速率最低,MDA的含量和相对电导率最高;栾树的3种保护酶活性变化不显著,相对电导率较低及MDA的含量最低;刺槐和五角枫的3种保护酶活性、MDA含量、相对电导率和相对生长速率介于苦楝和君迁子两者之间。以树高的相对生长速率作为评价抗旱能力的指标,则5树种的抗旱能力排序为:苦楝>五角枫>栾树>刺槐>君迁子。     

外来有害生物对我国城市园林绿化危害及防控对策

随着我国城市化进程的不断加快,城市绿化建设事业迅速发展,入侵的外来有害生物随着城市绿化苗木的引进和调运,在我国城市间不断扩散蔓延。本文阐述外来有害生物在城市绿化建设过程中入侵和扩散的严峻形势,从而分析其原因,并提出城市绿化过程中防控外来有害生物入侵和扩散的对策。     

Growth,physiological status,and yield of salt-stressed wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) plants affected by biofertilizer and cycocel applications

This factorial study was conducted based on randomized complete block design with three replications in a greenhouse during spring 2015 to investigate changes in dry matter mobilization, grain filling period, and some physiological characteristics of wheat. Treatments were four salt levels [0 (S₁), 30 (S₂), 60 (S₃), and 90 (S₄) mM sodium chloride (NaCl) equivalent to 2.76, 5.53, and 8.3 dS m^?1, respectively], four biofertilizers levels [(no biofertilizer (F₀), seed inoculation by Azotobacter chroococcum Beijerinck strain 5 (F₁), Pseudomonas putida (Trevisan) Migula strain 186 (F₂), both inoculation Azotobacter?+?Pseudomonas (F₃)], and three cycocel levels [(without cycocel as control (C₀), application of 600 (C₁), and 1000 (C₂)?mg?L^?1)]. Salinity stress increased leaf electrical conductivity and decreased chlorophyll index, quantum yield, relative water content, and stomata conductance. However, the application of cycocel and biofertilizer reduced the negative impacts at each level of salinity tested. When treated with cycocel, salt stressed plants demonstrated a significant decrease in stomata conductance compared to the salt-treated plants with no cycocel. The results revealed that the maximum shoot and stem dry matter mobilization (0.89 and 0.67?g, respectively) and contribution of stem reserves to grain yield (38.01%) were observed in salinity severe stress (90?mM) and no cycocel application. The application of Azotobacter?+?Pseudomonas had the greatest grain filling rate (0.002?g day^?1) without salinity stress. The greatest grain filling period (43.26 days) was achieved by the highest cycocel level without salinity stress. The application of biofertilizer and cycocel as F₃C₂ had 24.7% more grain yield in comparison to the controls.     

北京市湿地入侵植物群落与本地植物群落的生物多样性比较

为明确外来入侵植物对本地湿地植物多样性的影响,在北京市湿地选择23个样地共245个样方进行物种多样性调查,并从不同植物性状数据库获取样方中所有植物的株高、叶长、叶宽、叶面积和比叶面积等10个功能性状数据,对比分析入侵群落与本地群落的物种多样性、系统发育多样性和功能多样性特征。结果显示,在北京市湿地共记录到26种外来入侵草本植物,隶属10科19属,其中,菊科外来入侵植物种类最多,有10种。除比叶面积、叶片碳含量和株高的系统发育信号显著外,其余7种植物功能性状的系统发育信号均不显著,表明大多数功能性状未表现出系统发育保守性。入侵群落所有物种的物种多样性指标Shannon-Wiener多样性指数、物种丰富度指数和Simpson优势度指数以及系统发育多样性指标谱系多样性和平均最近谱系发育距离均显著高于本地群落和入侵群落本地物种,而入侵群落本地物种的功能分散指数和Rao''Q二次熵指数均显著高于本地群落,表明外来物种入侵改变了湿地植物的生物多样性,且外来物种入侵后群落谱系多样性趋于发散,说明与本地植物亲缘关系越远的入侵物种越容易在湿地群落中建立种群,符合达尔文归化假说。     

活性氧参与调控植物生长发育和胁迫应激响应机理的研究进展

复杂多变的自然环境使植物进化出复杂而又巧妙的机制来感知外部信号,并对外部环境的变化做出适应性调整。在这种信号整合和决策过程中起关键作用的一类物质是活性氧(ROS)。细胞内、外产生的ROS与Ca~(2+)和电信号相互偶联组成的ROS波,向"友邻细胞"或远端细胞进行快速信号转导,进而伴随着多种信号组分共同完成应激响应表达。而ROS的产生与清除平衡关系决定了ROS在植物生长发育、器官发生和抗逆方面的作用。系统结并讨论了ROS的产生来源、信号传导机制、响应表达及ROS引起的细胞程序性死亡的最新研究进展。为深入了解ROS激活相关基因的表达,进而研究触发信号转导通路,使植物积极、高效地应对各种内在或外源的刺激信号,以调控植物的生长发育或适应胁迫环境,提供新的观点和见解。     

两种旱生植物的生长特征及其成活率对底水灌溉量的响应

通过微地形改造,研究底水灌溉量对两种旱生植物梭梭和沙拐枣生长特征及成活率的影响,为干旱区后期免灌植被造林提供理论依据和技术支撑。结果表明:1梭梭第1年株高和枝长的年生长量以及地上生物量与底水灌溉量呈正比,但灌溉量在90 L、60 L和30 L梭梭株高和枝长年生长量以及地上生物量均无显著性差异;底水灌溉量对梭梭第2年的生长无显著性影响。2当底水灌溉量为30 L时,沙拐枣2 a株高和枝长的年生长量以及地上生物量平均值最大。3相同底水灌溉量下,梭梭成活率大于沙拐枣成活率。在克拉玛依市后期免灌造林效果梭梭优于沙拐枣,种植梭梭和沙拐枣最适底水灌溉量为30 L。     

Success and failure of invasive races of plant pathogens: The case of Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici in France

Invasions of new races can have contrasting consequences on populations of Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici, causing yellow rust of wheat. For example, the emergence of PstS7 (Warrior race) had major impacts in Europe and in France. By contrast, PstS2 had no impact in France, while it significantly affected other parts of the world. The objective of this study was to better understand factors that govern the success of an invasive race, taking the contrasting history of PstS7 and PstS2 in France as a case study. We compared these two races for three key factors driving invasive potential: (a) virulence against local cultivars, (b) aggressiveness in local environmental conditions, and (c) competitiveness against local races. During the period when PstS2 was detected, 70% of the grown wheat area was protected against this race by at least one known Yr resistance gene. By contrast, we found that only 15% of the wheat area had a low risk of infection by PstS7. In planta competition experiments suggested a higher competitiveness of PstS7 against local isolates compared to PstS2 in optimal thermal conditions. In silico experiments, based on thermal performance curves, suggested a high competitiveness of PstS7 considering infection efficiency. PstS2 was extremely competitive against local races in all considered environments (20 French sites × 15 years) due to its short latency period. Our findings highlight the importance of considering adaptation to environmental conditions, particularly temperature, in addition to virulence spectrum, in order to understand the evolutionary trajectories of emerging strains in pathogen populations.     

The Conductance model of plant growth and competition in monoculture and species mixtures: a review

Over the past two decades, an ecophysiological model has been developed for annual horticultural crops and weeds, which has the powerful ability to predict the growth of plants in monoculture and mixed species stands from parameter values derived from plants grown in isolation, even if the species display contrasting canopy architecture. The model can also simulate the effects of different spatial arrangements on plant growth. The purpose of the model is to describe, in simple yet mechanistically‐based terms, the effects of contrasting environments and competitive interactions on the growth of individual plants. In the simplest form of the model, growth is described by an empirical growth equation, using time calculated from an integration of the growth‐promoting effects of environmental factors. More complex versions of the model include a self‐shading component, which provides an algorithm for inter‐plant competition based on crown zone areas. This model is termed the ‘Conductance model’ and this article outlines its development, applications to date, goodness of fit to experimental data, and discusses its strengths and weaknesses and scope for further testing and application. This article, which is dedicated to the late David Aikman, also sets out how the model can be applied to simulating weed–crop competition from simple data sets.